Clementoni 61591 User manual

4
Constructions
1to 30
1-Stacking two beams
2-Stacking beams with two pegs
3-Joining beams
4-Stacking three beams
5-Stacking beams perpendicularly
6-Stacking with an L-shaped beam
7-Build a square with beams
8-Stacking four beams
9-Build a parallelepiped
10-Build a simple bridge
11-Assemble cogwheels on a rod
12-Build a class 1 lever: pincers
13-Build a class 2 lever: nutcracker
14-Build a class 3 lever: tongs
15-Build the lever's fulcrum and weight
16-Assemble and test a lever with mechanical advantage
17-Assemble and test a mechanically neutral lever
18- Assemble and test a lever with mechanical disadvantage
19-Assemble a balance
20-Build and test a see-saw
21-Assemble the test stand for reverse rotation
22-Build and test forward rotation
23-Assemble and test alternating movement
24-Assemble a vertical gearbox
25-Build a horizontal to vertical gearbox
26-The worm screw for lifting
27-The worm screw as a reduction gear
28-Using the transmission module for counter-rotation
29-Assemble the gearbox with a differential cage
30-An ancient war machine: the battering ram
Laboratory
MECHANICS
RACING CARS
UK SUBSIDIARY: Clementoni UK Ltd.
Unit 10 - Brook Business Centre -
Cowley Mill Road – UXBRIDGE - UB8 2FX
P. [phone] - [email protected]
MANUFACTURER: Clementoni S.p.A.
Zona Industriale Fontenoce s.n.c.
62019 Recanati (MC) - Italy
Tel.:[phone] - www.clementoni.com

2
Assembled beams
Assembled beams
Assembled beams
Two pegs make the construction very robust!
1
Stacking two beams
2
Stacking beams with two pegs
3
Joining beams
X1
X2
X2
X2
X2
X3
4
5
6

3
Assembled beams
Assembled beams
Assembled beams
X2 X3
4
Stacking three beams
5
Stacking beams perpendicularly
6
Stacking with an L-shaped beam
X1 X2
X2 X1
X1

4
Final assembled
model
Final assembled
model
7
Build a square with beams
8
Stacking four beams
X4 X4 X2
3
3
3
1:1 3
9
X4 X4

5
Semi-assembled
model
Final assembled
model
9
Build a parallelepiped
1
2
X8 X2
X3
X2
X8 X2
X1
X2

6
Final
assembled model
Final
assembled model
10
Build a simple bridge
11
Assemble cogwheels on a rod
Try it out as a spinning top!
1:1
X1 26 X1 41 X1 18
X1 4
26
41
18
4
4
X4 X1
X4

7
SIMPLE MACHINES
A simple machine is an instrument that allows for balancing and overcoming RESISTANCE (weight, resistance force = R) with
EFFORT (manpower = E).
• Pairs of levers also obey this principle.
• Levers are classified by the relative positions of the EFFORT, RESISTANCE and FULCRUM.
FULCRUM EFFORTRESISTANCE
A lever is a simple machine that is made
up of a rigid bar which can rotate around a
fixed point called the fulcrum.
LEVERS
Since ancient times humans have
made use of many of these mech-
anisms to increase their strength
and enable them to accomplish
great feats which can still be
admired today. Wheelbarrow Pincers
Nutcracker
See-saw
Balance Pulley

8
12
Build a Class 1 lever: pincers
1
3
1:1 3
X4
X1
X8 X2
3
X2

9
Final assembled model
1:1 1:1
The FULCRUM lies between the RESISTANCE and the EFFORT.
2
1
3
3
1
X4
X1 3
X2
X2
X2
X1 1

10
Final assembled model
13
Build a Class 2 lever: nutcracker
1:1
2
2
14
Build a Class 3 lever: tongs
The RESISTANCE lies between the EFFORT and the FULCRUM.
X2
X2 X4
X2 X2 X1 2X2

11
14
Build a Class 3 lever: tongs
1X2
X1
X2
X4

12
2
The EFFORT lies between the RE- SISTANCE and the FULCRUM.
1:1 3
3
Final assembled model
X2
X4 X3
X2
X1 3
X1
X1 X2

13
Scientific analysis: mechanical advantage with levers
The lever is a simple machine built by man to perform work by reducing the force required. Two forces are applied on the rod:
EFFORT and RESISTANCE. Using a lever, therefore, we have a MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE that can be calculated by considering
also the length of the EFFORT and RESISTANCE arms. In the lever, the lengths of the arms correspond to the distances from the
fulcrum.
ASSEMBLE AND TEST THE LEVERS
15
Build the lever's fulcrum and weight
Key: = EFFORT arm
= RESISTANCE arm
= EFFORT force
= RESISTANCE force
EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS
x = x
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE A = /
ra
R
ea
E
ra
R
ea
E
ra Rea E
R E
FULCRUM
1X1
X3
X2
X4
X1 X7

14
In Activities 16-17-18 try moving the fulcrum and then applying downward pressure
to the EFFORT arm with your hand to see the differences between the levers.
ASSEMBLING THE WEIGHT
2
Assembled weight
3
3
X2
X1 3X2 X4
X1
X2 X2
X1 3X2
X2
X2

15
16
Assemble and test a mechanically advantaged lever
Find the equilibrium of this type of mechanical device: position the weight (RESISTANCE) on one side of the lever and gently
press down with your hand (EFFORT) on the other side.
Note the position of the fulcrum!
• The EFFORT arm is longer.
• The EFFORT is less than the RESISTANCE.
RESISTANCE
EFFORT
FULCRUM
TRY IT OUT!
Final assembled model
Note: slide a collar onto the rod at the
fulcrum to secure
the lever, as shown .
X1

16
17
Assemble and test a mechanically neutral lever
Find the equilibrium of this type of mechanical device: position the weight (RESISTANCE) on one side of the lever and gently
press down with your hand (EFFORT) on the other side.
Note the position of the fulcrum!
• The arms are the same.
• The EFFORT is equal to the RESISTANCE.
RESISTANCE
EFFORT
FULCRUM
TRY IT OUT!
Final assembled model
Note: slide a collar onto the rod at the
fulcrum to secure the lever, as shown .
X1

17
18
Assemble and test a mechanically disadvantaged lever
Find the equilibrium of this type of mechanical device: position the weight (RESISTANCE) on one side of the lever and gently
press down with your hand (EFFORT) on the other side.
Note the position of the fulcrum!
• The arms are the same.
• The EFFORT is equal to the RESISTANCE.
RESISTANCE
EFFORT
FULCRUM
TRY IT OUT!
Final assembled model
Note: slide a collar onto the rod at the
fulcrum to secure the lever, as shown .
X1

18
19
Assemble a balance
20
Build and test a see-saw
TRY IT OUT!
Final assembled model
The balance is a class 1 lever
3
3
3
1:1 3
X2
X4
X2
X6
X1
X2 X1
X3 3
X3

19
20
Build and test a see-saw
1:1 3
3
1:1 2
2
2
1X4
X2 X2 X2 X2
X1 3
X6
X2
X2 2

20
Final assembled model
The see-saw is a class 1 lever
In the third century BC, Archimedes was a great scientist
and experimenter with levers.
Note : the lever of the see-saw must rotate freely around the
fulcrum.
Try it yourself: find the equilibrium of the see-saw by
varying the weight and distances from the fulcrum of the
Resistance and Effort forces.
TRY IT OUT!
2X2
X4