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'&>6*1#%+4!,+$=+6">+;,,,
,
,
fig.%5%A%piano%sample%amplitude%envelope%
,
<+,B3*+960,%+9*$+%,1)+,()'3'(1+3*!1*(!,"9,',4!"#$%4,1",B+,'B6+E,*$,1)+,9"66"C*$8,()'>1+3E,1",8*=+,'$,
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,
fig.%6%Pitch,%timbre%and%loudness%equivalent%blocks%
,
,
fig.%7%Pitch,%timbre%and%loudness%NS1nanosynth%modules%
!

!
fig.%8%modulations%equivalent%blocks!
!
!
fig.%9%modulation%NS1nanosynth%modules%

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