Radio Shack TRS-80 User manual

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Cuslom Mariu factu red in USAby RADIO SHACK. ADivision of TANDV CORPORATlO N

To Our Customers
By adding ahard disk Id your TRS-ffiJ Model 4or 4R you are great]
y
enhancing the capabilities of your computer system. Ahard disk
gives two major advantages over afloppy diskette:
*More storages space per disk.
*Higher reliability because the hard disk is far more durable.
In addition, your hard disk lets you retain aflexible operating system
environ merit. Vbu can use bolh LDOS \fersion 5,1.4 and TRSDOS
Veri>iun fl villi your hard disk system ras ww II as with your floppy
diskette system,

About this Manual
This manual explairs everything you need to know to set up and
begirt ueing your Modal 4/4P hard disk system. It includes pro-
cedures for connecting the hardware, initializing Ihe system, and
moving all programs and data to the hard disk
Details on the TRSDOS Version 6operating system are In
Model 4/4P Disk Si/st&m Owner's Manual.
Notations
For your convenience the following notations are used in the com-
mand syntaxes and the text referring to the commands:
lowercase italics
represent words, letters or values that you supply, or displayed
information that may vary.
[)(square brackets)
indicate optional parameters. Do nol include the brackets when
typing the command.
indicates akey that you press.

Contents
Chapter l
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
ALook at Your Hard Disk Drive ..
.
The Media Error Map ,
Connecting Your Hard? Disk Drives
Connecting th& Primary Drive
Procedure
Cumiecliiig Hie Secondary Dtives -
,
Procedure
Powering Up and Powering Down .
Power-Up Procedure
Power-Down Procedure
Initializing Your System with HARDGEN
Physical Drives vLogical Drives
initialization Procedure
Suggested Responses ...
Operating Your Computer as a
Maud Dish System
Operating Your Computer as a
Floppy Dink System
Chapter 7
Using Application Programs
Moving Your Programs to Hard Disk
The COPY Command
The BACKUP Command ,
Sacking Up aHard Disk
Copying and Restoring Large Files
Copying aFile with HDCQPY4
Restoring aFile wilh HDCOPY4
HDCOPY4 Errors
Technical Information ..
Header Block
Description
Problems and Error Messages
Soot Errors
1
3
3
4
.4
6
,10
10
11
.11
13
19
,20
.21
,23
.23
S3
23
2d
27
.27
.28
29
30
30
30
.33
.33

Appendix AInitializing Your System Manually ,35
Overview ,35
Procedufe 36
Setting Up the Logical Drives 36
Formatting the Hard Disk Drive 37
Moving TRSDOS \fersion 6to
ifaur Hard Disk \jb
Making the Hard Disk the
System Device ,.40
Storing the Configuration on
the Boot Diskette 40
Using the TRSDOS JCL for
Hard Disk Drive Setup .41
Appendix BInitializing with HARDGEN's Oplion D
iHead-by-Head Assignment)
Procedure
Example #1
example #2
CP/M Initialization ,
TRSDOS Initialization
.43
,43
.45
.48
.49
.53
Appendix CCare of ifourHard Disk Drive 57
Appendix OHard Disk Specifications 59
Index 61

Chapter 1
ALook at Your
Hard Disk Drive
The hard d*sk drive b&Slcalty consists of 2or 3platters, or "disks."
that lie parallel Id ong another within the drive, Thccc disk? reside
in the drive permanently
Each side oi each drsst has aread/write head that mews loward
or away from ihe center of the disk as needed to store and retries
information.
RAad.'W'lie
Heatfs
Pl3lter
Tree* ft
Frgore J. internal View (ft Hani Ditto Drive
If you have only one hard disk drive, it is the '"primary"' hard disk
drive. Asmall area on this drive is used lo store the operating
system. Vbu can haus a$ many as 3"secondary" hard disk drives
for storing additional data.

The Media Error Map
When you purchase your hard disk, afew disk areas called 'tracks"
may bo flawed because of minor defects in the media or signals
from external sources. However, no hard disk is shipped with more
than 3flawed tracks per head nor more than 9{5-tneo.l or 12
{15-meg} flawed tracks in all Track never contains flaws.
Before shipment, abuilt-in error detector dfiterminps which, if any
tracks on your hard disk are Hawed. Wo then attach to the bottom
of the disk aMedia Error Map containing this information. Keep
tills map! Radio Shack service technicians may need to refer lo-
ir, if your drive ever needs servicing.
In addition, if you choose 10 initialize your hard disk system
manually you may want to reffir to the Media Error Map when for-
matting the hard disk tfrives. Manual initialization is discussed in
Appendix A. We recommend it only for advanced users who can-
not meet system requirements bv usinq the simpler initialization
procedure discussed in Chapter 4.

Chapter 2
Connecting Your
Hard Disk
If you haven't set up your Model 4/4 Pyet, do so now, referring to
Introduction to Vbur Disk System, ihg startup manual that you
received with your computer. Then connect your primary drive and
any secondary drives as described in this section and the one that
follows Figure 4shows afully configured system
Connecting the Primary Drive
In addition lo this startup manual, your primary hard disk comes
with the following:
*Hard Disk Expansion Cable {50-pin)
*HardDisk Operating Systo min it] ati zot ion Diskette, which
is called the "Hard Disk initialization Diskette" or "Initializa-
tion Diskette" throughout this manual
*Power Cord
+Power Key
Below is an illustration of the back of the primary hard dish drive.
Thb purpose of each connector and jack is described in the
'Procedures" sections in this chapter.
Rgirw 3. Bank Vitrw of the Primary HanS Disk Drive

Procedure
To connect the primary hard disk drive 10 your computer follow
these steps:
1. Connect one end of the hand disk expansion cable to the I/O
bus card edge of your computer.
2. Connect the other end to the COMPUTER IN connector (50-
pin) on the back of the primary hard disk drive
3. Connect the power cord to the primary drive. Plug ihe other
end into agrounded AC power source of appropriate voltage.
Connecting the Secondary Drives
Each secondary hard disk drive comas with Thf> fnl lowing:
•Secondary Hard Disk Expansion Cable
•Pats Cable
•Power Cord
Tho secondary hard disk drives connect to the computer via the
primary hard disk drive.
Be(ore you can Connect the secondary drives, however, you must
take all your hard disk drives—including the primary drive—to a
Radio Shack computer technician to be modified- After the
modification, only one drive is labeled as !he terminator. This drive
must be the last in tho chain-
Warning: If you have boon using the hard disk system and
are adding asecondary drive, be sure to back up all the infor-
mation onto floppy diskettes before you have your hard disk
drives modified. This modification could erase all the informa-
tion you have previously ctorod on your hord dtok drives. Refer
to Chapters for information on backing up to diskettes on your
computer

Below is an illustration ol the back of asecondary hard disk drive.
The purpose of each connector and jack is described irt the
"Procedure" section below.
figiA* aB&pk ttav of aSecondary Ham Disk Drive
5

Procedure
To conned the secondary hard disk drivers], refer to the illustra-
tion and follow Ihe steps below. Notice thai the drives must be
stacked with the primary drive on top of the secondary drives and
ending with the drive modified to be the terminator.
Primary
F-irst
Secondary
Second
Secondary
Third
Secondary
FiguiQ 4. AFully Configuroet Hard Disk Gp&etr
In this procedure, the number of expansion cables and data cables
you connect depends on the number of secondary hard disks you
have.
1Conned one end of asecondary hard disk expansion cable
10 the CONTROL OUT conneclor on the primary hard disk
drive, Connect the other end to irte C(jNi hul IN connedor
on the first secondary hard disk drive.
2. Connect any remaining expansion cables from the CONTROL
OUT on one seconda.ry drive to the CONTROL IN on the next
secondary drive.
5

3Connect ihe dala caUe(s) as follows
•One from DATA OUT A(20 pin Connector) on the primary
drive to DATA IN (2(J pin jack) on the *irs( secondary drive.
•One from DATA OUT Bon the primary drroe to DATA IN
on the second secondary drive.
•One from DATA OUT Con the primary drive to DATA IN
on the third secondary drive.
4. Connect one end of apower cord 10 each secondary drive and
the other end to agrounded AC power source of appropriate
voltage.
The drive with Ihe lerminator must be the last in Ihe chain.

Chapter 3
Powering Up
and Powering Down
To prevent information loss, always use the proper sequence to
power up and pow*r down your syEtgrn. Refer to the illustration
below, as wet Ias to the procedures that tallow.
DrivG-Attiwt! Light
Write-Pmtect Smite fi
PowtT Key
Figure 5. Front Yidw of rPrimary H#tf Dfsfr fJnye
Power Kay (primary drive only). This key controls the power to all
the hard dish drives Turn it clockwise to turn on the drives and
counterclockwise to turn off the drives. To avoid accidentally
erasing information on your hard disks, remove the key once
the drive? are on.
Two power keys are provided. If you kjee akey, the nearest
Radio Shack Computer Centet caji repiaue it.
Powwr Light (on all secondary drives in place of power key). When
the light Is on, the drive is powered up.
Drive-Active Light, When the light is on, the drive is powered up
and has been selected tor use. When Ihe light is blinking, the
drive is in use,
Only one drive-active light should be on at atime. If moreihan
one light is on, turn off the system, wait afew minutes, and
turn Mon again. If the problem r&curs, contact aRadio Shack
service technician. (Note: When you use two drives in rapid
succession, more than one light may appear to be on at the
same time, without actually being so)

Wrile-Protect Switch. When the switch is lighted, the disk drive
is write protected so that you cannot write Information on it.
Pressing the switch turns the write protection on and off. Press
this switch onty when the drive is not in use- Otherwise, you
may lose or destroy data.
Warning: Never move yuur hard disk drive while the tlr ive is run-
ning. Doing so may cause permanent damage to the drive or disk.
Also, do not »xposR ahard disk to astrong mngnfitie fisM, fiiinh
as Ihat produced by abulk eraser You could lose valuable data
or damage the unit. Remember, you cannot bulk erase ahard disk.
Power-Up Procedure
1. Be sure all Uoppy diskette drives are empty, Turn on all
peripheral equipment (such as aprinter or external floppy
diskette drives).
2. Turn on all hard disk drives by turning the power key, which
is locked on itie primary hard disk drive, Clockwise. Wan fui
all secondary drive power lights to come on before continu-
ing Then remove the key
3. Turn on the computer.
Power-Down Procedure
1. The operating oyntcm prompt should bo the last line on your
screen. II it is not, press ("Entefo or exil your program so that
the prompt appears.
2. Remove all floppy diskettes from their drives,
aturn orr any peripheral equipment.
4. Turn off all hard disk drives by turning the power key
counterclockwise.
5. Turn oft the computer.
10

Chapter 4
Initializing Your
System with HARDGEN
Although you nave se! up and perhaps turned on your hard disk
drives, you can, as yet. operate your computer only as afloppy
disk system.
To use ynir hard disk drives, you must first initialize your hard disk
System. This Includes:
tFormatting the hard disk drluw
2, Configuring them into the computer system
3, Copying TRSDOS Version Sonto youi hard disk system
The TRSDOS Hard Disk Initialization Diskeiie coniains an easy-
to-use urogram called HARDGEN/BAS ("Hard Disk System
Generator") that does all this for you.
Note: HARDGEM sets up asystem configuration using a
specified pattern. Because these patterns are limited, you may
warn 10 configure your system difterenify, using one of the alter-
nate methods described in Appendices Aand B. Both methods
an& more complicated, howeuer, anrl uv$ recommend them onty
for advanced users who cannot meel their system re-
quirements with the normal use of HARDGEN.
Before beginning the initialization, please read the next section
carefully, ft explains the difference between physical' and
"logical" drives. It is important to understand this difference before
Initializing your hard disk system. Once the initialization incom-
plete, the operating system experts only luyicat diive numbers.
Technical information on the hard disk initialization is included in
Chapter 6, but you probably will not need it if you use the
HARDGEN program.
CauOon: It you are reinitializing your hard disk, first back up
all information on the disk initialization erases all information
you have on all your hard disk drivee.
Ybu should also make backups before moving the equipment from
its present location or adding new hard disk drives to your system.
Physical Drives vLogical Drives
Aphysical drive is the actual place of hardware. Alogical drive
is adivision of the physical drive—according to read/write heads
—
that the operating system recognize* as acomplete drive. It has
its own directory and files, and its information can be accessed
and backed up jusi as can the information on aphysical drive.
11

Afloppy disk drive is both one physical drive and one logical drive.
Ahard disk driva is one physical driw thai you can separate inio
several logical drives. The drawing below illustrates this concept:
1Logical
Drive
2Loyitul
Drives
Physical Drive 3S-d gi --*! I
Drives
4Logical
Drives
Logical Drive
Figure 6. Physical vLogical Drivus
Several lactors may 'nfluertce the number of logical drives you
want.
•>fcu can put similar fifes, such as all accounting data files,
in one log cal drive so that you can operate on (heir as
agroup. For example, you can back them up, without
affecting the files in other logical drives.
•Some application programs require acertain number of
logical driven.
•The maximum number of files any logical drive can have
ig240.
•By putting agro up of files in alog ical dri ve, you ca nassign
Ihtr files amaster passwurd that protects them from being
erased or copied.
12

When partitioning ahand disk drive into logical drives, you must
assign at least ono read/write head to each logical drive, and you
cannot assign parts ol heads. Otherwise, you can assign the heads
as you like. For example, vcu can assign Heads 1and 2to Laojcal
Drive 1, and Heads 3and 4to Logical Drive 2. In this case, you
have 1physical drive and 2logical drives.
Initialization Procedure
Before you begin the initialization, turn off your hard disk drives
and locate the serial numbers on the bottom of the drives. Copy
these numbers down exactly, including any punctuation. Ybu will
need the numbers during Step 4below.
Now make abackup of the Hard Disk Initialization Diskette and
store the original in asale place. Use only the bdtKup during Itie
initialization; me HARDGEN program modifies the diskette, and
using the backup ensures (hat you still have the mnster Insinua-
tion Diskette intact- [Refer to introduction to Your Disk System for
details on backing up diskettes.)
Note: Suggested responses to prompts given by the
HARDGEN program are listed immediately following the
initialization procedure Vou may want to took at them before
continuing.
1. Insert the write-enabled backup Initialization Diskette into
Floppy Dnve 0, and reset the system.
Mote: Model 4users; To reeei the eysiem, press the resei
switch. Model 4P users: To reset the system at any time you
have nard disks connected, press the reset switcn and F2 I
If you are prompted to enter the date and time, do so. The
HAUDGtN program starts automatically.
2. Aprompt appears, asking If yogr system is ready. II you have
properly connected your hard disk system, as described in
Chapter 2, type Vi£HH3). If not, type NEHEBEl The system
returns to TRSDOE Ready go that you can remou* all
diskettes, turn off the entire system, and connect the drives
properly.
3. HARDGEN now asks tor the number of floppy and hard drives
in your system. Enter thft appmnriate numbers, in rasnnnSfi
Hint: If you think you mighl purchase more floppy drives in
Ihs future, you can enle-r anumb#r greater than the number
of drives you currently have connected This applies only to
floppy drives. Ybu must enter the exact number of hard disk
drives you have.
13

A, Now HARDGEN asks you to enter the serial numbers you
obtained above, It asks lor the numbers one at atirne, begin-
ning with the pnrnary drive. Enter each complete serial number,
in the Rorrecl crde1-
,including hyphens if present
5. The initialization program also asks you to enter the amount
of data you can store on the hard disk. This is the size of the
disk; SO type SC.ENTERj for a5-megabyte hard disk or 15
[ENTER 'for a15-megabyte hard disk.
6. The program then asks aseries of four questions about the
assignment of logical drives:
How many Logical, drives do you want to
have on your system?
HARDGEN displays atan ge of mto n. mis the minimum
number nf logical drives -a Unused (the mi mher of Iwd disks +
1), and nis the the maximum number allowed. Specify the
number of logical drives you want within this range.
How many floppy drives do you want to
use on your system?
HARDGEN displays arange oM to n. In which nis the number
of floppy drives you specified in Step 3. If you wish to reserve
more logical drives for hard disks, you may enter anumber
smaller than the number erf drives you own, in this ease.
hardgen disables ihe unused lluppy drives, "you must,
however, specify at least 1floppy drive Most applications re-
quire only 1or 9floppy drives wher> running haul disk drives
Do you want to reserve aLogical drive
for use with Me-m disk? (Replying no
does not mean you cannot vise Memd isk
.
However, you may have to disable
another drive whi le using Hemdi sk .
)
Your Model AMP Disk System Owner's Manual describes
Memdisk. If you wani to reserve alogical drive for Memdisk,
type Venteh iit not, type N.¥RTER). As the prompl in-
dh&les, you tan use MemdisK even if you type N,lmlhi,
but you may need to disable another logical drive io do so.
If, at this pGml, the number of logical drives is too small to
satisfy the requirement of at least 1logical drive per physical
drive, the system instructs you to increase the total numtwr
of logical drives (maximum ot 8) or reduce the number of
logical devices assigned to other devices, such as floppy disk
drives or Memdisk.
How many logical drives do you want to
use on your hard disks?
14