Keystone RV Automobile Accessories User manual
11
Chapter 3: Towing and Leveling
Chapter 3: Towing and Leveling
Towing Guidelines
Weight distribution is an important factor when loading your fth-wheel
and travel-trailer. A recreational vehicle with the cargo distributed properly
will result in efcient, trouble-free towing. Loading the coach as evenly as
possible and then weighing the loaded RV can accomplish proper weight
distribution. Keep heavier items as low as possible and distribute evenly
(front to back and side to side). Securing your possessions can prevent
damage from shifting during towing and maintain the weight distribution
balance achieved during preparation for travel.
You must not exceed the GVWR or GAWR of the unit (see denitions). To
verify GVWR, total the loaded hitch and axle weights. If this total exceeds
GVWR, you must remove items until the vehicle weight is within this limit.
You can verify that the coach’s axles are not overloaded by comparing
the loaded axle weight with the GAWR. If the reading is above this limit,
redistribute the item load.
Finally, make sure the pin weight of the loaded fth-wheel falls within the
limits of the tow vehicle.
Weight Ratings - Definitions
GVWR (Gross Vehicle Weight Rating)
The maximum permissible weight of this coach when fully loaded. It
includes all weight at the unit’s axle(s) and tongue or pin.
UVW (Unloaded Vehicle Weight)
The weight of this fth-wheel as manufactured at the factory. It includes
all weight at the coach’s axle(s) and tongue or pin. If applicable, it also
includes full generator uids, fuel, engine oil and coolants.
CCC (Cargo Carrying Capacity)
Is equal to GVWR minus each of the following: UVW, full fresh (potable)
water weight (including water heater) and full LP gas weight.
GAWR (Gross Axle Weight Rating)
The maximum allowable weight that an axle system is designed to carry.
Weight Ratings - Labels
The information on the weight ratings is contained on two labels: The
Federal Certication Tag and the RVIA Weight Label. Each label contains
the Vehicle Identication Number (VIN) / Serial Number for the vehicle
rated. These ratings are specic for each fth-wheel and travel-trailer
manufactured. Use only the ratings found on these labels:
Passengers are not permitted in
the coach while it is in motion.
Note
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Chapter 3: Towing and Leveling
Federal Certification Label
Location
The Federal Certication Tag on your fth-wheel or travel-trailer can be
located on the road side (off-door side) near the front of the unit as seen in
the diagrams below. This tag contains the GVWR, GAWR (front and rear)
and tire pressure limits.
RVIA Weight Label
Location
The RVIA Weight Label is located on the inside of an upper kitchen
cabinet door. In general, the tag is afxed to the cabinet above or
adjacent to the sink. This tag provides the GVWR rating, the UVW
(Unloaded Vehicle Weight) and the computation for CCC (Cargo Carrying
Capacity).
Travel-Trailer Fifth-Wheel
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Chapter 3: Towing and Leveling
Weighing Your Unit
Fifth-Wheel
• Pull forward on the scales until only the coach’s axles are on the
scale. Record axle weight. Pull off the scales and unhook from
the fth-wheel. Weigh the truck by itself and record this weight.
• To determine hitch pin weight subtract the weight of the tow
vehicle from the combined truck /coach weight. Write this number
down.
• To determine overall weight, add the hitch weight plus axles
Travel-Trailer
• Drive the loaded trailer onto the scales as shown in the picture
below, making sure that the hitch will be the only contact point
with the scales after unhooking. Unhook and drive the tow vehicle
off the scales. Level the trailer and record hitch weight.
• Hookup to the trailer and pull forward on the scales until only the
trailer axles are on the scale. Level the trailer and record axle
weight.
• To determine overall weight, add the hitch weight plus axles.
Hitches and Towing
Fifth-Wheel
1. Adjust the landing gear jacks until coach is at level for hooking to
the tow vehicle.
2. Place wheel chocks behind fth-wheel’s tires.
3. Lower the tailgate on truck.
4. Release the fth-wheel lock handle on the tow vehicle.
5. Line up the tow vehicle so the fth-wheel will accept the kingpin.
Wheel Separation Can Occur!
Exceeding the GVWR and
GAWR ratings for your unit
could result in serious damage
to the suspension, frame or
other components.
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Chapter 3: Towing and Leveling
6. Close and latch tailgate.
7. Back truck slowly until kingpin engages the fth-wheel and
automatically locks
8. Ensure the lock is closed.
9. Connect the power seven-way cord between the tow vehicle and
the fth-wheel.
10. Connect the emergency breakaway switch cable.
11. Test the fth-wheel brakes and exterior lights
12. Completely raise the landing gear.
13. Store the wheel chocks.
14. Check the tire pressure while the vehicle tires are cold.
15. Re-torque the lug nuts. Refer to “Wheel Nut Torque”
Travel-Trailer
1. Crank the tongue of the trailer jack up until the hitch coupler is
high enough to clear the tow vehicle.
2. Back the tow vehicle to the trailer until the hitch ball is directly
under the coupler on the trailer.
3. Set the parking brakes, raise the locking latch on the coupler and
crank it down on the ball.
4. Move the locking latch down to lock it on the ball.
5. Engage the lock and retainer clip.
6. Raise the tongue by cranking the jack down. (The tow vehicle will
come up with it if the high coupler is properly latched.)
7. Connect the power cord between the tow vehicle and the trailer.
8. Connect the breakaway switch, assuring the breakaway cable is
not attached to any part of the tow vehicle assembly.
9. Crank the jack all the way up.
10. Install and adjust side mirrors.
11. Check all lights on the trailer and tow vehicle.
12. Pull forward and check the operation of the trailer brakes with the
hand control to assure proper operation. (Refer to manufacturer
specications on setting the brake control.)
Before Towing
• Ensure the TV antenna is down and in the correct position.
• Disconnect all park connections and are securely stored.
• Close and secure all doors, windows, awnings and roof vents
• Return the Entry step to the travel position.
• Refer to the “Pre-Travel Checklist” located in the Appendix
Towing
Towing a recreational vehicle can be enjoyable and worry-free if special
attention toward safety is applied every time you hit the road and before
heading out on our rst camping trip, practice turning, stopping and
backing in low trafc areas or large parking lots. In time, traveling with a
recreational vehicle in tow will be as easy as driving the family car.
Before Heading Out
Weight Distribution
Proper weight and load distribution is absolutely essential to safe towing.
It is necessary to maintain a certain percentage of gross vehicle weight on
the tow vehicle. Common recommendations place approximately 10% -
15% of a loaded weight on a travel-trailer hitch and approximately 20-25%
on a fth-wheel pin weight, as the weight comes out of the tow vehicle
payload capacity. Too much or too little weight upon the hitch leads
Check tires for proper ination
and wheel lug torque to meet
manufacturer’s specications.
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Chapter 3: Towing and Leveling
to dangerous driving conditions such as sway and reduced tow vehicle
control. In no circumstance should the loaded weight ever exceed the
GVWR or the GAWRs.
Safety Chains
Always use safety chains when towing. They maintain the connection
between the travel-trailer and tow vehicle in the event of separation of
the ball and trailer coupling. Safety chains are included with every travel-
trailer and, in most states, are required when towing a travel-trailer. Hook
them to the frame of the tow vehicle (not the hitch), crossing them under
the trailers tongue. Inspect the length of the chains once attached to the
tow vehicle frame. They should be long enough to allow for turns, but
short enough to avoid any drag.
Breakaway Switch
The breakaway switch is another safety device as it provides a means of
automatically slowing and stopping your RV if it should become detached
during traveling. The cable from the breakaway switch should be attached
to the tow vehicle so that it remains connected in the event the trailer
coupling detaches from the hitch ball. The breakaway switch is powered
from the RV 12 Volt battery. If separation occurs the pin is pulled out of
the switch and current from the RV battery is applied to the trailer brakes.
Tire Pressure
Maintaining proper tire pressure is another key to safety. The Cold
Ination Pressure for each axle is located on the Federal Certication
Label. Cold ination pressure refers to the pressure in the tire prior
to traveling. Always check your tire pressure before traveling. Under
inated tires will cause excessive sidewall exing and produce extreme
heat, leading to early tire failure and possible loss of control. Over inated
tires can cause uneven tire where and also lead to early failure. More
information on tires and maintenance can be found in the Care and
Maintenance section.
Level Towing
Having the tow vehicle and recreational vehicle level with each other will
help improve towability as well as safe driving. A hitch that is too low can
cause the front to drag. A hitch that is too high can cause the rear to hit
those high spots in the road.
Lights
Check all electrical connections to ensure all lights on the tow vehicle and
travel-trailer are functioning properly. The break lights, hazards and turn
signals should be in synchronization with the tow vehicle.
Mirrors
Adjust the mirrors on the tow vehicle prior to departure. Having someone
to assist you will make this safety step quick and easy. First line up the
tow vehicle and trailer. Next, sit in the driver’s seat and adjust the left
mirror to where you can see the entire left side of the trailer and well
beyond. Finally, while still sitting in the driver’s seat, have someone adjust
the right mirror until the same result is achieved.
While Driving
Driving with a trailer in tow is different. Start out slowly, checking the
trafc after signaling and being sure the road is clear. Accelerate slowly
and evenly, checking the mirrors frequently as you move into the proper
Disconnect the unit from the
Bargman Seven-Way Tow
Vehicle Cord prior to testing the
breakaway switch. Failure to
do so may cause damage to the
brake controller.
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Chapter 3: Towing and Leveling
lane. Try to drive with an anticipation of problems that may occur way
ahead and prepare for them, even though they may never happen.
As a motorist sharing the road, you are taller, heavier, longer and require
more time and distance to stop. Weather and road conditions will require
adjustments to speed. Anticipate dips, gutters, and depressions in the
road, slowing down well in advance, these are the hardest jolts of any kind
on your vehicle, hitch, recreational vehicle and items stored inside the
unit. Take dips and bumps slowly and be certain the trailer wheels have
passed the point before accelerating.
Backing
Back with care. Having a person outside to assist is a good idea. If no
one is available to help, the driver should inspect the area behind the
vehicle to avoid any unseen obstacles and unpleasant surprises.
Braking
Start sooner and lead with your trailer brakes. Prior to beginning any
trip, make sure the brake control is adjusted. See your accompanying
literature for the brake control you had purchased for your tow vehicle.
Passing and Accelerating
Remember when you pass another vehicle that it takes longer to
accelerate and additional time must be allowed due to the added length
of the trailer. Passing should be done on level terrain and downshift, if
necessary for added acceleration. Whenever deciding to pass another
vehicle, exercise caution and always use the turn signals.
Sharply Winding and Narrow Roads
Keep well to the center of the lane, equally away from both the center
line and pavement edge. This allows the trailer to clear the edge of the
pavement without the likelihood of the wheels dropping onto the shoulder,
causing potential dangerous sway. Do not overcrowd or cross the center
line.
All sharp turns should be taken at low speeds. Professional drivers,
when rounding turns, slow down well in advance of the turn, entering it at
reduced speed, and then accelerate smoothly as they come out again into
the straightaway.
Steep or Long Grades
Down shifting into a lower gear or range in advance assists braking on
descents and adds power on the climb. Avoid situations that require
excessive and prolonged use of the brakes. Apply and release brakes at
short intervals to give them a chance to cool.
Slippery Pavement
On slippery and icy pavement, reduce speed and drive slowly.
Hydroplaning can occur with little water on the pavement. If skidding
begins, remove your foot from the throttle and gently apply the trailer
brakes only.
Freeways and Highways
Try to pick the lane in which you want to move and stay in it, preferably
keeping to the slower lane on the right.
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Chapter 3: Towing and Leveling
Turning Corners
Here is where you nd a rst basic difference when towing. The trailer
wheels do not follow the path of your tow vehicle’s wheels. The trailer will
make a closer turn than the tow vehicle. Compensate by pulling further
into the intersection so that the trailer will clear the curb or clear any
parked vehicles along the road. Left turns require a wider than normal
swing into the new lane of trafc to keep the trailer from edging into the
opposing lane. Use the turn signals early to communicate to trafc behind
and slow down well in advance.
Mud and Sand
Let the momentum of the tow vehicle and trailer carry you through. Apply
power gently and stay in the tracks of the previous vehicle. If stuck, tow
the trailer and tow vehicle out together without unhitching.
Parking
Whenever possible avoid parking on a grade with a recreational vehicle
in tow. If it is necessary, turn the front wheels of your tow vehicle into the
curb and set the parking brake. For added safety, place wheel chocks
under the trailer wheels on the down roadside.
Fifth-Wheel Leveling Procedures
1. Choose a site that is as level as possible (Some sites are
equipped with a prepared surface such as concrete or asphalt).
Ensure the ground is not soft and will support the weight of the
fth-wheel on the stabilizing jacks or other support devices.
2. Before uncoupling, level the fth-wheel from side to side with
suitable lengths of 2” x 6” wood blocks under the coach’s wheels.
Place the wood blocks on the ground forward of the wheels and
tow the unit onto the blocks. Block the wheels to be sure the fth-
wheel cannot roll.
3. Lower the “quick drop” landing gear legs before extending the
landing gear. The positioning of the “quick drop” legs will depend
upon how level your campsite is from side to side and front to
rear. The landing gear is then extended. It may be necessary to
place a sturdy 2” x 6” wood block under the foot pads to support
the landing gear on soft ground surfaces.
4. After stabilizing the unit, be sure the fth-wheel frame is not
twisted, buckled or stressed. Check that all doors and windows
operate freely and do not bind.
5. Before resuming travel, be sure the stabilizer jacks are fully
retracted.
Ramp Trailer Weight Distribution
All loaded trailers must remain
within GVWR and GAWR
limits. However, proper load
distribution is of particular
importance for ramp trailers.
These trailers are designed
to carry a variety of internal
combustion engine vehicles in
the transportation storage area.
These cargo items are typically
heavy and consideration must be given to how they are loaded. Because
most storage areas are at the rear of the vehicle the biggest concern is
maintaining the correct hitch or pin weight percentage. Vehicles loaded
Due to slower speeds, cars can
become trapped behind you on
a two-lane road. It is courteous
and practical to signal and
pull onto the shoulder when
possible allowing them to pass.
This reduces passing hazards
and saves tempers.
Note
Leveling
Put a small round bubble-
level inside the refrigerator
to determine proper level for
refrigerator operation.
Slide-Outs
In extended use situations, it is
advisable to add support blocks
under the slide- room. Do not
raise the room. Just touch the
bottom.
Note
Secure cargo and vehicles as
far forward as possible. Excess
weight in the rear of trailers can
result in loss of stability when
towing.
18
Chapter 3: Towing and Leveling
incorrectly can have too little weight resting on the hitch or pin and can
become unstable when towing. Therefore, a hitch weight percentage
of 10 – 15% for travel trailers and 20 – 25% for fth wheels must be
maintained. For example, if the loaded vehicle weighs 8000 pounds, the
hitch weight for a travel trailer should be between 800 – 1200 pounds (10
– 15% of the 8000 pound total). For a fth wheel this same 8000 pound
vehicle should have a pin weight of 1600 – 2000 pounds (20 – 25%). By
maintaining the correct hitch percentage and staying within the limits of
the GVWR and GAWR you can insure a safe towing experience with your
trailer.
Travel-Trailer Leveling Procedures
1. Chose a site that is level as possible (Some sites are equipped
with a prepared surface such as concrete or asphalt.) Ensure the
ground is not soft and will support the weight of the trailer on the
stabilizing jacks or other support devices.
2. Before uncoupling, level the trailer from side to side with suitable
lengths of 2” x 6” wood blocks under the trailer wheels. Place the
wood blocks on the ground forward of the wheels, and tow the
trailer onto the blocks. Block the wheels to be sure the trailer
cannot roll.
3. Put the foot pad on the hitch jack post, uncouple the trailer
from the tow vehicle and level the trailer front to rear. It may be
necessary to place a sturdy 2” x 6” wood block under the jack post
foot pad to support the jack post on soft ground surfaces.
4. Check the level of the trailer with a carpenter’s level both
crosswise and lengthwise on the trailer oor.
5. After stabilizing the trailer, be sure the trailer frame is not twisted,
buckled, or stressed. Check that all doors and windows operate
freely and do not bind.
6. Before resuming travel, be sure all stabilizers are removed or fully
retracted.
Stabilizing Jacks
Dependent upon the type (travel-trailer / fth-wheel), product and model
purchased, the stabilizer jacks included will vary. Although stabilizer
jacks come in different types and sizes, all perform the same function:
To stabilize the front and rear of all recreational vehicles while parked for
camping.
Always park the recreational vehicle on level ground and use tire chocks.
It is extremely important to level the trailer front and rear using the tongue
jack (travel-trailers) or landing gear (fth-wheels). Using the crank for the
particular stabilizer jack, lower the jack(s) on the lowest side of the trailer
rst and check the level. Adjust if necessary and then lower the other
jack(s) to nish stabilizing the trailer.
Stabilizing jacks are designed to
level and stabilize your coach.
Do not attempt to lift the unit to
change a tire or for any other
purpose.
After-market stabilizer stands
must be placed only under
chassis frame rails. Stabilizer
jacks should not be placed at
extreme corners of the frame.
Locating stabilizers in these
locations can cause slide-room
damage if leveling blocks were
to shift or settle. Do not attempt
to level, raise or otherwise
place all of the weight of the
unit on the stabilizer jacks. Do
not use stabilizer jacks for tire-
changing.
Note
19
Chapter 4: Appliances and Equipment
Chapter 4: Appliances and
Equipment
What to do if you smell gas
Do not try to light any appliance
Extinguish any open ames including cigarettes
Do Not Touch Any Electric Switch
Open windows and doors
Exit trailer
Shut off the gas supply at the gas container (bottle or source)
Immediately call a service center or gas supplier from an outside
phone and follow their instructions
Do not turn on the gas supply until the gas leaks have been repaired
Refer to the individual manufacturer’s owner’s manual for operating
instructions on the following equipment.
Air Conditioner (Optional)
Roof mounted air conditioners are operated by an 110V AC power
source through a separate circuit breaker. Keep in mind that typically
RV electrical systems are designed to handle 30 amps and that the air
conditioner takes a sizable portion of that when the compressor starts.
(Limited product models have an optional 50 Amp capability. (See
Chapter 5, Electrical Systems) Reduce other loads as much as possible
when using air conditioning to reduce the chance of overload and
possibly tripping the main breaker. (For thermostat operation on the air
conditioner, see “Thermostat” in this section)
Capability vs. Environment
The capability of the air conditioner to maintain the desired inside
temperature is directly effected by the heat gain of the RV. During
extreme high outdoor temperatures, the heat gain of the vehicle may be
reduced by:
1. Parking in a shaded area
2. Keeping blinds down or drapes shut
3. Keeping windows and doors shut and minimize usage
4. Operation on High Fan/Cooling mode will provide the maximum
efciency in high humidity or high temperatures
5. Using awnings to block direct sunlight exposure on the unit
6. Avoiding use of heat producing appliances
7. Giving the A/C a “head start” by turning the air conditioner on
early in the morning
Care and Maintenance
Periodically remove the return air lter and wash with hot soapy water.
During extended use situations, cleaning is recommended after two weeks
of daily usage.
Portable fuel-burning
equipment, including wood
and charcoal grills and stoves,
must not be used inside the
recreational vehicle. The use
of this equipment inside the
recreational vehicle may cause
res or asphyxiation.
When refueling tow vehicle, shut
off all LP gas appliances. Most
LP gas appliances are vented
to the outside. Gasoline fumes
could enter the appliance and
ignite from the burner ame,
causing an explosion or re.
DO not store or use gasoline
or other ammable vapors and
liquids in the vicinity of any
appliance.
LP Gas containers shall not
be placed or stored inside the
vehicle. LP Gas containers are
equipped with safety devices
that relieve excess pressure
by discharging gas to the
atmosphere.
Never run the A/C without the
lter. This could plug the unit
evaporator cell, substantially
effecting performance.
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