Arrakis Systems ARC-5 User manual

ARC-5 Manual
ARC-5
Technical Manual
March 21, 2019
www.arrakis-systems.com Page 1

ARC-5 Manual
Table of Contents
Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................3
Safety Instructions...................................................................................................................................................4
Hazard / Warning Labe .....................................................................................................................................5
Identification.......................................................................................................................................................5
Warranty..............................................................................................................................................................6
Product Description.................................................................................................................................................7
Technica Description..............................................................................................................................................8
Operating Instructions..............................................................................................................................................9
Mono Mic Leve ................................................................................................................................................10
Input Channe s 1 & 2........................................................................................................................................10
Stereo Line Leve ..............................................................................................................................................11
Input Channe s 3 & 4.........................................................................................................................................11
Te ephone..........................................................................................................................................................12
Input Channe 4.................................................................................................................................................12
Contro Room....................................................................................................................................................13
Monitor System.................................................................................................................................................13
The Cue System................................................................................................................................................14
Soft Keys...........................................................................................................................................................15
Insta ation Instructions..........................................................................................................................................16
Unpacking.........................................................................................................................................................16
Before you start.................................................................................................................................................17
Step by Step ......................................................................................................................................................19
Insta ation Instructions.....................................................................................................................................19
Logic Output & Soft Keys................................................................................................................................27
Audio Ca ibration..............................................................................................................................................29
Service & Maintenance..........................................................................................................................................30
Genera Repair Considerations.........................................................................................................................30
Suggested Repair Procedures............................................................................................................................31
Opening the Conso e.........................................................................................................................................32
Rep acing S ide Faders, Switches, and other parts...........................................................................................33
Rep acing ICs....................................................................................................................................................33
Motherboard Parts Layout.................................................................................................................................34
Warranty Rep acement of Parts.........................................................................................................................35
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ARC-5 Manual
Introduction
Thank you for purchasing this product by Arrakis Systems. Our company has pro ided professional
audio equipment to the broadcast, commercial audio, and consumer audio markets for more than 30
years. Our products are sold worldwide and are well known for leading edge technology, quality, and
reliability.
How to contact Arrakis Systems
Arrakis Systems inc. is located at:
Arrakis Systems inc
6604 Powell Street
Lo eland, Colorado
80538
Business Hours: 8:00am - 4:30pm mountain time
Voice: 970-461-0730 x316
Fax: 970-663-1010
Email: consolesupport@arrakis-systems.com
Ha ing difficulty contacting Arrakis?
Refer to the website (www.arrakis-systems.com) for current contact information
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ARC-5 Manual
Safety Instructions
1. Read A Instructions. A safety and
operating instructions must be read before
operating the product.
2. Retain A Instructions. A safety and
operating instructions must be retained for
future reference.
3. Heed A Warnings. A warnings on the
product and those isted in the operating
instructions must be adhered to.
4. Fo ow A Instructions. A operating and
product usage instructions must be fo owed.
5. Heat. This product must be situated away
from any heat sources such as radiators, heat
registers, stoves, or other products
(inc uding power amp ifiers) that produce
heat.
6. Venti ation. S ots and openings in the
product are provided for venti ation. They
ensure re iab e operation of the product,
keeping it from overheating. These openings
must not be b ocked nor covered during
operation. This product shou d not be p aced
into a rack un ess proper venti ation is
provided through fo owing the
manufacturer’s recommended insta ation
procedures.
7. Water and Moisture. Do not use this
product near water—for examp e; near a
bath tub, wash bow , kitchen sink or aundry
tub; in a wet basement; or near a swimming
poo or the ike.
8. Attachments. Do not use any attachments
not recommended by the product
manufacturer as they may cause hazards.
9. Power Sources. This product must be
operated from the type of power source
indicated on the marking abe and in the
insta ation instructions. If you are not sure
of the type of power supp ied to your
faci ity, consu t your oca power company.
10. Grounding and Po arization. This
product is equipped with a po arized AC
p ug with integra safety ground pin. Do not
defeat the safety ground in any manner.
11. Power Cord Protection. Power supp y
cords must be routed so that they are not
ike y to be wa ked on nor pinched by items
p aced upon or against them. Pay particu ar
attention to the cords at AC wa p ugs and
convenience receptac es, and at the point
where the cord p ugs into the product.
12. Lightning. For added protection for this
product during a ightning storm, or when it
is eft unattended and unused for ong
periods of time, unp ug it from the AC wa
out et. This wi prevent damage to the
product due to ightning and power ine
surges.
13. Over oading. Do not over oad AC wa
out ets, extension cords, or integra
convenience out ets as this can resu t in a
fire or e ectric shock hazard.
14. Object and Liquid Entry. Never push
objects of any kind into this product through
openings as they may touch dangerous
vo tage points or short-out parts that cou d
resu t in a fire or e ectric shock. Never spi
iquid of any kind on the product.
15. Accessories. Do not p ace this product
on an unstab e cart, stand, tripod, bracket, or
tab e. The product may fa , causing serious
damage to a chi d or adu t, and serious
damage to the product. Any mounting of the
product needs to fo ow manufacturer’s
insta ation instructions.
16. A Product and Cart Combination shou d
be moved with care. Quick stops, excessive
force, and uneven surfaces may cause the
product and the cart combination to
overturn.
17. Servicing. Refer a servicing to
qua ified servicing personne .
18. Damage Requiring Service. Unp ug this
product from the wa AC out et and refer
servicing to qua ified service personne
under the fo owing conditions: a. When the
AC cord or p ug is damaged. b. If iquid has
been spi ed or objects have fa en into the
product. c. If the product has been exposed
to rain or water. d. If the product does not
operate norma y (fo owing operating
instructions). e. If the product has been
dropped or damaged in any way. f. When the
product exhibits a distinct change in
performance. This indicates a need for
service.
19. Rep acement Parts. When rep acement
parts are required, be sure the service
technician has used rep acement parts
specified by the manufacturer or that have
the same characteristics as the origina parts.
Unauthorized substitutions may resu t in
fire, e ectric shock, or other hazards.
20. Safety Check. Upon comp etion of any
repairs to this product, ask the service
technician to perform safety checks to
determine that the product is in proper
operating condition.
21. C eaning. Do not use iquid c eaners or
aeroso c eaners. Use on y a damp c oth for
c eaning.
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ARC-5 Manual
Hazard / Warning Label
Identification
WARNING: SHOCK HAZARD - DO NOT OPEN
AVIS: RISQUE DE CHOC ELECTRIQUE - NE PAS OUVRIR
CAUTION: TO REDUCE THE RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK DO NOT
REMOVE ANY COVER OR PANEL. NO USER SERVICEABLE PARTS
INSIDE. REFER SERVICING TO QUALIFIED SERVICE PERSONNEL.
WARNING: TO REDUCE THE RISK OF FIRE OR ELECTRIC SHOCK,
DO NOT EXPOSE THE CONSOLE TO RAIN OR MOISTURE.
The Exc amation Point symbo , within an equi atera
triang e, a erts the user to the presence of important
operating and maintenance (servicing) instructions in
product iterature and instruction manua s.
The Lightning F ash With Arrowhead symbo , within an
equi atera triang e, a erts the user to the presence of
uninsu ated dangerous vo tage within the product’s
enc osure that may be of sufficient magnitude to constitute
a risk of e ectric shock.
WARNING— This equipment generates, uses and can
radiate radio frequency energy. If not insta ed and used in
accordance with the instructions in this manua it may cause
interference to radio communications. It has been tested and
found to comp y with the imits for a C ass A computing device
(pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 FCC Ru es), which are designed
to provide reasonab e protection against such interference when
operated in a commercia environment. Operation of this equipment
in a residentia area is ike y to cause interference, in which
case the user, at his own expense, wi be required to take whatever
measures may be required to correct the interference.
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ARC-5 Manual
Warranty
This console carries a manufacturer‘s warranty subject to the following guidelines and limitations:
A) Except as expressly excluded herein, Arrakis Systems inc. (“Seller”) warrants equipment of its own
manufacture against faulty workmanship or the use of defecti e materials for a period of one (1) year
from date of shipment to Buyer. The liability of the Seller under this Warranty is limited to replacing,
repairing or issuing credit (at the Seller’s discretion) for any equipment, pro ided that Seller is
promptly notified in writing within fi e (5) days upon disco ery of such defects by Buyer, and Seller‘s
examination of such equipment shall disclose to its satisfaction that such defects existed at the time
shipment was originally made by Seller, and Buyer returns the defecti e equipment to Seller’s place
of business in Lo eland, Colorado, packaging and transportation prepaid, with return packaging and
transport guaranteed.
B) Equipment furnished by Seller, but manufactured by another, shall be warranted only to the extent
pro ided by the other manufacturer.
C) Thermal filament de ices (such as lamps and fuses) are expressly excluded from this warranty.
D) The warranty period on equipment or parts repaired or replaced under warranty shall expire upon
the expiration date of the original warranty.
E) This Warranty is oid for equipment which has been subject to abuse, improper installation,
improper operation, improper or omitted maintenance, alteration, accident, negligence (in use,
storage, transportation or handling), operation not in accordance with Seller‘s operation and ser ice
instructions, or operation outside of the en ironmental conditions specified by Seller.
F) This Warranty is the only warranty made by Seller, and is in lieu of all other warranties, including
merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, whether expressed or implied, except as to title
and to the expressed specifications contained in this manual. Seller’s sole liability for any equipment
failure or any breach of this Warranty is as set forth in subparagraph (A) abo e; Seller shall not be
liable or responsible for any business loss or interruption, or other consequential damages of any
nature whatsoe er, resulting from any equipment failure or breach of this warranty.
For the latest warranty information, please isit our website.
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ARC-5 Manual
Product Description
ARC-5 Analog Broadcast Console
•5 Channels
•Inputs – 2 Mic, 1 Stereo Line, 1 USB (A/B for additional input), 1 Mix-Minus.
•Outputs – 1 Stereo Program Mixing bus.
•2 high quality mic channels (with optional 48VDC phantom power).
•2 stereo line inputs. Channel 3 & 4.
•USB input/output. Record or playback.
•Mix minus telephone output for interfacing with an external phone hybrid.
•Conducti e plastic slide faders & LED switch lamps for long life.
•4 dry contact button for connecting to 3rd party equipment, such as a studio camera system.
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ARC-5 Manual
Technical Description
Mechanical
Switch type: Mechanical, 4 pole, double throw.
Switch illumination: LED, for long life.
Linear Fader type: Conducti e plastic for highest possible resolution and life. 30,000 cycles.
PC Boards: Single motherboard.
IC sockets: All IC's, except for one, are socketed for ease of ser ice.
VU Meters: Long life LED meters.
Electronic
Stereo Line Input
Freq Response- +(-).5dB 20-20kHz
S/N- -82dB typ, +8dBu in, +8 dBu out
THD- .01% typ, +8dBu in, +8 dBu out
CMRR- -75dB typ 1kHz
Max Input- +23dBu, balanced
Mono Mic Input
Freq Response- +(-).5dB 20-20kHz
EIN- -115dBu typ, -50dBu in, +8 dBu out
THD- .05% typ , -50dBu in, +8 dBu out
CMRR- -60dB typ 1kHz
Impedances
Mic Input- > 2000 ohms
Line Input- > 10000 ohms
Outputs- < 100 ohms
System
Max Output- +23dBu balanced
Stereo Separation- -75dB typ 1KHz
Cue to Pgm XTalk- -90dB typ 1KHz-75dB typ 20kHz
Power Supply
110 ac - 220 VAC, 50-60 hz, autosensing
Certified: UL, CE, CS, CB
External inline module: 3"W x 5 3/4"L x 1 3/4"D
Logic
On Air Light Logic: reed relay closure, 50mA max
Source Start Logic: Dry contact closure buttons, qty 4. Can be setup to send 5V.
Mic Turret Logic: none
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ARC-5 Manual
Operating Instructions
Talk Button VU Meters CH5 A/B switch
Push to talk to a caller LED meters for accurate Select between a stereo line
off line. ballistics. Program bus. Le el input and an internal USB
sound card.
EXT
Selects an external audio
input (such as off air) as the
source for the monitor &
headphone systems.
SOFT KEYS
Press to trigger a dry
contact closure. This can
control 3rd party hardware,
such as switch camera
iews.
MONITOR & HEAD PHONE
Le el Control
Slide faders to control audio
le el for Monitor &
Headphones.
Mic Channels Stereo Line Input Phone
2 Mic channels for For connecting external Channel 4 can be used as a telephone
a standard host/guest audio equipment, such as input and generates a mix-minus
format. an automation system or output to send to a phone hybrid.
MP3 player. Press the Talk switch on Mic 1 to talk to a
caller off-line. To place the caller on air,
just turn the channel on.
Channel 5 USB
The 'B' input on channel 5 is an internal USB sound card that can be utilized by a PC. This allows you to play audio from
your PC onto the board, or record audio coming from the Program output to the PC. The PC will recognize the sound card
as a 'USB Audio Codec.'
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ARC-5 Manual
Mono Mic Le el
Input Channels 1 & 2
Channels 1 & 2 are both designated as mic channels. These are mic-preamps, ready to be connected to dynamic
microphones. If you are using condensor microphones, then you will need the ARC-48V Phantom Power supply, which can
be purchased on our website.
Channel On & Off
To turn the channel on, simply push the red on switch at the bottom of the fader. When the channel is on, the LED will be
lighted. To turn the channel off, simply push the red on button again.
Channel On & Off Mute Monitor
Mic channels are programmed to mute the Monitor speakers when acti ated (Monitor output). This pre ents audio
feedback through the mic channel. Audio may still be heard through the headphone output.
TALK
This button acti ates a bi-directional off air talkback between mic one and the channel 4 phone input if an external hybrid
is connected. The mic feeds the caller while the caller feeds the console cue system. The caller is heard on the monitor
speakers and in the headphones. The switch is a push-push interlocking type. Push once for on, push again for off.
TALK Button
Slide Fader Le el control
Channel ON/OFF
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ARC-5 Manual
Stereo Line Le el
Input Channels 3 & 4
Channel 3 & 4 are stereo line le el input channels. Channel 3 has both balanced RJ45 & unbalanced RCA inputs. Channel
4 can be used with an external phone hybrid. Channel 4 is balanced RJ45 only.
Channel On & Off
To turn the channel on, simply push the red on switch at the bottom of the fader. When the channel is on, the switch will be
lighted. To turn the channel off, simply push the red on button again.
CUE
To acti ate cue, click on the CUE button abo e the fader. To exit the cue mode, click on the CUE button again.
Cue audio will be heard on the Monitor & Head Phone outputs. Cue audio le els are prefader.
CUE Button
Slide Fader Le el control
Channel ON/OFF
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ARC-5 Manual
Telephone
Input Channel 4
The ARC-5 console supports a single phone caller for li e on-air or off-line applications on channel 4.
Channel On & Off
To turn the channel on, simply push the red on switch at the bottom of the fader. When the channel is on, the switch will be
lighted. To turn the channel off, simply push the red on button again.
Channel On & Off Logic (Hybrid control)
The ARC-5 does not ha e external control of the hybrid. The hybrid must be acti ated manually from the front panel of the
hybrid.
One of the SOFT KEY buttons may be assigned to control an external phone hybrid. IMPORTANT NOTE, it is likely
necessary to use a resistor ( alues supplied by hybrid manufacturer) when connecting to the hybrid logic. Consult the
phone hybrid manual for details. Additional information about the SOFT KEY buttons and logic control may be found later
in this manual.
Hybrid Audio Feed
The output to the phone hybrid will be a mix of channels 1-3 and channel 5. The output to the phone hybrid will not include
the channel se en phone callers oice so that there will not be feedback.
Talking to the Caller (off line)
Push the ‘TALK’ button on the channel one mic to feed the control room mic to the caller. When the button is down, the
program audio fed to the caller is muted and only the control room mic audio is heard by the caller. The caller will be
heard in the monitor and earphone systems (Program audio dimmed below the caller’s oice).
CUE Button Soft Keys
Slide Fader Le el control
Channel ON/OFF
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ARC-5 Manual
Control Room
Monitor System
The Control Room Monitor system is the main audio monitoring system for the studio. It features an input selector switch
and a olume le el control. The output of the monitor system is connected to an external audio power amplifier and
speakers. The le el control on the external amplifier should be set for the maximum sound le el desired in the studio.
Monitor Muting
When a control room microphone is turned on, the monitor system will mute (audio is turned off) so that there will not be
feedback from the speakers to the microphone.
Monitor Selector Switch
This switch selects the audio source for the Monitor system. Push the switch down (LED will light) to select an external
input to the monitor speakers. This is usually an off-air source so that the final output of the station can be monitored.
When the switch is up(unlighted) the Program bus output of the console is being monitored.
Monitor Volume Le el Control
Sets the monitor le el into the external audio amplifier and speaker.
Monitor Selector Switch
Control Room Monitor Le el Control
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ARC-5 Manual
The Cue System
The cue system is designed for monitoring an audio source without placing it on air. This feature is useful for listening to a
network feed before bringing it to air, listening to a CD to be certain it is the correct song, etc. The cue system features
‘Auto-cue,’ where cue is heard in the Monitor speakers and separate Cue speakers are not required.
Acti ating Cue
To acti ate cue, click on the CUE button on an input source channel. To exit the cue mode, click on the CUE button again.
The cue signal is PRE-fader and therefore the fader le el and the channel ON-OFF status has no effect on the cue signal.
Cue Audio
Cue audio will be heard in the Monitor speakers and the Headphones. In the Monitor and Headphone system, Autocue will
dim the Program in the headphones and play the cue audio o er top of program audio.
CUE switches
VU Meters
The ARC-5 features a single set of fixed LED VU meters
that monitor the stereo Program output of the console.
The meters feature standard ‘VU’ ballistics.
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ARC-5 Manual
Soft Keys
The ARC-5 includes 4 'Soft Key' buttons that can be setup to perform arious operations with 3rd party hardware. Some
examples are:
-Control the APEX Automation software. Such as Start & Stop the automation, play hot keys, etc...
-Control 3rd party camera hardware. This would allow you to switch between cameras, and select which camera is
iewing the studio.
-Control a telephone hybrid, for picking up or ending calls.
By default, the ARC-5 is setup to connect a dry contact closure from Pins 1 – 4 to the 'GND' pin on pin 5. This would gi e a
command to a piece of 3rd party hardware that complete the particular circuit.
An optional cable may be purchased from the Arrakis website, that allows you to connect to arious equipment.
Additional instructions for setup may be found later in this manual.
SOFT KEYS
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ARC-5 Manual
Installation Instructions
Unpacking
A) Packing slips – Check the packing slips that come with the shipment, to be certain that all packages ha e been
recei ed.
B) Check for damage – Check all
packages and equipment for damage
immediately upon receipt. If damage is
found, contact Arrakis Systems
immediately to report the damage.
Refer to the website for the latest
contact information.
C) Carefully go through each box –
Arrakis inspects e ery shipment for
accuracy. You will recei e all of the
appropriate documentation, install kit,
spare parts kit, and equipment. Be ery
careful to not throw away anything if you
decide to throw out shipping materials.
D) Keep all packing materials –
Arrakis consoles are shipped in custom
shipping containers. Keep all containers
at least until the installation is
complete. This is in case some piece of
equipment may need to be returned to
the factory for ser ice.
It is a good idea to keep the shipping
materials for the life of the product.
Arrakis is not responsible for shipping damage to products not shipped to the factory in the original packing materials.
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ARC-5 Manual
Before you start
A) Physical space – It is important to install the console with sufficient space around it to operate and ser ice the console
easily.
B) Adequate entilation – It is important to pro ide adequate entilation to electronic equipment. High temperatures can
reduce the life of the equipment.
C) 110V – 220VAC Operation – The console comes with a 110VAC – 220VAC autosensing external power supply as
standard equipment.
D) Static – Static discharge to electronic de ices can cause damage, reduce performance, or cause noise in the system.
Proper choice of carpet is important consideration when building a studio. There are ways to reduce static in rooms, and
should be researched and implemented prior to installation. You may also ground the chassis if necessary.
E) Console power supply – The console is powered by an external, regulated power supply. The supply simply plugs into
the back of the console. There are no high oltages within the console.
F) AC Power considerations – If possible, plug all of the equipment in your studio into a single AC Power strip. A good
policy would be to ha e each room on the same AC outlet. A single power outlet will ha e a 1500-2000 watt capacity. That
is plenty of power for most studios. Simply plug a multi-outlet AC power strip into the single wall outlet and then all of
your equipment into the power strip. If possible, the power strip should be the kind that has internal surge protection, and
battery backup.
G) 60 Cycle Hum & Audio interference – Most consumer audio equipment will ha e a 2 prong AC power plug. Some
equipment has a 3 prong AC power plug. The third plug on a 3 prong plug is a “Safety Ground” which grounds the chassis
to reduce shock hazard. The 3rd prong must ne er be remo ed e en though it creates a 2nd ground path along with the
audio cable shield ground. Two ground paths creates a Ground Loop antenna, which picks up 60 cycle AC hum. If possible,
use only equipment that has 2 prong AC power plugs. This is often less expensi e than making custom audio cable with
audio transformer isolation.
If there are no other ground connected to the studio, a single piece of equipment with a 3 prong AC plug does not
create a ground loop. Howe er, if there is another ground, or a 2nd piece of equipment with a 3 prong AC power plug, then
a ground loop is completed. If you can not change to two prong equipment, it may be necessary to use an audio isolation
transformer on the audio cable to break the audio ground path. Contact a technician or factory on how to build a
transformer isolated audio cable.
In some stubborn cases of hum (or RF interference), the best solution is to make the ground resistance between
ALL of the equipment as low as possible. To do this, connect all of the equipment chassis’ together with #12 stranded,
insulated wire. Each piece of equipment is to ha e its own wire that returns in a star configuration to a single point in the
studio. That single point should return by a single ground wire back to the main station ground. A 2"-4" copper ground
strap to station ground is best.
IMPORTANT NOTE: Audio cables should be kept well away from AC power cables. A magnetic field is created by an
electric current. The larger the current, the larger the magnetic field. AC ground and power wires ha e large currents and
create significant AC magnetic fields. If an audio cable is physically close to an AC ground or power cable, then a 60 cycle
AC noise oltage can be magnetically coupled into the audio signal cable.
H) Connecting multiple studios - When connecting multiple studios, long audio cables are sometimes necessary. These
long cables can introduce AC hum into your audio. In these cases, it may be necessary to use distribution amplifiers with
balanced inputs and outputs (or audio isolation transformers) to break the ground path and to cancel the AC hum.
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ARC-5 Manual
I) Setup your studio, one piece at a time - When building a studio, it is important to be able to isolate problems that may
be causing noise, hum, or e en not passing audio. To do this properly, the studio should be assembled and tested one
piece of equipment at a time. Each problem is detected and eliminated as it occurs. This manual pro ides a basic step by
step process to assemble and test your studio.
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ARC-5 Manual
Step by Step
Installation Instructions
IMPORTANT NOTE: Follow this step by step procedure. Each step has specific tests to determine if the console
installation has been performed correctly to that point.
STEP 1 - Power Supply Installation. The console power supply should be plugged into a surge protected outlet.
First plug the power supply into the back of the console and then plug the power supply into the AC outlet.
TEST- The console should now be on. To test for power, simply push one of the console On/off switches to see that the
Channel On LED lights.
STEP 2 – Connect an audio source. Connect an audio source to the Channel 3 on the rear of the board. A simple
connection would be to connect an MP3 player 1/8” headphone jack to Channel 3 of the ARC-5 console on its RCA jacks.
On Channel 3, turn the channel on by pushing the red button(the red on
LED should now be on), and bring the slide fader on that channel to the
in hand setting (0).
Press play on your MP3 player.
TEST- The VU meters on the console should mo e as the MP3 player plays a song.
Balanced CH 3 input. Channel 3 also includes a balanced RJ45 input,
that is set to a +4dBu gain.
Pinout
Pin 1 – Left (+)
Pin 2 – Left (-)
Pin 3 – Right (+)
Pin 4 – Ground
Pin 5 – NC
Pin 6 – Right (-)
Pin 7 – NC
Pin 8 – NC
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ARC-5 Manual
STEP 3 – Listen to audio on the headphones. Plug headphones into the headphone jack on the back (HP Out)
right side of the console. The console supports only high impedance (>20 ohm) headphones. On the console, the Monitor
Selector switch should be off (assigned to the Program bus) and set the Headphone Volume control to 1/2. Play audio on
your MP3 player as in Step 2. Adjust the headphone le el control on the console to a comfortable audio le el.
TEST- You should hear the song on the MP3 player clearly. There should be no audible hum or noise. If you hear no audio
or there is hum or noise, then repeat Steps 1,2,&3. You may re iew the Before you start section of this manual, as this will
help with any noise issues.
Pinout
Tip – Left
Ring – Right
Slee e - Ground
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