ESSOM HB023P User manual

Engineering Education Equipment
Instruction Manual
ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED
508 SOI 22/1, SOMDET PHRACHAO TAKSIN RD., BUKKALO, THONBURI, BANGKOK 10600, THAILAND
TEL. [phone] FAX [phone] E-mail: [e-mail] Website: www.essom.com
STD_C270116 250816
(The equipment sent to a customer may have some differences from the above picture, mainly depending on options and
our continuing improvement of products.)
HB 023P
HF125
MINI PELTON TURBINE

ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED
All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including
photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other
use of this publication) without the written permission from ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED.ESSOM
CONTENTS
Page
PART 1: RECEIPT OF GOODS, INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING ............................................................. A
RECEIPT OF GOODS ..................................................................................................................................................A
SAFETY GUIDELINES................................................................................................................................................ B
PART 2: PRODUCT INFORMATION AND THEORY...................................................................................................1
SECTION 1: DESCRIPTION OF PRODUCT...............................................................................................................1
SECTION 2: THEORY ..................................................................................................................................................2
General Theory...............................................................................................................................................................2
PART 3: OPERATION AND EXPERIMENT PROCEDURES......................................................................................12
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................12
EXPERIMENT PROCEDURES ..................................................................................................................................12
DATA SHEET..............................................................................................................................................................14
SAMPLE DATA ..........................................................................................................................................................15
GRAPHS ......................................................................................................................................................................19
PART 4: RELEVANT INFORMATION.........................................................................................................................21
APPENDIX 1: Portable Tachometer ............................................................................................................................21
APPENDIX 2: Mechanical Brake Dynamometer.........................................................................................................22

ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED
A
PART 1: RECEIPT OF GOODS, INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING
RECEIPT OF GOODS
1. On Receipt of Goods
(a) On receipt of the goods at the consignee’s premises, the shipment should be immediately inspected for any damages
or missing package. This should be checked against the packing list or shipping documents. Any damage should be
reported immediately to the insurance agent.
(b) The package should then be open to check items or parts against the delivery list. Any damaged or missing items
should be immediately claimed to the insurance agent with copy to the supplier.
(c) If insurance has been arranged by the buyer then you must notify your insurer in writing of any damage or loss of
parts which was observed regarding this shipment within a specified period of time as stated in the Terms and Conditions.
This should include detailed photographs of the damaged equipment.
(d) If insurance has been arranged by the seller you should notify the insurances representative along with any
correspondence including the insurance certificate supplied by the seller. These should include detailed photographs for
evaluation of damages or replacement parts pertaining to the shipment.
(e) The supplier will only replace damaged items or missing on notification by the insurance company that the claim has
been accepted. The insurance company may refuse responsibility if parts are damaged or missing while under custody’s
for a long time without prior claim. Immediate claim is therefore vital.
2. Manufacturers Liability
(a) Before proceeding to install, commission, or operate the equipment listed in the instruction manual, we would like to
alert the user to the health and safety aspects of people who will work on or operate our equipment with regard to the
liability of the manufacturers or suppliers.
(b) Manufacturers or suppliers are absolved of any responsibilities with regard to misuse of their equipment causing harm
or financial charges being incurred against them from clients or third parties for consequences of failure or damage of the
equipment in any way if the equipment is not installed, maintained and operated as outlined in the instruction manual
published by the manufacturers or suppliers.
(c) In order to safeguard the students and operators of the equipment it is vital that all safety aspects as outlined in the
instruction manual are observed.

ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED
B
SAFETY GUIDELINES
1. General Safety Concerns
(a) Before proceeding to install, commission, or operate the equipment described in the instruction manual we would like
to alert you to the dangerous potential hazards that would be present if safety practices were not performed in accordance
with the local standards and governing bodies’ regulations.
(b) Injury would occur to the operational staff of the equipment through misuse, electric shock, rotating equipment hazards
and lack of cleanliness.
(c) To be able to achieve the aim, of “accidents can be avoided” it must be ensured that the equipment is installed correctly,
regularly maintained and operators of the equipment are made aware of the potential hazards associated with the particular
equipment.
(d) We would like to inform our valuable customers of the safety guide lines when using their equipment.
2. Awareness of Safety Hazards
(a) Before attempting to work on the equipment the personnel who are going to install, commission, or operate the
equipment must be qualified and fully aware of all the manufacturers and suppliers recommendations and instructions.
(b) Ensure that the all the recommendations specified in the instruction manuals are maintained as stated in the contents.
3. Electrical Safety
(a) Ensure that the person who works on the equipment is a qualified electrical engineer/technician who is competent in
the safety aspects and operational mode of the equipment.
(b) If the electrical supply to the equipment is supplied by means of a portable trailing cable, protective devices such as
an Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) must be installed.
This protective device must have a very high sensitivity (20-30mA).This device is also referred to as a residual current
device(R C D) within the electrical supply circuitry for personnel protection.
(c) The supply cable must be sized accordingly for all fault and physical conditions pertaining to its use. The supply
network must also incorporate a protection device that will disconnect and isolate the supply voltage in the case of an
overload in a specified period of time without causing any damage to the equipment. (An overload relay)
4. Installation
(a) On receipt of the equipment extreme care should be used to avoid damage to the equipment on handling and
unpacking. If slings are used ensure they are held on a rigid part of the equipment, the structure. In the case of a mechanical
lift such as a fork lift ensure the lifting forks are beneath the structure framework so that no damage will occur during the
lifting operation.
(b) In some cases it is imperative that the equipment be installed on a level and solid foundation
4.1 Electrical Supply Cables
(a) The normal color code of the power cables supplied on this equipment is as follows:
- Brown-----------------------------Line.
- Blue -------------------------------Neutral.
- Green-Yellow--------------------Ground.
(b)The three phase power cable has five wires.
- Brown, Black and Gray --------Line.
- Blue -------------------------------Neutral.
- Green-Yellow -------------------Ground.
4.2 General Precautions for Equipment with Water Including Evaporative Cooling Towers
(a) Any water contained in the system should be drained regularly. If it is left in the system for a long period of time
without circulation it may cause rust in the system.
(b) The equipment should be flushed regularly with clean water.
(c) Impurities in the water will cause scale or algae and must be cleaned on a regular basis. An anti-rust additive such as
used in the automobile industry is recommended to inhibit this process.
(d) The water should be at temperature under 45 °C to maintain effectiveness.
(e) Many of the problems encountered with water contamination can be reduced and prevented by means of a water
treatment program being introduced using the expertise available locally or on site.
4.3 Rotating Equipment
(a) If the equipment is supplied with any rotating parts such as a motor, generator, fan etc. these items are provided with
a protection shield or a guard to protect the operator from any dangers which may occur when the rotating parts fail. These
guards must be in place whenever the rotating parts are in operation (rotating) and only removed for maintenance periods.

ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED
C
(b) After maintenance is carried out ensure that the machine guards are replaced back in service. Do not operate any
rotating parts unless machine guards are in place.
4.4 Steam Equipment
(a) When using steam equipment, there are a number of vital precautions which must be remembered by the operators
and maintenance crew and placed into operation when both operating and performing maintenance schedules. During
operation of this equipment the steam and water are at a high temperature and pressure which can have a very damaging
and hazardous effects on students if safety precautions are not observed.
(b) Ensure that critical values of temperature and pressures listed in the instruction manual are maintained and not
exceeded on the equipment.
(c) Safety valves should be calibrated on a regular basis with mandatory service records maintained. This should also
include pressure reducing valves.
(d) Calibration of any instrumentation such as pressure gauges, thermometers and sensors should be checked regularly.
(e) Visual inspection of the equipment should be regularly observed for leaks of steam etc. and any frameworks or joints
should have the hardware checked for tightness.
(f) Always use protective clothes including gloves when carrying out maintenance on the equipment.
4.5 High Temperature Equipment
(a) When using high temperature equipment there are a number of vital precautions which must be remembered by the
operators and maintenance crew and observed when both operating and performing maintenance schedules. During
operation of this equipment the air, gas or water is at a high temperature and pressure which can have a very damaging
and hazardous effect on students if safety precautions are not observed.
(b) Ensure that critical values of temperature and pressures listed in the instruction manual are maintained and not
exceeded on the equipment.
(c) Calibration of any instrumentation such as, thermometers and sensors must be checked regularly for safe operation.
5. Maintenance Safety Practices
(a) Always isolate the equipment from the electrical supply when carrying out maintenance on the equipment
(b) Ensure that safety notices are placed on the equipment supply advising personnel that the equipment is being worked
on, inspected and should not be operated.
(c) Check the operation of any protective devices, such as an ELCB so that it operates in accordance with its specifications
thus ensuring the safety of all operational personnel working on the equipment. Any malfunction of the device must be
corrected by a qualified electrician before returning the equipment back to a service condition.
(d) Ensure on completions of the work that the equipment is returned to its original state and that no covers, panels are
left open along with loose screw drivers, spanners are left in the equipment.
(e) If water is used with the equipment then there are certain preventative mandatory regulations that have to be taken to
prevent infection from harmful microorganisms.
6. General Safety Conditions when Operating or Maintaining the Equipment
(a) When operating or carrying out maintenance on the equipment the Health and Safety of the students can be
safeguarded in many ways by wearing protective clothing.
(b) Loose fitting clothes should never be worn in a laboratory. These clothes can cause a serious accident if caught in
rotating equipment, i.e. tie etc. Protective gloves must be used if handling toxic materials or where there is a high
temperature present.
(c) Ear protectors should be worn when operating noisy equipment.
(d) Eye protection should always be used when there is a risk to the eyes.

ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED Section 1: Description of Product
1
PART 2: PRODUCT INFORMATION AND THEORY
SECTION 1: DESCRIPTION OF PRODUCT
Spring balances
Pressure gauge
Pelton turbine
Adjusting screws
Turbine control valve
(Nozzle valve)
Figure 2- 1: HB 023P Mini Pelton Turbine
General Description
This equipment demonstrates Pelton turbine characteristics i.e. torque, power and efficiency at different speeds for
various heads and flow rates of water. It is to be used with HB100 Hydraulics Bench (separately supplied).
The adjustable turbine nozzle directs water jet to the runner buckets. Nozzle pressure is indicated by a pressure gauge.
Torque is measured by a prony brake with two spring balances. Speed is indicated on a portable tachometer. Flow rate is
measured by the Hydraulics Bench measuring tank. The apparatus has a hose for connection to the Hydraulics Bench.
Technical Data
▪Construction : 160 mm diameter stainless steel runner.
: Stainless steel nozzle, and shaft.
: Stainless steel casing with transparent window.
▪Rating : Maximum speed approx 1800 rpm.
: Maximum power over 40 W.
▪Instruments
-Pressure : 0-3 kg/cm2pressure gauge.
-Torque : 2 ea, spring balances.
-Speed : Portable tachometer.
▪Accessory : Inlet hose.

ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED Section 2: Theory
2
SECTION 2: THEORY
General Theory
A water turbine is a hydraulic machine for transforming fluid energy into useful mechanical work at a rotating shaft.
The power engineer is concerned with the generation of this shaft work in a hydro power plant from the stored mechanical
potential energy in a body of water behind a dam. Electrical engineer is interested in the conversion of the shaft work into
electric energy in a generator and the transmission of the electrical energy over the transmission lines to various
convenient locations where it can be transformed into work, heat, light or sound.
In general consideration for hydraulic machinery, especially hydro turbines and pumps, it is customary to express the
various forms of energy in terms of “head” representing the column of water equivalent to the energy at a particular point
in the flow system. The static head or potential energy of water column of the hydro turbine power plant is totally relied
upon the height of the dam to create maximum output potential at the construction site. This total head of a power plant
is the vertical distance from the tail water elevation to the water level of the dam reservoir. Various forms of energy of
water expressed in terms of head of water (in unit length) representing energy per unit weight of water are as follows:
2.1 Pressure and Head
▪Atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric pressure is the ratio between the weights of the atmosphere per unit area on the earth surface. Thus
one atmospheric pressure is equal to 101.325 kilo-Newton per square meter (
2
kN / m
) or 14.7 pound per square inch (psi).
Since barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure, this pressure is often referred to as Barometric pressure,
atm
p
.
Pressure on a pressure gauge is pressure above atmospheric pressure.
▪Pressure Head (
/p 
)
The value of pressure is normally expressed as a unit force per unit area such as Newton per square meter (N/m2),
Pound per square inch (psi), or Kilogram per square centimeter (kg/cm2). In case of hydraulic pressure it is customary
expressed as a height of a fluid column which exerts the same pressure on an area supporting the column. This height is
called pressure head.
▪Velocity Head (
/
22
v
H V g
)
When liquid flows in a pipe or in an open channel it has kinetic energy. Kinetic energy per unit weight of liquid is
called velocity head.
▪Elevation Head or Static Head (
Z
)
When a liquid is at an elevation it has potential energy. Potential energy per unit weight of liquid is called Elevation
head or static head. Potential energy of the object at the elevation Z.
▪Total head (H)
Total head of liquid at any point is the total energy per unit weight of liquid and equal to the summation of pressure
head, velocity head and elevation head of liquid. Thus, the total head is:
2
Totalhead= 2
pV Z
g 

(2.1 )
Where:
p

= pressure head, m
p
= pressure,
2
N/ m

= specific weight,
3
N / m
V
= velocity, m/s
g
= acceleration due to gravity,
2
m/s
Z
= elevation, m

ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED Section 2: Theory
3
▪Friction Head
When a liquid flows from one point to another, part of energy or head of liquid flow is lost due to friction between
the liquid and the pipe wall or the flow channel wall as well as the interaction of the liquid molecules. The resulting head
loss is called Friction Head. Friction Head between point 1 and 2 is:
 
1 2 1 2 12
22
22
fp p V V
h Z Z
gg




     





(2.2)
Where:
f
h
Difference in pressure head due to friction, m
2.2 Hydro Turbine at a Power Station.
A reservoir above the hydropower dam stores water at high elevation, hence creating static head or potential energy
due to elevation. If the water is allowed to flow to a lower elevation through a pipe, normally a large diameter steel pipe
that is known as “penstock”, going into a water turbine. In the turbine, part of the energy of the fluid flow or hydraulic
energy is transferred to mechanical energy at the rotating shaft of the turbine to drive the generator for producing electrical
power. Water then flows out of the turbine through the trail gate at the atmospheric pressure
The schematic diagram of a typical hydro power station is as shown in Error! Reference source not found. below:
Figure 2- 2: Schematic flow diagram of hydro power station.
The ideal theoretical consideration of the fluid flow system of the hydro-power plant with a turbine per general energy
passing from point (1) to point (2) through the penstock is as follows:
1 1 2 2
12
22
22
p V p V
ZZ
gg

    
(2.3)
Since,
1
Z
=Elevation of the dam reservoir above turbine outlet as datum line.
1
V
= 0
1
p
=0 (atmospheric pressure)
2
Z
=0 (turbine outlet as datum line)
Water at point (2) is under very high pressure and the velocity of fluid passing through a normally large diameter penstock
is rather low and may be negligible (V2 = 0)
Hence,
2
1p
Z


(2.4)
And from sections (2) and (3) passing through the turbine the equation is as follows.
1
23
Surge tank
Penstock
Turbine
Tail water
Headwater
Pressure pipe
Energy grade line
Y

ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED Section 2: Theory
4
33
22 23
2
2
22
T
pV
pV Z Z H
gg

     
(2.5)
Since, Z2 =Z3= 0 (datum line)
V2 =0 (Normally p2is very high and V2is low because of large penstock diameter and hence negligible)
p3=0 (atmospheric pressure)
V3=0 (normally large turbine outlet tailrace velocity is low, and hence negligible)
HT=0 Energy generated by turbine
▪Water Turbine Test Set
For the turbine test set, the energy of the water is not from static or elevation head but from the pressure head
created by the pump.
P T f
H H h
(2.6)
Where HT = Energy generated by turbine
2.3 Type of Hydro Turbines
Generally, water turbines may be classified into 2 main types according to the method of converting water power to
useful mechanical power as follows:
2.3.1 Impulse type turbine
In this type of turbine, pressure head is completely transformed into velocity head by a nozzle at an atmospheric pressure.
The water jet is directed towards the turbine runner buckets. With proper design, the velocity of water leaving the buckets
should drop to nearly zero. Notable turbines under this type are Pelton and Cross Flow Turbines.
▪Pelton Turbine
This impulse type of turbine, as shown in Error! Reference source not found. is suitable for medium size
hydroelectric power station operating at a rather high head of water with a rather small quantity of water flow.
The function of a Pelton turbine is to transform the fluid energy, first in the potential form of pressure head, into
the kinetic form of velocity head by means of a free water jet in one or more nozzles. The impact of the jet on the runner
bucket produces kinetic energy, which can be measured by a mechanical or hydraulic dynamometer.
Figure 2- 3: Typical Impulse (Pelton) turbine installation.

ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED Section 2: Theory
5
Figure 2- 4: Schematic diagram of a Pelton-type impulse turbine.
The basic construction of the Pelton turbine is as shown in Error! Reference source not found.. The turbine runner
consists of buckets placed radically side by side. Each bucket has two identical and adjacent spoons as shown in Error!
Reference source not found..
The free jet strikes buckets on a rotating wheel. In practice these buckets are usually spoon-shaped, with a central ridge
splitting the incoming jet into two halves which are deflected backward through an angle of about 165 degrees as shown
in Error! Reference source not found.. Complete reversal of 180 degrees is desirable but it is not possible because the
water must be thrown out sidewise to clear for the following bucket.
▪Cross Flow Turbine
This Cross Flow or Through Flow Turbine is considered to be the same type of Impulse turbine, it consists of two
parts, a turbine runner and a nozzle. Water with high-pressure head is released through a nozzle, whose cross-section is
rectangular. The wheel or runner is made up of two circular disks jointed together at the rim with a series of curved blades.
This type of turbine, which is also known as Banki turbine, is provided with a gate vane with lever linkage to regulate the
flow rates by increasing or decreasing the thickness of the jet for change in power requirements, as shown in Error!
Reference source not found.. The nozzle discharges the water jet in full width of the wheel and the jet is forced to enter
the wheel at an angle of certain degree to the wheel periphery. The water strikes the blade on the rim of the wheel, flow
over the blade, leaving it, passing through the empty space between the inner rims, enters a blade on the inner side of the
rim, and discharges at the outer rim. The wheel is therefore an inward jet wheel and the flow is essentially radial flow
type. Typical path of water through cross flow (Banki) turbine and the velocity diagram are shown in Error! Reference
source not found..
D
B
C
E
A
Water Outlet
Water Inlet

ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED Section 2: Theory
6
Figure 2- 5: A cross flow turbine and nozzle construction.
Figure 2- 6: Path of water through cross flow turbine.
▪Axial flow Impulse Turbine
Figure 2- 7: Axial flow impulse turbine.
V1
=
Absolute velocity at point A
V2
=
Absolute velocity at point D
v1
=
Relative velocity of water at point A
v2
=
Relative velocity of water at point D
u
1
=
Peripheral velocity of blade at point
A
u
2
=
Peripheral velocity of blade at point
B
Blade
F
Runner axis of
rotation
r = Runner pitch
radius
Runner
Blade

ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED Section 2: Theory
7
Runner Blade
Water jet
Cm2= W2C2
U2= Cu2
22
Figure 2- 8: Front view diagram.
Rotation
Runner
Blade
Axis of rotation
α
Water jet
Figure 2- 9: Top view diagram.
For the axial flow impulse turbine, a water jet is directed at an angle αto the blades at the peripheral of the runner
which is enclosed in a pipe or tube. The impact of the jet on the blades creates a force Fwhich generates a turning moment
Fr on the runner shaft.
After passing through the runner blade, water velocity is reduced. Thus part of the jet kinetic energy is converted
to the turbine mechanical energy.
2.3.2 Reaction type turbine
In this type, there is no transformation of a free jet in the turbine as comparing to the impulse (Pelton) turbine. In this
type of turbine, part of the pressure head is transformed into velocity head by guide vanes outside the runner that directs
water to flow into the runner. This over pressure causes an acceleration of the relative velocity of the water passing
through the runner. Water is then discharged from the runner in an axial direction to the open space at the atmospheric
pressure. The advantageous characteristics of this type make it suitable for hydroelectric power stations of medium to
large sizes, which can be operated efficiently at a range from medium to high pressure head, and at flow rates in the
medium range. Notable turbines under this type are Francis, Kaplan, and Axial-Flow Turbines
In all types of turbine, pressure head is transformed partially or wholly into velocity head.
▪Francis Turbine
The Francis turbine is a reaction type of turbine. In this type there is a housing fitted with guide vanes completely
surrounding the runner. The runner is a wheel provided with vane, and fluid enters it completely around the periphery. As
shown in Error! Reference source not found., water under pressure flows into a spiral housing which goes completely
around the runner. After flowing through adjustable guide vanes, the water passes through the rotating runner in a plane
practically normal to the axis of rotation. The flow is largely radially inward and the machine is so frequently called a
radial-flow Francis turbine.
Where:
= Blade velocity,
= Absolute velocity,
Cu = Whirl velocity (relative component of C),
Cm = Meridian velocity,
= Relative velocity,
U
s/m
C
s/m
s/m
s/m
W
s/m

ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED Section 2: Theory
8
Adjustable
Guide Vane
Draft Tube
Begins Here
Runner
Blade
Housing
Figure 2- 10: Typical construction of a radial-flow Francis turbine.
In a mixed flow runner type of construction, as shown in Error! Reference source not found., the flow is partially radial
and partially axial. This type of turbine sometimes is referred to the American type, but the name Francis is used
extensively to designate all inward flow type of turbines.
Figure 2- 11: Typical construction of a mixed-flow Francis turbine.
The runner reaction on the stream at steady operational conditions of the turbine may be considered per Error! Reference
source not found. as follows:
Adjustable
Guide Vane
Draft Tube
Begins Here
Runner Blade
Housing

ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED Section 2: Theory
9
A
Outlet
A
Cm1
C
1
1
2
Cm1
Direction of Rotation
W2
C1
u1
W1
12
a. Typical Francis Turbine runner
b. Front View of Guide Vanes and Runner
Diagram of velocities at inlet point (1) :
The water at inlet has a radial inward component
of velocity Cm1. The outlet velocity is substantially
axial at C1 at and near optimum efficiency.
u1 = peripheral wheel velocity
C1 = absolute water velocity
W1 = relative water velocity
Cm1 = radial component of velocity C1
Because the channel between adjacent vanes is
tapered, the velocity W1is increased to W2at
exit point (2).
Figure 2- 12: a. Typical Francis turbine runner, and
b. Front view of guide vanes and runner diagram of velocities at inlet point (1) and exit point (2).

ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED Section 2: Theory
10
▪Kaplan and Axial Flow Propeller Turbines
In Kaplan propeller turbine as shown in Error! Reference source not found., water passes through guide vanes
same as in the Francis turbine and is directed into axial direction before reaching the runner. The construction of the
runner is similar to a propeller. Propeller blade angle is often adjustable to improve efficiency characteristics. For the
Kaplan turbine, the guide vanes direct water radically toward the axis before turning axially toward the runner. The flow
is then two dimensional in planes normal to the axis of rotation where a particle of fluid remains at a constant distance
from the axis. The streamlines are helices on co-axial cylinders. A streamline can be shown only on a developed cylinder
for the corresponding radius.
Figure 2- 13: Kaplan turbine.
For the axial flow turbine (as shown in Error! Reference source not found. and Error! Reference source not
found.), the water flow toward the runner is axial. The guide vanes redirect the flow such that a particle of fluid remains
at a constant distance from the axis and the streamlines are helices on co-axial cylinder similar to Kaplan turbine.
In both Kaplan and axial flow turbines, the guide vanes may be fixed or adjustable to redirect the streamlines
relative angle almost perpendicular to the runner blades. If the water head is not much variable and the load requirement
is rather stable, the fixed blade runner is most economical as high efficiency can be obtained with less mechanical part
and adjusting devices.

ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED Section 2: Theory
11
1
=
butterfly valve
6
=
bearing
2
=
bearing
7
=
the runner
3
=
axial distributor
8
=
journal
4
=
generator stator
9
=
gate ring
5
=
generator rotor
Figure 2- 14: Axial flow turbine (propeller) installation.
Flow
Guide Vane
Stream Line
Guide Vane Runner
Blade
Rotation
Figure 2- 15: ESSOM educational axial flow (propeller) turbine.
1
2
1
4
4
3
5
9
6
7
8
Blade
Guide Vane
Guide Vane
Runner
Guide
Guide Vane
Guide Vane
Flow

ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED Section 2: Theory
12
2.4 Formula
▪Turbine Input, Wi
Turbine input power of water flow to turbine for one unit weight of water is,
32
4
f2
2f
kg
liter 1 min 1 m cm N
10 9.81
min 60 sec 1000 liter kg
m
cm
i
W Q p     
1.635
i
W Qp
(2. 7)
Where:
i
W
= Turbine input, Watts
Q
= Flow rate, lpm
p
= Turbine inlet pressure, kg/cm2
▪Turbine Output, Wo
Turbine output is normally measured by dynamometer.
fN rev 2 radian(dimensionless) min
kg 9.81 m.
kg min rev 60sec
f
o
W F r n     

1.0273
o
W Frn
(2. 8)
Where:
o
W
= Turbine output, Watts
F
= Net force on the mechanical or hydraulic dynamometer, kg
r
= dynamometer radius, m
n
= dynamometer speed, rev/min
If torque (
T F r
)on the dynamometer is directly measured in Newton-meter (N-m)
radian(dimensionless) min
N m 2 min 60sec
o
W T n   
0.10472
o
W Tn
(2. 9)
Where:
T
= Torque, N.m
▪Turbine Efficiency, 
Turbine output power
100%= 100%
Turbine input power o
i
W
W
   
(2. 10)
In case of the turbine being used for driving electric generator, the efficiency of the generator must be included in the
overall efficiency of the combined turbine-generator unit. Power output of AC generator can be measured by a wattmeter.
100%= 100% 100%
Turbine input
Electrical output
power e
ii
WVI
WW
     
(2. 11)
Where:
o

= Overall Efficiency, %
e
W
= Electrical Output, Watts
V
= Output voltage, V
I
= Output Current, A

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PART 3: OPERATION AND EXPERIMENT PROCEDURES
INTRODUCTION
For HB 023P Mini Pelton turbine, the flow rate is measured by a Hydraulics Bench measuring tank, the pressure by a
pressure gauge, the turbine speed by a portable speed indicator and the forces on the Prony brake are measured by spring
balances. With an alternative design, the Prony brake uses only one spring balance and the reading is the net force for the
torque.
Portable tachometer
Flow control valve
From hydraulics bench To hydraulics bench
Hydraulics bench
Spring balance
Mechanical brake
Pelton turbine
Pressure gauge
TV
Figure 3- 1: Schematic piping diagram of the HB 023P Mini Francis turbine with Hydraulics Bench
EXPERIMENT PROCEDURES
Equipment Setup
1. Install hydraulics bench (see the hydraulics bench instruction manual).
2. Close drain valve and flow control valve.
3. Fill the storage tank of the hydraulics bench with water to about 5 cm. below the full level.
4. Install the turbine on the hydraulics bench, ensure that the turbine discharge pipe is aligned with the channel of
the hydraulics bench.
5. Connect the hydraulics bench water outlet hose to the water inlet pipe of the turbine.
6. Close the turbine control valve (Nozzle Valve, TV).
7. Check the dynamometer mechanism, ensure that there is no load attached to the dynamometer, and record the
diameter of brake drum. (see Appendix 2).
8. Turn on the pump and slowly open flow control valve to full. This provides maximum pump delivery and will
generate the pressure head in the nozzle valve.
9. Note that turbine inlet pressure, turbine speed, and spring force read zero.
Begin the Test
1. Slowly open the turbine control valve (TV) to obtain a turbine inlet pressure, e.g. 1.2 kg/cm2.
2. Record the following data:
Turbine inlet pressure, p kg/cm2
Volume, V L
Time, t min
Turbine speed, n rpm
Force on spring balance left, FLeft g
Force on spring balance right, FRight g

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14
3. Slightly apply a spring balance force right, FLeft, to obtain the spring balance force right of around 200 g. Record
data as specified in 2.
4. Repeat 3 by slightly apply a spring balance force right, FLeft, in steps of 200 g. until the turbine speed is reduced
to about 700 rpm.
5. Slightly close flow control valve to increase nozzle pressure and repeat step 2 to 4.
Racing Characteristics Test
6. Remove the correspondent dynamometer brake lining.
7. Run the turbine with the turbine control valve (TV) fully open.
8. Record the following data:
-Turbine speed, rpm
-Turbine inlet pressure, kg/cm2
-Flow rate, L/min
9. Turn the turbine control valve (TV) down one full revolution and record same data as in 3.
10. Repeat 4 until the valve is fully closed.
Calculations
From the test data calculate (as per sample calculations):
-Water flow rate
-Torque
-Turbine input power
-Turbine output power
-Turbine efficiency
Performance Curves
From the calculated results, plot curves of:
-Turbine torque vs speed
-Turbine inlet pressure vs. flow rate
-Turbine output vs speed
-Turbine efficiency vs speed
-Turbine racing characteristic curve

ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED Part 3: Experiment
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DATA SHEET
HB 023P MINI PELTON TURBINE
Tested by…………………….Date…………
Diameter of brake drum =…………………..cm.
Test No.
or
Nozzle
valve
position
Turbine
inlet
pressure
p
(kg/cm2)
Volume
V
(L)
Time
t
(s)
Dynamometer
Results
Speed
n
(rpm)
Force (Spring Balance)
Flow
rate
Q
(L/min)
Torque
T
(N-m)
Power
Input
Wi
(watt)
Power
Output
Wo
(watt)
Efficiency

(%)
Left
Fleft
(g)
Right
Fright
(g)
Net
Fnet
(g)