Chippmann CS-8 Series User manual

CS-8 Series
Owners' Manual
Omega-Phi

CS-8 Series Omega-Phi Rev2.02, March 2016
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User manual by Cars en Schippmann
Graphic design CS-8 Series: Cars en Schippmann
Concep and developmen : Cars en Schippmann
English ransla ion by Cars en Schippmann
Con ac :
Schippmann elec ronic musical ins rumen s
Dipl.-Ing. Cars en Schippmann
War burgs r. 8
D-10823 Berlin
Web: www.schippmann-music.com
Email: [e-mail]
The manufac urer Schippmann elec ronic musical ins rumen s is cons an ly
s riving for improvemen s and developmen s of heir produc s. Therefore, we
reserve he righ o change echnical specifica ions which improve our
produc s a any ime wi hou no ice. This includes he look of he uni which
migh differ from pic ures in his manual.
No par of his publica ion is o be reproduced, ransmi ed, ranscribed or
ransla ed in any form or by any means wha soever wi hou wri en
permission by
Schippmann elec ronic musical ins rumen s .
 2015, Schippmann elec ronic musical ins rumen s, errors excep ed, subjec
o change wi hou prior no ice.

CS-8 Series Omega-Phi Rev2.02, March 2016
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PREFACE
Firs of all, congra ula ions on he purchase of his 3U euro rack syn hesizer
module. This manual con ains a condensed descrip ion of he func ionali y
and addresses users wi h a cer ain level of elemen ary echnical knowledge.
The curren Thru-Zero
2
࣓ െ
ࢾ࣐
ࢾ࢚
high performan e VCO Omega-Phi of he
CS-8 series is a so-called
hru zero oscilla or o he power of 2. Oscilla ors of
his ype are able o process nega ive con rol vol ages resul ing in a reversal of
heir curve.
Wi h ha echnical difference, for thru zero oscilla ors are arising very
significan proper ies. In comparison o ordinary oscilla ors he harmonic
rela ionships will kep cons an independen ly of he modula ion dep h
(index), wherefore rue Fm syn hesis is possible wi h his ype of oscilla ors
(provided ha hey bring he required echnical quali ies wi h i ).
The ul ima e fea ure of he Omega-Phi, moreover, is he capabili y of an
addi ional rue phase-modulation sec ion. I is connec ed downs ream o he
oscilla or core and he sound is very similar o he sound aes he ic of he
frequency modula ion. The downs ream archi ec ure provides lo s and migh y
possibili ies of sound syn hesis. E.g. i is possible o crea e PM sounds (Phi
sec ion) and having a he same ime clean s andard waves a he core ou pu s
(Omega sec ion) for o her kinds of syn hesis. Also modula ion cascades are
possible, where a firs modula or crea es FM syn hesis and a second one a
phase modula ion of he FM resul . The possibili ies are beyond he cons rain s
of his manual.
Moreover, here exis s a number of syn hronization possibili ies, in eres ing
in ermedia e s a es (be ween "Thru zero" and "normal"), for each of he bo h
sec ions (Omega & Phi) a by one oc ave decima ed sub frequency wave and
apar from PWM a migh y saw- oo h wave-shaping wi h 1-2 oc aves-up effec
and an absolu e super round sine-wave.
The frequency range can be selec ed very quickly and reliable by a 4-pole
ro ary swi ch and a oggle swi ch over seven oc aves and can be varied from
here con inuously by ±1 oc ave, as well as ±100 cen s. The finally frequency
range reaches from a couple of hundred seconds o ump een kiloher z.

CS-8 Series Omega-Phi Rev2.02, March 2016
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The oscilla or has, hanks of absolu e high- ech-componen s, a very high
oc ave lineari y, fines empera ure s abili y and because of i s ex remely low
phase-noise (ji er) an ex raordinary pure sound and powerful po en ial.
Design and implemen a ion mee highes echnical s andards concerning
usabili y, sound quali y, and elec romagne ic immuni y. The en ire design and
produc ion work was done in Germany. Have fun!
Made in Germany

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1. WARRANTY .........................................................................................................................5 
1.1 Limited Warranty ....................................................................................................5 
1.2 Terms of Warranty ..................................................................................................5 
1.3 Warranty transferability ......................................................................................5 
1.4 Claim for damages ..................................................................................................5 
2. CE AND FCC COMPLIANCE STATEMENTS ...............................................................6 
3. DISPOSAL ............................................................................................................................6 
4. SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS .................................................................................................7 
5. MAINTAINANCE/ CLEANING ........................................................................................8 
6. GETTING STARTET............................................................................................................8 
6.1 Unpa king ..................................................................................................................8 
6.2 Installation .................................................................................................................8 
7. CONTROLS ...........................................................................................................................9 
7.1 Front panel .................................................................................................................9 
7.2 Ba kside ................................................................................................................... 12 
7.3 Initial operation .................................................................................................... 14 
8.1. Layout and fun tions......................................................................................... 14 
8.2. The e-fun tion-generator ................................................................................ 16 
8.3. The VCO ore and its wave-shapes .............................................................. 17 
8.4. The linear frequen y modulation FM ......................................................... 19 
8.4.1. The FM VCA ........................................................................................................ 22 
8.5. The syn hronization se tion .......................................................................... 23 
8.6. The phase modulation PM .............................................................................. 25 
8.6.1. The PM VCA ........................................................................................................ 27 
9. THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES ........................................................................................ 28 
9.1. Frequen y modulation FM .............................................................................. 29 
9.2. Phase modulation PM ....................................................................................... 30 
10.TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS AND RATINGS ................................................... 34 
10.1 Spe ifi ations (generally) .............................................................................. 34 
10.2 Signals and ratings ........................................................................................... 34 

CS-8 Series Omega-Phi Rev2.02, March 2016
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1. WARRANTY
1.1 Limited Warranty
Schippmann elec ronic musical ins rumen s warran s he mechanical and
elec ronic componen s of his produc for a period of wo (2) years from he
original da e of purchase, according o he warran y regulaions described
below. If he produc exhibi s any faul s wi hin he specified warran y period
ha are no excluded from his warrany,
Schippmann elec ronic musical
ins rumen s shall, a i s discre ion, ei her replace or repair he produc . This
warran y exis s in addi ion o he general erms of business of he
manufac urer Schippmann elec ronic musical ins rumen s .
1.2 Terms of Warranty
Schippmann elec ronic musical ins rumen s reserves he righ o execue
warran y services only if he produc comes wi h a copy of he dealer’s original
invoice. Final discre ion of warran y coverage lies solely wi h
Schippmann
elec ronic musical ins rumen s . Any Schippmann elec ronic musical
ins rumen s produc deemed eligible for repair or replacemen under he
erms of his warran y will be repaired or replaced wi hin 30 days af er
receiving he produc a Schippmann elec ronic musical ins rumen s .
Damages or defec s caused by improper handling or opening of he uni by
unau horized personnel (user included) are no covered by his warran y.
Producs which do no mee he erms of his warrany will be repaired
exclusively a he buyer´s expense and re urned C.O.D. wi h an invoice for
labour, ma erials, re urn shipping, and insurance. Produc s repaired under
warran y will be re urned wi h shipping prepaid by
Schippmann elec ronic
musical ins rumen s
. Outside Germany, produ ts will be returned at the
buyer´s expense.
1.3 Warranty transferability
This warran y is ex ended o he original purchaser and canno be ransferred.
No oher person (reail dealer, ec) shall be eniled o give any warrany
promise on behalf of
Schippmann elec ronic musical ins rumen s .
1.4 Claim for damages

CS-8 Series Omega-Phi Rev2.02, March 2016
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Schippmann elec ronic musical ins rumen s does no accep claims for
damages of any kind, especially consequen ial loss or damage, direc or
indirec of any kind however caused. Liabili y is limi ed o he value of his
produc . The general erms of business drawn up by Schippmann elec ronic
musical ins rumen s apply a all imes.
Please note: The con rols and swi ches, especially he Tune or Index con rols
are programming facili ies, no real-time ontrollers! Tweak hem carefully
since we canno be held liable for “abused” po en iome ers and swi ches.
2. CE AND FCC COMPLIANCE STATEMENTS
This device has been es ed and deemed o comply wi h he DIN EN 60065
s andards.
This device has been es ed and deemed o comply wi h he requiremen s,
lis ed in FCC Regula ions, par 15. The device complies wi h EN 55103-1 and
EN 55103-2 s andards.
Because of he en irely analogue cons ruc ion, his device does no genera e
radio frequencies and will no in erfere wi h radio frequencies genera ed by
o her elec ronic devices.
3. DISPOSAL
This device has been manufac ured o RoHS-s andards, in compliance wi h he
requiremen s of he European parliamen and council and is hus free of lead,
mercury, and cadmium.
!! Noti e: This produ t is still spe ial waste and is not to be disposed of
through regular household waste !!
For disposal, please onta t your lo al dealer or Schippmann electronic
musical instruments

CS-8 Series Omega-Phi Rev2.02, March 2016
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4. SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS
BEFORE USING THIS PRODUCT FOR THE FIRST TIME, PLEASE READ THE
ENTIRE USER MANUAL THOROUGHLY.
•PLEASE AVOID SHARP BENDING OF ANY CORDS AND CABLES.
•CORDS SHOULD NOT BE INSTALLED WITHIN THE REACH OF CHILDREN
OR PETS.
•DO NOT TREAD THE ENCLOSURE OF THE PRODUCT, DO NOT PLACE
HEAVY OBJECTS ON IT.
•BEFORE REMOVING THE PRODUCT FROM THE RACK, PLEASE
DISCONNECT THE POWER PLUG AND ALL OTHER CABLE
CONNECTIONS.
•PLEASE DISCONNECT THE POWER PLUG FROM THE OUTLET IN CASE OF
A THUNDERSTORM.
•NEVER OPEN THE ENCLOSURE OF THE PRODUCT! NEVER TRY TO
MODIFY THE INTERNAL CIRCUITRY! ONLY QUALIFIED SERVICE
PERSONNEL IS ALLOWED TO OPEN THE ENCLOSURE.
•DO NOT PLACE OPEN FIRE ON TOP OF THE PRODUCT (CANDLES, ASH
TRAYS, HOT THAI CURRIES ETC).
•NEVER EXPOSE THE PRODUCT TO WATER, BEER, OR MOISTURE.
•ADULTS ARE TO MAKE SURE THAT CHILDREN FOLLOW ALL SAFETY
INSTRUCTIONS. SAME THING GOES FOR PETS.
•AVOID MECHANICAL STRESS OR IMPACT. DO NOT DROP THE PRODUCT;
EVEN IF THERE IS A CONTROL LABELLED "DROP"!.
•DO NOT USE THE PRODUCT WITH TOO MANY OTHER ELECTRONIC
DEVICES RUNNING FROM ONE SINGLE OUTLET, ESPECIALLY IN
CONNECTION WITH EXTENSION CORDS. DO NOT ATTEMPT TO SAVE
MONEY ON CHEAP SOLUTIONS. BUY PROPER HIGH-DUTY POWER
DISTRIBUTORS AND CORDS!
•NEVER USE EXTENSION CORDS WITH LESS MAXIMUM LOAD THAN THE
TOTAL POWER CONSUMPTION OF ALL DEVICES CONNECTED TO A
SINGLE POWER OUTLET COMBINED. OVERLOADING EXTENSION CORDS
CAN CAUSE FIRE.
•AVOID MECHANICAL STRESS ON SOC ETS AND NOBS / SWITCHES.
•PROTECT YOUR SPEA ERS AND EARS (!) AGAINST EXCESSIVE AUDIO
LEVELS. THE CS-8 PHS-28 UNIT IS CAPABLE OF GENERATING
EXTREMELY LOW AS WELL AS EXTREMELY HIGH FREQUENCIES. BOTH

CS-8 Series Omega-Phi Rev2.02, March 2016
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MIGHT CAUSE SERIOUS DAMAGE TO AUDIO EQUIPMENT AND EAR-
DRUMS!
5. MAINTAINANCE/ CLEANING
•BEFORE CLEANING THE PRODUCT, PLEASE DISCONNECT THE POWER
PLUG FROM THE OUTLET OR DISCONNECT THE MODULE FROM ITS
POWER CONNECTOR BY PULLING THE FLAT RIBBON CABLE.
•USE A DRY OR SLIGHTLY MOIST CLOTH OR COMPRESSED AIR FOR
CLEANING. NEVER USE ANY CLEANER OR THINNER (E.G. PAINT THINNER
OR ACETON). PRINTS AND PAINTWORK WILL IMEDIATELY BE
DESTROYED!! ALSO AVOID ALCOHOL (ISOPROPYLIC), GAS, SPIRITS
(SCOTCH SINGLE MALTS, FOR A START) OR ABRASIVE HOUSEHOLD
CLEANERS!
6. GETTING STARTET
6.1 Unpa king
The box should con ain he following i ems:
- 1 x CS-8 Series VCO Omega-Phi 3HE rack-moun module
- 1 x Ribbon cable (20 cm leng h wi h wo 16 pole IDC-connec ors)
- 4 x M3 screws
- 4 x polypropylene washers
- This owners’ manual
If he con en of he box urns ou o be incomple e, please ge in ouch wi h
your dealer or
Schippmann elec ronic musical ins rumen s immedia ely. In
case of damage caused in ransi , please ge back o he responsible carrier
and Schippmann elec ronic musical ins rumen s immedia ely. We will suppor
you in his case.
6.2 Installation
Place he uni on a clean, dry and s urdy surface, or use a sui able keyboard
s and or 19” rack. For 19” rack moun ing, a sui able rack (3U Eurorack wi h +/-
12V power supply rails) is required. The Omega-Phi uses discre e all-analogue

CS-8 Series Omega-Phi Rev2.02, March 2016
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elec ronics. Thus he oscilla or frequency may be empera ure-sensi ive. We
recommend placing he module away from hea sources such as radia ors,
lamps or o her uni s ha produce hea (e.g. power amps or in ernal power
supplies).
7. CONTROLS
7.1 Front panel
Fig. 1 shows he fron panel wi h consecu ively numbered con rols and jacks.
Fig. 1 Omega-Phi fron panel

CS-8 Series Omega-Phi Rev2.02, March 2016
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1. Depth con rol – a enua es he modula ion signal a jack 2 be ween 0
and 1
2. Modulation input (envelope symbol) jack – channels he applied signal
via
Dep h con rol 1 o he con rol inpu of he FM-Index-VCA
3. Coupling 2-pos. oggle swi ch – selec s for he FM-modula ion signal a
jack 4 he coupling AC (al erna ing vol age) or DC (direc curren )
4. FM jack (inpu ) – channels he applied signal o he signal inpu of he
FM-Index-VCA
5. FM pol 2-colour-LED – displays he curren working range of he core
VCO; "green" -> posi ive frequency range, "red" -> nega ive frequency
range
5a. FM limit 2-colour-LED – displays he convergency of he maximum
frequency modula ion index; "green" -> posi ive vol ages, "red" ->
nega ive vol ages
6. Index con rol – adjus s he modula ion dep h of he FM inpu signal ( jack
4 ) a he con rol inpu of he FM-Index-VCA
7. S ale 3-pos. oggle swi ch – de ermines he base frequency (wi hou
applied ex ernal con rol vol ages) of he VCO
8. S ale 4-pole ro ary swi ch – de ermines he base frequency (wi hou
applied ex ernal con rol vol ages) of he VCO
9. Modulation input (envelope symbol) jack – channels he applied signal
via
Dep h con rol 10 o he con rol inpu of he PM-Index-VCA
10. Depth con rol – a enua es he modula ion signal a
jack 9 be ween 0
and 1
11. Polarity 2-pos. oggle swi ch – selec s he polari y of he PM-modula ion
inpu signal a
jack 13 (non-inver ed or inver ed)
12. Phi limit 2-colour-LED – displays he maximum/minimum border of he
possible phase-shif ; "green" -> posi ive phase border, "red" -> nega ive
phase border
13. PM jack (inpu ) – channels he applied signal o he signal inpu of he
PM-Index-VCA
14. Index con rol – adjus s he modula ion dep h of he PM inpu signal (
jack
13
) a he con rol inpu of he PM-Index-VCA
15. Tune con rol – de unes he frequency, se by scale, by ano her ± 1 oc ave
16. PW con rol – adjus s he du y-cycle of he variable rec angle signal a
jack 35
17. Shape con rol – displaces he progress of he saw- oo h curve a
jack 28
rela ed o he riangle signal (
jack 30 ) a i s corner-(rever ing)poin s

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18. Saw 2-pos. oggle swi ch – selec s rising or falling saw- oo h ou pu and
ac iva es
jack 31 (posi ion "dwn/ac ") a he same ime
19. Fine con rol – de unes he frequency, se by scale, by ano her ± 100 cen
20. Depth con rol – ac s on he du y cycle of he pulse ou pu (
jack 35 );
a enua es he signal a he PWM inpu a
jack 33 be ween 0 and 1
21. Depth con rol – ac s on he saw- oo h displacemen ; a enua es he
signal a he Shape inpu a jack 29 be ween 0 and 1
22. Phi con rol – adjus s he phase (Phi) of all Phi-ou pu s (
jacks 38, 40, 42,
45
) rela ed o he Omega-ou pu s ( jacks 28, 30, 32, 34, 35 ) be ween ±360°
23. Value con rol – de ermines he se ing-vol age (±4 V) of he riangle,
when a Sync rigger a jack 27 occurs
24. Bias 2-pos. oggle swi ch – swi ches on an in ernal bias vol age a he
linear-FM-inpu o genera e a basic frequency ("norm") or of ("Zero")
(oscilla or doesn' oscilla e anymore wi hou vol age a he FM-inpu )
25. Zero 2-pos. oggle swi ch – urns on he Thru Zero capabili y (phase
reverse) ("On") or off ("Off")
26. Re tifier 2-pos. oggle swi ch – de ermines he me hod of rec ifying a
he FM-linear inpu , full-wave ("Full") or half-wave for only posi ive inpu
vol ages ("Half (pos)") - his is a special func ion due o he applied hru
zero archi ec ure
27. Set jack (inpu ) – synchroniza ion inpu se s he riangles ou pu value o
he vol age value (adjus ed wi h
Value con rol 23 ) by passing he rigger
hreshold (+3 V) (hard sync)
28. Saw (Symbol) jack (ou pu ) – saw- oo h of he VCO core (Omega), 4 - 8
Vpp
29. Shape jack (inpu ) – CV-inpu , a enua ed by
con rol 17 , displaces he
saw- oo h curve
30. Triangle (Symbol) jack (ou pu ) – Triangle ou pu of he VCO core
(Omega), 8 Vpp
31. Ramp jack (digi al-inpu ) – only ac ive in posi ion "dwn/ac " of he swi ch
18
, 0 V = saw- oo h rising,> +3 V (or floa ing inpu ) = saw- oo h falling
32. Sinus (Symbol) jack (ou pu ) – Sine-wave ou pu of he VCO core
(Omega), 8 Vpp
33. PWM jack (inpu ) – CV-inpu , a enua ed by
con rol 20 , varies he du y-
cycle a
jack 35
34. Sub Re tangle (Symbol) jack (ou pu ) – 50%-rec angle ou pu
decremen ed by one oc ave, 10 Vpp
35. Pulse (Symbol) jack (ou pu ) – rec angle ou pu wi h variable du y cycle
of he VCO core (Omega), 10 Vpp

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36. 1V/O t. jack (inpu ) – CV-inpu for calibra ed exponen ial con rol of he
oscilla or frequency (Omega & Phi) wi h a sensi ivi y of one oc ave per
Vol
37. 0.5V/O t. (non- al.) jack (inpu ) – CV-inpu for non-calibra ed
exponen ial con rol of he oscilla or frequency (Omega & Phi) wi h a
sensi ivi y of wo oc aves per Vol
38. Saw (Symbol) jack (ou pu ) – saw- oo h of he Phase sec ion (Phi), 8 Vpp
39. Zero Crs jack (ou pu ) – Ou pu of he zero-cross-de ec or of he FM-
linear inpu ,+5 V -> posi ive o al con rol vol age, 0 V -> nega ive o al
con rol vol age
40. Triangle (Symbol) jack (ou pu ) – Triangle ou pu of he phase sec ion
(Phi), 8 Vpp
41. Up jack (inpu ) – Synchroniza ion inpu se s he riangles direc ion o
rising up by passing a rigger hreshold (+3 V) (sof sync)
42. Sinus (Symbol) jack (ou pu ) – sine-wave ou pu of he phase sec ion
(Phi), 8 Vpp
43. Down jack (inpu ) – Synchroniza ion inpu se s he riangles direc ion o
fall down by passing a rigger hreshold (+3 V) (sof sync)
44. Reverse jack (inpu ) – Synchroniza ion inpu se s he riangles direc ion
o i s curren opposi e direc ion (reverse) by passing a rigger hreshold
(+3 V) (sof sync)
45. Sub Re tangle (Symbol) jack (ou pu ) – 50%-rec angle ou pu (Phi
sec ion) decremen ed by one oc ave, 10 Vpp
7.2 Ba kside
Fig. 2 shows he back of he module wi h consecu ively numbered elemen s.

CS-8 Series Omega-Phi Rev2.02, March 2016
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Fig. 2 back side of he module
1. THD off P 12-gauge- rimmer P11 – THD-calibra ion of sinus' (Phi-Ou pu )
2. THD G P 12-gauge- rimmer P10 – THD- calibra ion of sinus' (Phi-Ou pu )
3. THD G 12-gauge- rimmer P8 – THD- calibra ion of sinus' (Omega-Ou pu )
4. THD off 12-gauge- rimmer P9 – THD- calibra ion of sinus' (Omega-
Ou pu )
5. IC 1 - pinned VCO module
6. korr high 25-gauge- rimmer P1 – calibra ion of gain error of he e-
genera or a 7.04 kHz

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7. Range MID 25-gauge- rimmer P5 – calibra ion of he s andard A (440 Hz)
8. ZERO 25-gauge- rimmer P12 – calibra ion o 0 Hz a Bias = Zero & exp.
frequency = 20 kHz
9. 1 V/ OCT 25-gauge- rimmer P3 – calibra ion of he scale a jack 36 o 1
Vol /oc ave
10. PM Feed 12-gauge- rimmer P6 – feed- hrough calibra ion of he phase
modula ion-VCA's
11. Range 0 25-gauge- rimmer P2 – calibra ion of he lower basic frequency
(55 Hz)
12. Range high 25-gauge- rimmer P4 – calibra ion of he upper frequency
(7040 Hz, upper row)
13. FM Feed 12-gauge- rimmer P7 – feed- hrough calibra ion of he
frequency modula ion-VCA
14. 16 Pin power supply-box header
7.3 Initial operation
The power connec or’s (14) pin-ou in op view (refer o fig. 2) is assigned as
follows:
Bo om o op, lef o righ . Thus pin 1 is loca ed a bo om lef , pin 2 above pin
1 e c. Pin 15 is a bo om righ , pin 16 a op righ .
Pin 1, 2 = -12 V (labeled wi h a riangle)
Pin 3-8 = GND (regarding ground, 0 V), loca ed ou ward on all jacks
Pin 9, 10 = +12 V
Pin 11-16 = no connec ed
To hook up power o he module, connec one of he IDC-connec or of he
included fla ribbon cable o he box header (refer o fig. 2). Observe guide key
for he polari y of he connec or in order o avoid pin reversal. The red ag of
he cable is o ma ch he riangle-label.
8. MODULE DESCRIPTION
8.1. Layout and fun tions

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Rec ifier
SUM
+5 V
Biaszero
Coupling
AC
VCA
FM
Σ
+5 V
-5 V
Index
Depth
S ale
Full Half
Exp-Genera or
SUM
upper
lower
LFO
55/880
110/1760 220/3520 440/7040
Tune
Fine
1 V/Oc .0.5 V/Oc .
U
LIN
exp(U
sum
)
U
LIN
Zero cross
De ec or
green/red
VCO core
& Wave-
shaping
Off On
Zero
Value
PW
Zero Crs
Up Down Reverse Se
Syn
Depth
PWM
Depth
Shape
Shape
Ramp Triangle Sine Pulse 50% sub Rec angle Saw oo h
Omega
up
dwn/ac
Saw
FM pol
+4 V
-4 V
AC
green/red
FM limi
Fig. 3a S ruc ure of he VCO core

CS-8 Series Omega-Phi Rev2.02, March 2016
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PM Phase-Shif erSUM
Polarity
0°
VCA
Σ
+5 V
-5 V
Index
Depth
green/red
-1
180°
+5 V
-5 V
Phi
Phi limi
VCO core
Omega
Triangle
Sine
50% sub Rec angle
Saw oo h
Phi
Fig. 3b S ruc ure of he phase-shif ing sec ion
Fig. 3a and 3b showing he comple e s ruc ure of he oscilla or. Now, s ep by
s ep all par s of i will be described in he following chap ers.
8.2. The e-fun tion-generator
An e-func ion-genera or (Exp-Genera or, Fig. 3a) is mos ly par of every music
VCO. They have a linear inpu and he exponen ial inpu . The linear one is
scaled Her z/Vol and he exponen ial one in oc aves/Vol or decades/Vol .
Generally, for resuling volage oupu U
C
one ob ain he ma hema ical
expression: ࢁ
࡯
ൌ ࢁ
࢒࢏࢔ 
∙ 
 ∙ 
࢙࢛࢓
, where α is an exponen ial scaling-fac or and
U
sum
he o al inpu vol age a he exponen ial inpu (following called e-inpu )
and i is he resul of he following par s.
S ale-swi ches: The 3-posi ion oggle swi ch ( upper, lower, LFO ) de ermines
he range of he 4-posi ion-ro ary swi ch. In posi ion "lower" he lower row of
frequencies of he ro ary swi ch will be ou pu by he VCO core in s eps of
oc aves 55 Hz, 110 Hz, 220 Hz and 440 Hz. In posi ion "upper" i is he upper
row, 1760 Hz, 3520 Hz and 7040 Hz. In posi ion "LFO" he oscilla ors frequency
a "55 Hz"-posi ion of he ro ary swi ch and a full CCW (coun er clockwise) of
he
Tune -con roller is abou 0.08 Hz.
Tune: The normal posi ion of his con roller is he middle. In he posi ions
"upper" and "lower" i decremen s/incremen s (lef /righ ) he oscilla ors'

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frequency by  1 oc ave (a bi more). In posi ion "LFO" i has a much wider
range. In posi ion "55 Hz" he frequency ranges (from lef o righ ) from abou
0.08 Hz o 12 Hz, ha 's a fac or of 150 and equals 7.2 oc aves. The ro ary swi ch
s ill oc aves he frequencies. So, in posi ion "440 Hz" Tune ranges from 0.64 Hz
o abou 100Hz. Fine, so far.
Fine: This con roller was in ended for fines frequency correc ions and defini e
bea s. Normal posi ion is he middle and i de unes he frequency once again
by
 100 cen (a bi more). 100 cen equals a semi one s ep a he equally-
empera e scale.
1 V/O t-jack: An ex ernal vol age a ha jack incremen s (or decremen s) he
curren oscilla or frequency wi h a sensi ivi y of one oc ave (x2) per +Vol , resp.
(   2) per -Vol (nega ive vol ages). This inpu is calibra ed.
0.5 V/O t-jack: An ex ernal vol age a ha jack incremen s (or decremen s) he
curren oscilla or frequency wi h a sensi ivi y of wo oc aves (x4) per +Vol ,
resp. (  4) per -Vol (nega ive vol ages). This inpu is not calibra ed, i.e. his
scale is oleran wi h some percen and differen from VCO o VCO.
Each of hese influence quaniies a he e-inpu operaes by a frequency
mul iplica ion no by summing!
8.3. The VCO ore and its wave-shapes
The VCO ou pu i s frequency as differen waveforms, which are sinus, riangle,
saw- oo h, variable rec angle and a 50% rec angle wi h half frequency (one
oc ave down). Fig. 4 shows hese func ions and here phase rela ions e.g. as
vol age versus ime.

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SUB 50% Rec angle
Pulse
PW mid
PW lef
PW righ
Saw - shape righ
Saw - shape righ side
Saw - shape mid
Saw - shape lef side
Saw - shape lef
Triangle (reference)
Sinus
Fig. 4 The waveforms of he VCO core (Omega-ou pu s)
The riangle is he reference for all o her waveforms.
PW/PWM/Depth: The con roller
PW de ermines as shown in he graph he
du y-cycle from 0% (full CCW) o 100% (full clockwise, CW) of he pulse wave.