Ailunce HS1 User manual

Ailunce HS1 User’s Manual
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Ailunce HS1 USER’S MANUAL

Ailunce HS1 User’s Manual
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Preface:
This manual is for the HS1 transceiver, a good color tft display
screen for it and good trx. As an open-source SDR (Software
Defined Radio), both in terms of Software and Hardware. As such,
the features of this transceiver will continue to evolve and this
manual is intended to provide a reference source.
Main Features
• Spectrum Dynamic Waterfall Display
• Multiple Working Modes：Receive Mode, Transmit Mode,
TUNE Mode, VFO Mode, SPLIT Mode
• DSP Digital Signal Processing Noise Reduction
• Automatic Notch Filter
• Receive Fine Tuning Function, Changeable MIC Gain Value
• VCC Power Supply Voltage Indication Table
• Transmit Signal Strength Display Table
• Multifunctional Instrument：SWR Standing Wave Ratio Meter,
AVD Audio Frequency Meter, ALC Signal Modulation Meter
Parameter：
Frequency Range
RX：0.5MHz-30MHz
TX：0.5MHz-30MHz
Output Power
Maximum 15W
Receiving Sensitivity
Better than -115dBm
Operating Mode
Full Modes
Operating Voltage Range
DC 9-15V
Dimensions
190mm*69mm*45mm
Maximum Current
3.5A
Transceiver comes with automatic key generator circuit, Can
be connected to the use of automatic keys.

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Front Panel controls:
All of the controls are defined in software, but for the purpose of
simplicity they are typically defined as follows:
Figure 1:Front panel controls of the HS1 transceiver
Power ~ This turns the transceiver on, but it is also used to turn
the transceiver off and save configuration and frequency
mode/memories. A brief press of this button will also select the
brightness of the LCD backlight. Please read notes about the
backlight and the possibility of its injection of a tone into the
receiver when a “dim”mode is selected. Low brightness will
cause the noise inside the machine to increase, and there is no
such noise at 100% brightness.
Important:
If you have not already done so, please find the menu
item “RX/TX Freq Xlate” and set it to “RX Low LOW”
as this will improve receive and transmit performance.
See this item's menu description in this manual for more
details.
Band-, Band+ ~ These buttons select the next lower or higher
amateur band. When the lowest or highest band is reached it
“wraps around” to the highest/lowest band. Pressing and holding
the Band- along with the Power button may be used to turn
on/off the automatic backlight blanking feature while pressing
and holding the Band- and Band+ buttons will toggle between
the display of the Spectrum Scope and Waterfall Display
STEP-, STEP+ – This sets the tuning step size in steps that
include 1 Hz, 10 Hz, 100 Hz, 1 kHz, 10 kHz, and 100 kHz. The
function of these buttons may be swapped via a menu setting.
Pressing and holding of one of these buttons will temporarily
change the step size to facilitate tuning in smaller or larger steps
while pressing-and-holding both of these buttons simultaneously
will toggle “frequency lock” on and off, with “on” being
indicated by the main Frequency readout being displayed in
grey.
FREQ ENC – This is used to tune the transceiver's operating
frequency, the tuning steps being set by the STEP- and STEP+
buttons.
ENC1,AF – Rotary encoder ENC1is typically used to adjust the
volume, but its function may be changed using button AF to
adjust the side tone gain
ENC2, RF – Rotary encoder ENC2 is typically used to adjust
the RF gain (or squelch in FM mode but its function may be
changed using button RF to adjust the action of the DSP Noise
Reduction or Noise Blanker strength. In the Menu mode it is

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used to select the item to be adjusted. Pressing-and-holding
button RF when in normal (non-menu) receive mode will
switch between the right-hand function adjusting the DSP Noise
Reduction or the Noise Blanker “strength.”
ENC3, RIT – Rotary encoder ENC3 is typically used as an
RIT (Receiver Incremental Tuning) but its function may be
changed using button RIT to adjust the sending speed (in Words
Per Minute) in the CW mode, or to adjust the Microphone or
Line-In gain in voice mode. In the Menu mode it is used to
modify the item selected, or button RIT may be
pressed-and-held to select whether Microphone-In or Line-Input
mode is active and to be adjusted.
Mode – This button is used to select the operating mode of the
transceiver (CW, USB, LSB, etc.) Pressing this button cycles
through the available modes.Pressing-and-holding this button
will allow the selection of a mode that is disabled in the menu
system (e.g. AM.)
When “LSB/USB Auto Select” is enabled, pressing button
Mode will skip the sideband that is not appropriate for the
frequency of operation (e.g. USB will not be selected below 10
MHz) but pressing-and-holding this button when LSB is
displayed will change the mode to USB – and
Pressing-and-holding again will change it back to LSB. When
menu item “LSB/USB Auto Select” is enabled, in order to
change to AM you must select a mode other than LSB (or USB)
– such as CW – and then press-and-hold button Mode - AM will
then be selected.
DSP – This button is used to control the DSP audio filter mode.
Pressing-and-holding will turn DSP on/off while preserving the
current settings. Pushing this button will also “reset” the DSP.
PA – This button is used to set the transmit power level (FULL,
5 Watts, 2 Watts, 1 Watt, 0.5 watts, and back to FULL.)
Note: The power is automatically limited to 2 watts in
AM Transmit mode. When in CW, LSB or USB mode
(those modes with a “BFO”) pressing-and-holding this
button will cause a tone with a frequency equal to that
of the CW sidetone and transmit shift to be sounded.
Figure 2: Main display of the HS1 transceiver

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BW – This button is used to select the audio pass band filter of
the receiver. Pressing-and-holding this button will force the
selection of bandwidth that are otherwise disabled. The
filter-selection function of this button is disabled when the FM
mode is selected, but pressing-and-holding it while transmitting
on FM will cause a tone burst to be generated, if this feature is
enabled.
Buttons F1-F5 are “soft” buttons located under the display, the
functions of which change depending on mode, indicated on the
LCD itself and will be discussed in more detail later in this
document.
Also on the front panel are two LEDs, LD1 on the left and LD2
on the right. LD1, which is typically green, is illuminated on
receive and LD2 which is typically red is illuminated on transmit.
Main Display：
Figure 3: The main screen (annotated) with the SPLIT function activated.
When “Frequency Translate” mode is on, the center frequency indicator
will be shifted to the left or right of center by 6 kHz.
On the main display, just above the Spectrum Scope, there are a
number of indicators:
• Main Frequency Display: This may be displayed
either as a single frequency (transmit/receive as in
Figure 2) or as a “Split” display as shown in Figure 3
with separate transmit and receive frequencies. If the
numbers in this display are grey the “Frequency
Lock”(toggled by pressing-and-holding both the STEP-
and STEP+ buttons simultaneously, or configured in
the menu)is active. If this display is yellow, a
transverter offset has been configured.

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• RIT+Tuning Display: Above and to the right of the
main frequency display is a smaller display that is offset
from the main display if the RIT is set to something other
than zero.
• Band Display: To the right of the main display is an
indicator of the amateur band in which the current
frequency is tuned. If the current frequency is outside an
amateur band it will display “Gen” (e.g. “General
Coverage”).
• Mode Indicator: Above the “10's” digit of the main
frequency display is the current mode displayed on a blue
background.
• Step Size Indicator: Above the center of the main
frequency display, between the Mode Indicator and the
“Sub” Frequency display is the setting of the current step
size. In Figures 2 and 3 the step size is set to 1 kHz.
Optionally, a “marker” may be activated that puts a line
under the digit indicating the currently-selected step size
(see the menu item “Step Size Marker”).
Along the top there are a number of additional indicators:
• TCXO Mode/Display: In the top-left corner the
“TCXO” box indicates whether the TCXO
(Temperature-Compensated Xtal Oscillator) is active or
not. The TCXO is used to read the temperature of the
Si570 synthesizer (U8 on the RF board) - which should be
thermally-bonded to the temperature sensor, U10, with a
piece of copper or aluminium - and apply a
compensation to it to keep on frequency. When it is active
the bar graph below the temperature display will display
white dots with a blue marker that moves about but when
set to “Off”, the bar graph will be grayed out. If set to
“Stop” the temperature display will be replaced with
“STOPPED”. In Figures 2 and 3 the TCXO is set to ON
and displaying a temperature of 112.5F, but this may be set
to display the temperature in Centigrade. If the temperature
is very low(below 0C or 32F)this will display dashes and
the temperature compensation will be disabled until the
temperature-coupled synthesizer/sensor exceed this
minimum threshold.
• S-Meter: This S-meter is nominally calibrated so that S-9
equals 50 micro volts into a 50 ohm load with each S-unit
representing 6 dB. Practically speaking, the usable range of
the S-meter ranges from about S-3 to something a bit
higher than “40 over” which, if you were “run the
numbers” about matches the dynamic range of the
receiver! The bottom half of the S-Meter's graticule
(“S0-S9”) is normally white in color, but if the receiver's
A/D converter experiences an overload condition, it will
turn red. On bands with strong signals it is normal for this
to momentarily flash red as the internal gain control adjusts
itself. In Figures 2 and 3 the S-meter is displaying a signal
level of S-9.
•PO: The S-Meter scale, when in transmit mode, also

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indicates the output power from the transmitter.
• Multi-function display: Below the S-Meter and Power
Output meter is a multi-function meter that, using button
F2, may be used to select one of three modes:
SWR,AUDIO, and ALC.
• SWR: When in transmit mode, this meter indicates the
calculated VSWR.Note that the VSWR is calculated only
when the forward power exceeds 0.25 watts. When in
SSB mode, this indicator will not show any VSWR
indication unless/until there has been some RF power that
exceeds the minimum power, allowing a calculation to be
made.
• AUD io: This indicates, in dB, the relative audio level
being applied to the MIC/Line input.
• ALC: This indicates, in dB, the amount of gain reduction
that the ALC is applying while in transmit mode. 3-12dB of
indication during typical speech is normal.
Along the left-hand edge there are a few more indicators,
starting from the bottom-left corner:
• VCC: Below this is a voltmeter that indicates the current
supply voltage.Below 9.50 volts, the digits are displayed in
red, orange below 10.5 volts and yellow below 11.0 volts.
The receiver may function as low as 8 volts, but obtaining
more than 3-5 watts of “clean” transmitter power may not
be possible below 10.5 volts, particularly on the higher
bands.
• FIL: Below this is the current filter bandwidth setting,
selectable by using button BW. In Figures 2 and 3the
bandwidth is shown being set to 2.3 kHz.
• Power Output Setting: Just above the FIL icon is the
currently-selected output power setting, selectable using
buttonG3. In Figures 2 and 3the power is shown being set
to 5 watts.
• DSP Setting: Just above the Power Output Setting is the
indicator of the DSP mode. The modes available are:
“OFF”,“NR”(Noise Reduction), “NOTCH”, and
“NR+NOT”(Noise Reduction and Notch).
Spectrum display:
Below the frequency readout, shown in Figure 2andFigure 3is a
spectrum display that shows signals that are on either side of the
current tuned frequency. Along the bottom of the spectrum display
is a frequency scale that shows the frequency scaling of the
graticules rounded to the nearest kHz. This display works very
much like a spectrum analyzer with the vertical scale being
represented logarithmically, the number of dB/division being
selectable by the user. To further the analogy to a spectrum
analyzer, the“reference level”(the signal level at which a particular
strength is indicated) is automatically adjusted via an AGC
(Automatic Gain Control) within the spectrum scope that operates
independently from the receiver's AGC that automatically scales
the strongest signal within the passband such that it is at/near the
top of the scope–this, to allow the representation of widely varying
signals on different bands without the need of user adjustment.

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Waterfall display:
Figure 4 shows an alternate method of displaying signals near the
currently-tuned receiver signal is the Waterfall Display. In this
mode, the frequency is displayed along the “X” (horizontal)
axis,just as in the case of the Spectrum Scope but instead of the
signal strength being displayed as height, it is displayed as relative
“brightness”. The waterfall displayed is so-called because it can
convey the history of recent signal in time by showing the most
recent signals at the bottom,but when new signals are analyzed,
the older signals are displaced vertically and the newest signals
are placed along the bottom. In this way, one has a quick visual
“history” of what has occurred not only on the center frequency.
Figure 4: A typical waterfall display in the "Magnify" mode
showing +/- 12 kHz (24 kHz) of a band segment. When "magnify"
mode is NOT active +/-24 kHz (48 kHz) of a band is visible.
Options available to both the Spectrum Scope and Waterfall
Display:
•An adjustable “smoothing” filter (menu item “Scope/Wfall
Filter”) is available that dramatically improves the visibility of
rapidly-changing signals In the menu system, the range of the
Spectrum Scope may be set to span either +/- 24 kHz or +/- 12
kHz, with the scope's AGC operating only on signals within the
displayed span – see the menu setting “Spec. 2x magnify” for
more information.
• Also available are “Window function” selections that operate on
the input FFT data to both the Spectrum Scope and the Waterfall
Display that pre-process the spectral data to minimize “spill-over”
of adjacent FFT “bins”. What this can do is make the Spectrum
Scope and Waterfall display look “sharper” and prevent a strong
signal from “leaking” over and covering a weak one.
Connectors:
On the right-hand side of the transceiver on the UI board are four
3.5mm three-conductor connectors. Starting from the top, these
connectors are:
• Line Out (J1). This is a receive audio output that is fixed
level (unaffected by the volume control) that may be used to
supply audio to a computer for “sound card” (digital) modes.
This connector also carries the audio being transmitted.
• Line In (J2). This input may come from a computer for
“sound card” (digital) for transmitting. Its use must be
selected in the menu for it to be used.

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• Microphone/PTT (J3). This connector has both a
microphone connector with bias voltage (if R68 is installed)
for powering an electret microphone and a PTT
(Push-to-Talk) line that is shorted to ground to key the radio.
While the PTT line is always active, the microphone must
be selected as the active audio input from the menu for it to
be used. (Note that this is also the “Dah” line, which is also
used for keying in CW “straight key” mode.)
• Speaker/Phones (J4). This jack feeds and external
speaker/headphones, disconnecting the internal speaker when
something is plugged into it.
• Warning: There is no limiting resistor in series with
this audio connection, so you must remember to turn
down the volume before plugging in headphones.
On the RF board, along the right side, there are three connectors.
Starting from the top these connectors are:
• Power connector (J1). This is a coaxial power connector,
5.5mm O.D., 2.1mm I.D., that supplies power to the
transceiver. The outer shell is negative and the inner
conductor is positive.
• Paddle (J2). This connects to either a set of Morse paddles
or a straight key. The outer conductor (“ring”) is typically the
“Dah” while the tip is the “Dit” when in Iambic mode. In
“Straight Key” mode only the outer conductor (“ring”) is
used. (The “Dah” line is the same as the “PTT” line.)
• Accessory (J3). This is used for interfacing with an
external device and may be used for keying the transmitter
and/or determining when the transmitter is keyed. The “tip”
of this jack is the “PTT”/”Dah” line and may be used when
interfacing the transceiver to a computer when operating a
digital mode. The outer conductor (“ring”) is grounded
when the transceiver is in transmit mode and this may be
used to key an external amplifier or TR switch.
• The upper, “A” type (full-sized) USB connector is a USB
host port that may have future use for storage of data/audio
files and/or interface devices such as keyboards and wireless
devices. It is also possible to load firmware from a USB
memory stick from the interface.
• The lower “mini” USB host port is primarily used for
programming firmware into the transceiver.
On the left-hand side of the UI board are two USB connectors.
Finally, the sole connector on the left-hand side of the RF board is
the BNC-type antenna connector, the nominal impedance being 50
ohms.

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Operational modes and functions:
After powering up, the HS1 transceiver will revert to receive
mode on the last frequency, in the mode and using the audio
bandpass filter that was in use when it was last powered down
using the POWER button. In this mode LD1, the left-hand LED
(typically green) is illuminated.
By default, ENC1 controls the volume, ENC2 the RF Gain and
ENC3 controls the RIT.
When in transmit mode LD2 (typically red) the right-hand LED is
illuminated. In transmit mode most of the controls are frozen, this
being done to prevent the change of frequency, filter type and
mode during mid-transmission.
Tune mode may be entered by pressing the button located below
the TUNE icon on the screen (e.g.button F5) at any time and in
this mode a carrier is generated, along with an audible sidetone in
the speaker, the amplitude being set by the “Sidetone Gain” (STG)
setting. The output power may adjusted during transmit by
pressing the button PA to cycle through the settings. The TUNE
label on the LCD will turn red while TUNE mode is active.
Pressing the TUNE button again will exit.
Receive mode:
Transmit mode:
TUNE mode:
Always have a suitable load connected to the transmitter
(matched antenna or dummy load) before entering TUNE mode
or ANY transmit mode.
Notes:
When not in Menu mode, “soft” button F4, beneath the display. This button
toggles which VFO, A or B, is currently the “Active” VFO. This display
will change, always indicating the currently-active VFO.
If SPLIT mode is not active, the currently active VFO's frequency, filter
selection and mode are used for both receive and transmit.
If SPLIT mode is active the currently active VFO's frequency and filter are
used for receive while the “other” VFO's frequency is that used for
• When in TUNE mode audio being input to the Microphone and
LINE inputs will be ignored.
• When TUNE is activated in SSB mode, the frequency offset from
the display frequency and the sidetone frequency (e.g. the tone
emitted from the speaker) will always be 750 Hz.
• Note: There will be no tone in SSB-TUNE mode when frequency
translation is active.
• When TUNE is activated in CW mode the frequency offset from the
display frequency and the sidetone frequency will be that configured
as the sidetone frequency in the menu.
• Pressing-and-holding the TUNE button will toggle the Transmit
Disable function. If this is activated the TUNE indicator above button
F5 will be displayed in grey and pressing it will have no effect. The
“Transmit Disable” function may also be enabled/disabled in the
configuration menu.
VFO A (or VFO B):