Electrolux P6000 (Nexus) Series User manual

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SERVICE MANUAL
LAUNDRY
ELECTROLUX ZANUSSI S.p.A.
Spares Operations Italy
Corso Lino Zanussi,30
Publication
number
I - 33080 PORCIA /PN (ITALY) 599 35 23-17
Fax [phone]
Edition: 2002-05-02
EN
Washing machines &
Dryers
P6000 (Nexus) Series:
Structural characteristics,
electrical components and
accessibility
Production: ZP - Porcia Italy

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1PURPOSE OF THIS SERVICE MANUAL ............................................................................................... 7
2IMPORTANT NOTES.............................................................................................................................. 7
3WASHING PRINCIPLES......................................................................................................................... 8
3.1 Washing ........................................................................................................................................... 8
3.1.1 Results of the wash................................................................................................................... 8
3.2 Fabrics ............................................................................................................................................. 9
3.2.1 Natural and artificial fibres......................................................................................................... 9
3.2.2 Washing the various types of fibres........................................................................................... 9
3.2.3 Washing animal fibres:.............................................................................................................. 9
3.2.4 International symbols for washing of fabrics............................................................................ 10
3.3 Classification of soiling ................................................................................................................... 11
3.4 Mechanical action .......................................................................................................................... 11
3.5 Duration of the washing cycle......................................................................................................... 11
3.6 Water ............................................................................................................................................. 12
3.6.1 Formation of lime scale and ferrous oxide............................................................................... 12
3.6.2 Hardness of the water ............................................................................................................. 12
3.6.3 Total water hardness............................................................................................................... 13
3.7 Detergents ..................................................................................................................................... 14
3.7.1 Composition of a detergent ..................................................................................................... 14
3.7.2 Functions of the principal components of a detergent ............................................................. 14
3.7.3 Functions of other components of a detergent ........................................................................ 15
3.7.4 Detergent quantities ................................................................................................................ 16
3.7.5 Washing additives ................................................................................................................... 17
3.7.6 Bleaching ................................................................................................................................ 17
3.8 The function of the water temperature............................................................................................ 18
3.8.1 Using the correct temperature................................................................................................. 18
3.9 Washing machine programmes......................................................................................................19
4FRONT-LOADING WASHING MACHINE ............................................................................................. 20
4.1 Traditional washing system ............................................................................................................ 20
4.1.1 Recovery of detergent loss from the circulation hose.............................................................. 21
4.2 Drain circuit with "ECO-BALL" ball valve ........................................................................................22
4.2.1 “ECO-BALL” ball valve ............................................................................................................ 22
4.2.2 Ball valve: operating principle.................................................................................................. 23
4.3 “JETSYSTEM” washing system ..................................................................................................... 24
4.3.1 JETSYSTEM hydraulic circuit (first version)............................................................................ 24
4.3.2 Jetsystem “DIRECT SPRAY” washing system ........................................................................ 25
4.3.3 Circuit with heat exchanger.....................................................................................................25
4.3.4 “NEW JET” recirculation circuit–P63BD version (large door)................................................... 26
5WASHER-DRYERS .............................................................................................................................. 27
5.1 Drying system ................................................................................................................................ 27
5.2 Drying circuit (type "A" condenser)................................................................................................. 27
5.3 Drying circuit (type "B" condenser)................................................................................................. 28
5.3.1 “HP” version ............................................................................................................................ 28
6STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS.................................................................................................... 29
6.1 “NEXUS” technology ...................................................................................................................... 29
6.1.1 Washing machine with 32 cm-depth cabinet ........................................................................... 30
6.2 Base............................................................................................................................................... 30
6.3 Control panel support..................................................................................................................... 30
6.4 Cabinet........................................................................................................................................... 31
6.4.1 Types of cabinet...................................................................................................................... 31
6.5 Porthole door.................................................................................................................................. 33
6.5.1 Examples of porthole doors..................................................................................................... 33
6.5.2 Porthole door with button-actioned aperture............................................................................ 34
6.6 Control panel.................................................................................................................................. 35
6.6.1 Examples of control panels ..................................................................................................... 35
6.7 Washing groups ............................................................................................................................. 36
6.7.1 Damper ................................................................................................................................... 36
6.7.2 Types of washing groups ........................................................................................................ 37
6.7.3 Washing group in Carboran .................................................................................................... 38
6.7.4 Stainless steel washing group................................................................................................. 39
6.7.5 Drum ....................................................................................................................................... 40

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6.7.6 Drum rotation drive belt........................................................................................................... 41
6.8 Detergent dispenser....................................................................................................................... 42
6.8.1 Detergent dispenser with distribution levers............................................................................ 42
6.8.2 Detergent dispenser with multiple-outlet solenoid valve ("long" version) ................................. 44
6.8.3 Detergent dispenser with multiple-outlet solenoid valve ("short" version)................................ 46
6.9 Drain/circulation circuits ................................................................................................................. 48
6.9.1 Washers with traditional washing systems .............................................................................. 48
6.9.2 Washers with traditional washing system and “ECO-BALL” ball valve .................................... 49
6.9.3 Washers with traditional washing system and “P66" (32 cm) cabinet...................................... 50
6.9.4 Jetsystem washing machines (with circulation pump) ............................................................. 51
6.9.5 “NEW JET” circulation circuit (Circulation pump) – version P63BD ......................................... 52
6.9.6 Jetsystem washing machines (Circulation pump) with Heat exchanger .................................. 53
6.9.7 Jetsystem washing machines with NEAT cabinet (JETSY- IZ)................................................ 54
7WASHER-DRYER COMPONENTS ...................................................................................................... 55
7.1 Fan assembly................................................................................................................................. 55
7.2 Heater element casing ................................................................................................................... 56
7.3 Drying condenser ........................................................................................................................... 57
7.3.1 Determining the drying time .................................................................................................... 58
7.3.2 Condensation water fill............................................................................................................ 59
7.4 Duct................................................................................................................................................ 59
8ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS.............................................................................................................. 60
8.1 Control systems ............................................................................................................................. 60
8.2 Suppressor..................................................................................................................................... 61
8.2.1 General characteristics ........................................................................................................... 61
8.2.2 Electrical symbols ................................................................................................................... 61
8.2.3 Circuit diagrams ...................................................................................................................... 61
8.2.4 Checking for efficiency ............................................................................................................ 61
8.3 Push-button.................................................................................................................................... 62
8.3.1 General characteristics ........................................................................................................... 62
8.3.2 Electrical symbol ..................................................................................................................... 62
8.3.3 Checking for efficiency ............................................................................................................ 62
8.4 Door safety interlock (traditional version) ....................................................................................... 63
8.4.1 General characteristics ........................................................................................................... 63
8.4.2 Electrical symbol ..................................................................................................................... 64
8.4.3 Circuit diagrams ...................................................................................................................... 64
8.4.4 Version with pneumatic device................................................................................................ 64
8.4.5 Checking for efficiency ............................................................................................................ 64
8.5 Instantaneous door safety interlock................................................................................................ 65
8.5.1 General characteristics ........................................................................................................... 65
8.5.2 Operating principle .................................................................................................................. 65
8.5.3 Electrical symbol ..................................................................................................................... 66
8.5.4 Circuit diagram........................................................................................................................ 66
8.6 Solenoid valve................................................................................................................................ 67
8.6.1 General characteristics ........................................................................................................... 67
8.6.2 Electrical symbol ..................................................................................................................... 68
8.6.3 Checking for efficiency ............................................................................................................ 68
8.7 Pressure switch.............................................................................................................................. 69
8.7.1 General characteristics ........................................................................................................... 69
8.7.2 Pressure switch hydraulic circuit ............................................................................................ 69
8.7.3 Operating principle .................................................................................................................. 70
8.7.4 Electrical symbol ..................................................................................................................... 70
8.7.5 Circuit diagram........................................................................................................................ 70
8.7.6 Checking for efficiency ............................................................................................................ 70
8.8 Analogue (electronic) pressure switch............................................................................................ 71
8.8.1 General characteristics ........................................................................................................... 71
8.8.2 Operating principle .................................................................................................................. 71
8.8.3 Electrical symbol ..................................................................................................................... 72
8.8.4 Circuit diagrams and operating frequency............................................................................... 72
8.8.5 Checking for efficiency ............................................................................................................ 72
8.9 Water distributor............................................................................................................................. 73
8.9.1 General characteristics ........................................................................................................... 73
8.9.2 Operating principle .................................................................................................................. 73
8.9.3 Electrical symbol ..................................................................................................................... 74
8.9.4 Contact closure diagram .........................................................................................................74
8.10 Induction (asynchronous) motors .................................................................................................. 75

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8.10.1 General characteristics ........................................................................................................... 75
8.10.2 Reversal of direction of rotation during washing...................................................................... 76
8.10.3 Electrical symbols ................................................................................................................... 76
8.10.4 Circuit diagrams ...................................................................................................................... 76
8.10.5 Motor with speed variator........................................................................................................ 77
8.10.6 Checking for efficiency ............................................................................................................ 77
8.11 Commutator motor ........................................................................................................................ 78
8.11.1 General characteristics ........................................................................................................... 78
8.11.2 Operating principle .................................................................................................................. 78
8.11.3 Electrical symbols ................................................................................................................... 80
8.11.4 Circuit diagram........................................................................................................................ 81
8.11.5 Checking for efficiency ............................................................................................................ 81
8.12 AC/DC converter ........................................................................................................................... 82
8.12.1 General characteristics ........................................................................................................... 82
8.12.2 Electrical symbol ..................................................................................................................... 82
8.12.3 Circuit diagram........................................................................................................................ 82
8.13 Heating element ............................................................................................................................ 83
8.13.1 General characteristics ........................................................................................................... 83
8.13.2 Electrical symbol ..................................................................................................................... 84
8.13.3 Checking for efficiency ............................................................................................................ 84
8.14 Heat exchanger............................................................................................................................. 85
8.14.1 General characteristics .......................................................................................................... 85
8.14.2 Electrical symbol ..................................................................................................................... 85
8.14.3 Checking for efficiency ............................................................................................................ 85
8.15 Drying heater (washer-dryers)....................................................................................................... 86
8.15.1 General characteristics ........................................................................................................... 86
8.15.2 Electrical symbol ..................................................................................................................... 86
8.15.3 Checking for efficiency ............................................................................................................ 86
8.16 Bi-metal thermostats ..................................................................................................................... 87
8.16.1 General characteristics ........................................................................................................... 87
8.16.2 Operating principle .................................................................................................................. 87
8.16.3 Electrical symbols ................................................................................................................... 87
8.16.4 Manual-reset thermostat .........................................................................................................87
8.16.5 Checking for efficiency ............................................................................................................ 87
8.17 Adjustable thermostat.................................................................................................................... 88
8.17.1 General characteristics ........................................................................................................... 88
8.17.2 Electrical symbol ..................................................................................................................... 88
8.17.3 Checking for efficiency ............................................................................................................ 88
8.18 NTC temperature sensor............................................................................................................... 89
8.18.1 General characteristics ........................................................................................................... 89
8.18.2 Electrical symbol ..................................................................................................................... 89
8.18.3 Checking for efficiency ............................................................................................................ 89
8.19 Drain pump.................................................................................................................................... 90
8.19.1 General characteristics ........................................................................................................... 90
8.19.2 Electrical symbol ..................................................................................................................... 90
8.19.3 Checking for efficiency ............................................................................................................ 90
8.20 Circulation pump ........................................................................................................................... 91
8.20.1 General characteristics ........................................................................................................... 91
8.20.2 Electrical symbol ..................................................................................................................... 91
8.20.3 Checking for efficiency ............................................................................................................ 91
8.21 Drying timer (washer-dryers) ......................................................................................................... 92
8.21.1 General characteristics ........................................................................................................... 92
8.21.2 Circuit diagram........................................................................................................................ 92
8.21.3 Contact closure diagram .........................................................................................................92
8.21.4 Checking for efficiency ............................................................................................................ 92
8.22 Fan motor (washer-dryers) ............................................................................................................ 93
8.22.1 General characteristics ........................................................................................................... 93
8.22.2 Electrical symbol ..................................................................................................................... 93
8.22.3 Checking for efficiency ............................................................................................................ 93
8.23 Circuit diagrams ............................................................................................................................ 94
8.23.1 Wiring diagram........................................................................................................................ 94
8.23.2 Basic circuit diagram ............................................................................................................... 96
9ACCESS TO COMPONENTS ............................................................................................................... 97
9.1 Work-top ........................................................................................................................................ 97
9.1.1 Pressure switch....................................................................................................................... 97

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9.1.2 Suppressor/motor capacitor .................................................................................................... 97
9.1.3 Solenoid valve (version fitted to the cabinet)........................................................................... 97
9.1.4 Solenoid valve (version fitted to detergent dispenser) ............................................................. 97
9.2 Control panel (standard version) .................................................................................................... 98
9.2.1 Control panel – versions for “soft” cabinet............................................................................... 98
9.2.2 Control panel – versions for “square” cabinets ........................................................................ 98
9.2.3 Timer....................................................................................................................................... 99
9.2.4 Water distribution camme........................................................................................................99
9.2.5 Detergent dispenser lever mechanism feeler arm ................................................................... 99
9.2.6 Push-button............................................................................................................................. 99
9.2.7 Adjustable thermostat ............................................................................................................. 99
9.3 Electronic control systems............................................................................................................ 100
9.3.1 Main PCB (MWM-EWM2000) ............................................................................................... 100
9.3.2 Control/display board ............................................................................................................ 100
9.3.3 Control panel – “input” version .............................................................................................. 100
9.3.4 Electronic pressure switch..................................................................................................... 100
9.4 Access from the porthole door...................................................................................................... 101
9.4.1 Porthole door ........................................................................................................................ 101
9.4.2 Porthole door hinge............................................................................................................... 101
9.4.3 Door safety interlock ............................................................................................................. 101
9.4.4 Bellows seal .......................................................................................................................... 101
9.5 Rear cabinet shell ........................................................................................................................ 102
9.5.1 Motor..................................................................................................................................... 102
9.5.2 Electronic speed control system / AC/DC converter .............................................................. 102
9.5.3 Thermostat/NTC sensor ........................................................................................................ 103
9.5.4 Heating element .................................................................................................................... 103
9.5.5 Detergent dispenser.............................................................................................................. 104
9.5.6 Removing the duct from the dispenser.................................................................................. 104
9.5.7 Water distributor.................................................................................................................... 104
9.5.8 Adjusting the dispenser levers .............................................................................................. 105
9.5.9 Damper ................................................................................................................................. 105
9.5.10 Drum pulley........................................................................................................................... 105
9.5.11 Pressure chamber................................................................................................................. 105
9.6 Washing group (Carboran-inox) ...................................................................................................106
9.7 Drum and tub shells (Carboran) ................................................................................................... 106
9.7.1 Drum shaft bearings.............................................................................................................. 106
9.7.2 Drum spider .......................................................................................................................... 106
9.7.3 Front counterweight (Carboran tub) ...................................................................................... 107
9.7.4 Rear counterweight (Carboran tub) ....................................................................................... 107
9.8 Components of stainless steel tubs..............................................................................................107
9.8.1 Tub spider ............................................................................................................................. 107
9.8.2 Drum shaft bearings.............................................................................................................. 107
9.8.3 Tub support band.................................................................................................................. 108
9.8.4 Drum ..................................................................................................................................... 108
9.8.5 Replacing the stainless steel tub........................................................................................... 108
9.8.6 Rear counterweight ............................................................................................................... 108
9.9 Drum lifter .................................................................................................................................... 109
9.10 Access to the pumps/manifolds...................................................................................................110
9.10.1 Drain pump (standard version).............................................................................................. 110
9.10.2 Drain pump - models with P66 (32cm) cabinet...................................................................... 110
9.10.3 Drain pump - models with RIM and P63 soft BD cabinets ..................................................... 110
9.10.4 Drain pump - models with Neat cabinet (Jetsy- IZ)................................................................ 111
9.10.5 Circulation pump (standard version)...................................................................................... 111
9.10.6 Circulation pump - “New Jet” version .................................................................................... 111
9.10.7 Filter/pump assembly - models with Neat cabinet (Jetsy- IZ) ................................................ 111
9.10.8 Circulation pump - models with Neat cabinet (Jetsy- IZ) ....................................................... 111
9.10.9 Drain filter body (standard version) ....................................................................................... 112
9.10.10 Heat exchanger (certain Jetsystem models only)................................................................. 112
9.10.11 Base .................................................................................................................................... 112
9.11 Front cabinet shell ....................................................................................................................... 113
9.12 Access to specific washer-dryer components.............................................................................. 114
9.12.1 Bellows seal and drying duct................................................................................................. 114
9.12.2 Rear cabinet shell ................................................................................................................. 115
9.12.3 Motor-Fan assembly ............................................................................................................. 115
9.12.4 Motor / Fan............................................................................................................................ 115

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9.12.5 Drying heater casing ............................................................................................................. 116
9.12.6 Drying heaters....................................................................................................................... 116
9.12.7 Drying and safety thermostats............................................................................................... 116
9.12.8 Temperature sensor / Safety thermostat ............................................................................... 116
9.12.9 Drying condenser .................................................................................................................. 116
9.12.10 NTC sensor for control of drying times (models with electronic control)............................... 116
10 TOOLS AND MATERIALS ............................................................................................................... 117
10.1 Standard tools ............................................................................................................................. 117
10.2 Materials...................................................................................................................................... 118

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1 PURPOSE OF THIS SERVICE MANUAL
The purpose of this Service Manual is to provide Service Engineers, who already have the basic knowledge
necessary to repair household washing machines, with information of a general nature regarding the P6000
(Nexus) range of washing machines.
More detailed information regarding specific models may be found in the Service Notes and Service
Manuals (issued separately) for each specific model or functionality.
This information covers:
Circuit diagrams
Timer diagrams
Exploded diagrams of spare parts
Lists of spare parts
Functions and diagnostics.
2 IMPORTANT NOTES
Repairs to electrical appliances must be effected only by qualified personnel.
Before accessing the components inside the appliance, always remove the plug from the power socket.
Where possible, ohmic measurements should be effected rather than direct measurement of voltage
and current.
Functional operation of the appliance may be checked when the rear panel has been removed.
However, under no circumstances must a spin cycle be performed with washing in the drum. In addition,
spin tests without washing must be performed with care and for short periods only. The front panel alone
is not sufficient to maintain the balance of the appliance during spinning.
Certain metal components inside the appliance may have sharp edges. Care should be taken to avoid
cuts or abrasions.
Before laying the appliance on the floor, always drain any water by removing the filter or laying the drain
hose flat on the floor.
Never lay the appliance on its right side (i.e. timer / electronic control unit side); this would cause the
water in the detergent dispenser to fall onto electrical components, thus damaging them.
After removing the rear panel of the cabinet, the appliance should be laid down on the front panel only,
preferably placing a sheet of cardboard on the floor to protect the paintwork.
After removing the rear panel from the appliance,
it is necessary to cover the two extremities of the
upper cross-member with protective material, for
example by wrapping them in a cloth or fitting the
terminal section of the drain hose. This precaution
is necessary because the edges of the brackets
are sharp, and might otherwise cause injury to the
head when working on the appliance from the
rear.
After repairing the appliance, always perform the
final tests.
Important!

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3 WASHING PRINCIPLES
3.1 Washing
The washing of the fabrics consists of transferring the dirt from the
fabrics to the water, and is achieved using the following:
detergent
mechanical action
temperature
time
The washing operation comprises four phases:
1. Soaking (the fabrics must be completely soaked).
2. Dispersal of the dirt (which must be separated from the fabrics).
3. Suspension of the dirt (once removed from the fabrics, the dirt must not re-deposit, but must be held in
suspension).
4. Elimination of the dirt by means of draining and rinses.
3.1.1 Results of the wash
In order to obtain satisfactory washing results, it is necessary to know:
♦the nature of the fibres
♦the nature of the soiling
♦the hardness of the water
♦the products used for the wash (detergent, conditioners, bleach etc.)
and then to select the appropriate washing cycles.
The results of the wash depend on a number of factors:
•type of fabric
•type of water
•type of soiling
•type and quantity of detergent
•temperature of the water
•efficiency of the rinses
•time and speed of the spin cycles

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3.2 Fabrics
3.2.1 Natural and artificial fibres
NATURAL FIBRES
Wool
Special wool
ANIMAL FIBRES
Silk
Cotton
Linen
Canapa
Hemp
CELLULOSE VEGETABLE FIBRES
Ramie
ARTIFICIAL FIBRES
Viscosa rayon
Cupro rayon
Special rayons
Rayon and polynosics
Acetate rayon
ARTIFICIAL CHEMICAL FIBRES
Triacetate rayon
Polyammide fibres
Polyurethane fibres
Polyureic fibres
Polyester fibres
SYNTHETIC CHEMICAL FIBRES
Polytechnical fibres
3.2.2 Washing the various types of fibres
3.2.3 Washing animal fibres:
Neutral detergents
Greater quantity of water
Maximum temperature 40°C
Minimum mechanical agitation, short times
Cellulose vegetable fibres:
Alkaline (Base) detergents
Bleach (if used): Sodium hypochlorite (NaClo)
High water temperature (if OK for coloureds; for linen, if heavily soiled, bleaching is preferable to
washing at high temperatures).
Normal quantity of water
Vigorous and prolonged mechanical action
Spinning
Artificial chemical fibres:
Neutral detergents
Less mechanical action and minimum spinning
Greater quantity of water
Maximum temperature: 70°C (whites), 50°C (coloureds); bleach with a diluted solution of Sodium
hypochlorite (NaClo) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Synthetic chemical fibres:
Stronger detergents
Maximum temperature 40-60°C
Short wash
Medium spin speed

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3.2.4 International symbols for washing of fabrics
Labels marked with the following symbols are affixed to the garments, and provide valuable information
relative to their treatment.
WASHING
ACTION
NORMAL
DELICATE
Wash at
95°C
Wash at
60°C
Wash at
40°C
Wash at
30°C
Delicate
hand-wash DO NOT
WASH
BLEACH May be bleached in COLD water DO NOT BLEACH
IRONING Hot iron
max 200°C
Medium iron
max 150°C
Cool iron
max 110°C
DO NOT IRON
DRY-
CLEANING These symbols are used by the dry-cleaner to identify the
correct solvent and cleaning process for each garment to be
dr
y
-cleaned
DO NOT DRY-
CLEAN
DRYING Can be dried in a tumble-dryer DO NOT DRY IN A TUMBLE-DRYER
Normal temperature
Reduced temperature

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3.3 Classification of soiling
The dirt in the fabrics consists essentially of:
PROTEICN-BASED substances
OXIDABLE substances
GREASE
VARIOUS substances
CHEMICAL substances
Protein soiling (enzymatic) - sensitive to ENZYMES
Blood, Eggs, Chocolate, Grass etc.
Oxidable substances - sensitive to BLEACH
Wine, Tea, Coffee, Fruit etc.
Greasy soiling - sensitive to SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS
Oil, Butter, Salt etc.
Various types of soiling - sensitive to specific products
Rust, Chewing-gum, Mildew
Chemical soiling - sensitive to specific products
Ink, Mercury-Chrome, Deodorants, Paints
3.4 Mechanical action
The mechanical action of the appliance is produced by the combination of clockwise/anti-clockwise rotation
of the drum, which agitates the wash load in the washing solution. This action tends to transfer the dirt from
the fabrics to the washing solution (water + chemical products).
The mechanical action may be VIGOROUS or DELICATE:
Vigorous drum movement in alternating directions (clockwise and anti-clockwise) is suitable for cotton
and polyester fabrics.
Delicate drum movement in alternating directions (clockwise and anti-clockwise) is suitable for wool and
delicate fibres.
3.5 Duration of the washing cycle
Each washing cycle requires a minimum duration in order to guarantee satisfactory results. The duration of
the cycle depends on the type of fabric, the type of soiling and the quantity of washing in the drum.

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3.6 Water
Water is the most important element in the washing process, and is fundamental to the final result. Ideally,
the water used for the wash should have the following composition:
Clear and transparent, a low level of hardness, absence of manganese, low iron and mineral salt
content.
The water may contain various substances (mineral and others) in varying quantities:
Fe (iron), Mg (manganese), Si (silicon), Na (sodium), Ca (calcium), K (potassium).
Some of these substances, if they exceed a certain level or are present in combination, may lead to the
formation of ferrous oxide, which causes the well-known phenomenon of "rust spots".
In addition, if present in excessive quantities in the water, some substances may react with the chemicals
contained in the detergent, altering its characteristics and preventing it from performing with full efficiency.
During the heating phase, calcium and manganese - if present in excessive quantities - react at
temperatures in excess of 60°C, producing calcareous substances that, suspended in the washing solution,
may adhere to the fabrics.
These calcareous substances may precipitate, forming a scale build-up on the internal components of the
appliance (tub, heating element, filter body etc.).
3.6.1 Formation of lime scale and ferrous oxide
As rain falls through the atmosphere, it dissolves the gases that it contains: when it comes into contact with
carbon dioxide, the rain absorbs the gas and transforms it into droplets of dilute carbonic acid (H2O+CO2=
H2CO3).
When the carbonic acid falls onto calcareous rocks, it reacts with the limestone to form a solution of Calcium
bicarbonate (Ca(HCO3)2.
The problems of rust spots deposited on the washing are due mainly to the presence of ferrous oxide in the
water. It is difficult to determine the quantity of ferrous oxide originally present in the water and the quantity
that forms by reaction. If a filter with a very fine mesh is installed on the tap supplying the appliance, ferrous
residue will be deposited after only a few days. This is one of the major obstacles to achieving a satisfactory
washing result.
3.6.2 Hardness of the water
According to current conventions, the hardness of the water refers to the concentration of calcium and
magnesium ions. In general, a distinction is made between total hardness, permanent hardness, temporary
hardness, alkaline (carbonate) and non-alkaline hardness.
The total hardness indicates the concentration of calcium and magnesium, while the temporary hardness
refers only to magnesium and calcium bicarbonate, which precipitate when the water boils.
Permanent hardness is caused by all the salts which, after boiling, do not precipitate in the same way as
carbonates, but instead remain suspended in the solution (thus including sulphates, chlorides and calcium
and magnesium nitrates).
The alkaline (or carbonate) hardness refers to soluble bicarbonates, hydroxides and carbonates. The excess
hardness with respect to the alkaline hardness is referred to as the non-alkaline (non-carbonate) hardness.
The hardness of the water is caused by soluble calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) salts, expressed as
calcium carbonate, measured in "°F", and calcium oxide, which is measured in "°D".
From a toxicological viewpoint, hard water does not appear to be harmful to human beings. On the contrary,
it has been observed that the presence of calcium and magnesium helps to prevent certain illnesses such as
hypertension and cardiac arrest.
However, at an industrial level, hard water may cause scale to form on mechanical parts due to the
presence of carbonates, sulphates and alkaline-terrous metal silicates. This scale build-up can significantly
reduce the efficiency of a machine. Especially at risk are components such as heat exchangers, boilers,
domestic appliances (washing machines, dishwashers etc.), because the reaction is endothermic. In other
words, the formation of carbonates is facilitated by an increase in temperature. In the dyeing industry,
calcium and magnesium may cause certain colouring agents to precipitate, thus causing uneven distribution
of the colour on the fabrics.

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3.6.3 Total water hardness
Total hardness is the sum of the temporary hardness (caused by calcium and magnesium bicarbonates) and
the permanent hardness (caused by sulphates, chlorides and calcium/magnesium nitrates).
Hardness expressed in French degrees (°F) represents the quantity of calcium carbonate, in grammes,
contained in 100 litres of water.
Hardness expressed in German degrees (°D) represents the quantity of calcium oxide, again in
grammes per 100 litres of water.
Conversion of °F - °D:
1 °D = 1,79 °F
1 °F = 0,56 °D
Classification of total water hardness expressed in °F and °D
°F °D
SOFT 0 – 14 0 - 7
AVERAGE HARDNESS 15 – 26 7 - 14
HARD 27 – 39 14 - 21
VERY HARD > 40 > 21
Negative effects of hard water:
Reduction in the effectiveness of anionic surface-active agents.
Increase in the quantity of dirt re-deposited.
Increase of residue deposited on the fabrics.
Increase of scale formation on the heating elements.
Hard water may cause the formation of incrustation on mechanical parts, due to the presence of carbonates,
sulphates and alkaline-terrous metal silicates. This may also lead to a considerable reduction in the
efficiency of the appliance, since the reaction is endothermic; in other words, the increase in temperature
favours the formation of carbonates.
The most important of the soluble salts present in water are calcium bicarbonate and magnesium
bicarbonate. When the water is heated to over 60°C, these react and precipitate to form limescale (which
deposits on the fabrics and causes stiffness).
Water softening mechanisms
Hard water can be softened in three ways:
SEQUESTRATION: soluble compounds such as TPF, polycarboxylics, citrates
PRECIPITATION: insoluble compounds such as soaps, sodium carbonate
ION EXCHANGE: insoluble compounds such as zeolites, lamellar silicates.
Water softeners are used only for washing temperatures in excess of 60°C, i.e. when the high temperature
causes the calcium to precipitate.

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3.7 Detergents
Modern detergents are less aggressive than those used in the past, partly for reasons of environmental
protection and partly to prevent damaging the fibres. If used correctly, these offer an excellent protective
treatment and a high level of washing power.
Detergents that contain no phosphates are far more sensitive to the reaction with calcium. When the door of
a washing machine is opened, the user will immediately observe that the interior is clean and shiny if high-
quality detergents have been used.
3.7.1 Composition of a detergent
SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS (soap and active washing substances)
ZEOLITES (water softeners)
ALKALIS
BLEACHING AGENTS
OPTICAL WHITENERS
OTHERS: Enzymes, stabilizing agents, CMC, colouring agents, perfumed essences, TAED, PVP,
lipase, protease.
3.7.2 Functions of the principal components of a detergent
1. SOAP: A detergent that is soluble in water, composed of sodium or potassium salts, fatty acids (such as
oleic or stearic). The main function of soap is to dissolve grease. During the washing cycle, the grease
precipitates, creating insoluble calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) salts which, if present in excessive
quantities, tend to become attached to the fabrics (black balls).
2. SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS: synthetic substances with wetting and detergent properties, and able to
reduce the surface tension thus facilitating the penetration of the washing solution into the fabrics to
dissolve the dirt. These agents disperse and emulsify the dirt and grease, which are then held in
suspension in the washing solution.
3. SILICATES: alkaline substances that improve the washing result, protecting the fabrics or dishes and
the appliance itself from corrosion. Not aggressive to the skin.
4. ANTI-FOAM (regulator): the correct quantity of foam is necessary for the effectiveness of the
mechanical action, and therefore influences the intensity of the wash (large quantities of foam reduce
the mechanical action and vice versa). Anionic surface-active agents generally increase the quantity of
foam.
5. ZEOLITES: Zeolite is an insoluble solid that absorbs or fixes calcium ions, replacing them with sodium
ions (to reduce hardness), thus increasing the effectiveness of the detergent.
6. ALKALIS: alkalis make the washing solution alkaline, increasing the washing power and swelling the
fibres so that the dirt is dissolved more easily. In addition, alkalis help to remove scale build-up from the
appliance.
7. BLEACHES: bleaches are generally perborates (substances that generate active oxygen). Active
oxygen is released during the washing phase between 60°C and 90°C, and requires the presence of
stabilizers to ensure uniform action. The oxidizing power of the active oxygen released eliminates
substances that stain the fibres.
8. OPTIC WHITENERS (also known as blueing agents): optic whiteners are organic chemical substances
that can transform ultraviolet light into visible "BLUE" light (yellow + blue = white).

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3.7.3 Functions of other components of a detergent
1. ENZYMES: Enzymes are proteins produced by living cells (animal and vegetable) and are able to
transform organic materials with a high molecular weight, such as starches, proteins and fats, into more
easily soluble products. These integrate with and facilitate the action of the detergent, eliminating
protein-based dirt. Their direct action also facilitates the removal of other types of dirt. In order to give
positive results, enzymatic products must be used at temperatures between 40°C and 60°C (maximum).
At higher temperatures, the proteins contained in the enzymes (which are temperature-labile) are
vulnerable to denaturing. Denaturation causes irreversible alterations in the structure, leading to the
loss of the enzymatic action.
Protease - which is present in enzymatic detergents - is equally active in the presence of fresh and old
proteins alike.
Enzymatic detergents are especially active in both the pre-wash phase and in separate soak cycles.
In all soak processes, products containing enzymes able to dissociate the proteins improve the results
of the wash considerably. In addition, enzymes vertically break down scale incrustations deposited on
the appliance, thus helping to detach the alkalis present in the detergent.
2. STABILIZING AGENTS: These are chemical products designed to control the uniformity of the bleach
by stabilizing the washing solution.
3. CMC: CMC is used to hold the dirt in suspension so that dirt particles are not re-deposited on the
fabrics.
4. COLOURING AGENTS: These serve exclusively to make the product more attractive to the eye.
5. PERFUMED ESSENCES: Give the washing a pleasant fragrance.
6. TAED: TAED reacts with the perborate to form peracetic acid, which has strong bleaching and
disinfectant properties even at low temperatures (reacting from a temperature of just 30°C). However, if
the TAED content is excessive, coloured fabrics may fade. By itself, perborate reacts at temperatures in
excess of 60°C, while perborate with TAED begins to react at 30°C.
7. PVP: An ingredient that prevents colour transfer.
8. LIPASE: Chemical substances (enzymes) that dissolve fats by hydrolization.
9. PROTEASE: Chemical substances that destroy proteins (casein, albumin, gelatin, blood protein,
perspiration, food residue, fruit juice). These release albumin molecules, which become soluble in water.

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3.7.4 Detergent quantities
- efficiency of the washing programme according to the load and the water hardness.
In order to perform its function completely and correctly, the appropriate quantity of detergent must be used,
which depends on the quantity of water that is contained in the tub of the washing machine, the type of
washing cycle, the type of fabrics, the type of soiling and the quantity of washing in the drum.
Small quantities of detergent will be insufficient for efficient washing. But excessive quantities of detergent
will cause yellowing of the fabrics, since the final rinse will not be sufficient to remove all the excess
detergent, traces of which will remain on the fabrics.
The detergent properties of the soap are considerably reduced when the water is hard. The harder the
water, the greater is the possibility that calcareous soap will precipitate: 1 gramme of calcium bonds to 16
grammes of soap, thus making the soap ineffective and reducing the washing power significantly.
The combination of calcareous soap forms lumps of fat which remain attached to the dirt. This fatty
substance tends to deposit on the edges of the sink, on the bathtub and on the seals of the washing
machine. It also deposits easily on the fabrics, turning them a greyish colour (stains); in addition, it
considerably reduces the capacity of the fabrics for absorption.
The hardness of the water not only reduces the washing power of the detergent, but also reduces the
softness, resistance and whiteness of the fabrics washed.
When hardening agents such as Ca (calcium) and Mg (magnesium) react with certain components of the
detergent, the fabrics may become encrusted (calcium and detergent deposits) after a number of washes.
These give the fabrics a greyish colour and make them rough to the touch, as well as reducing their capacity
for absorption significantly. This phenomenon is especially noticeable in the case of terrycloth garments
(shower robes, towels etc.), causing them to lose their particular properties and to wear out faster.
Quantities recommended by the producers
Normal/concentrated detergent: 150 - 300 g. / 15 g. per 15l. H2O
Obviously, appliances designed with reduced consumption in mind (energy label) and belonging to
energy classes A, B, C and D are designed to wash using up to 50% less detergent than other
appliances.
Powder detergents
PRE-WASH DETERGENTS: →WITH ENZYMES
COMPLETE DETERGENTS: →REDUCED-FOAM
→EXTRA-FOAM (for hand washing)
SPECIAL DETERGENTS: →FOR DELICATE FABRICS AND WOOL
→FOR COLOURED FABRICS
Liquid detergents
→FOR HDLD COLOUR-FAST COLOUREDS
→FOR SYNTHETIC FIBRES
→LDLD FOR LOW-TEMPERATURE WASHING (DELICATES)
→FOR WOOL AND DELICATE SYNTHETIC FIBRES
→FOR HEAVY-DUTY HAND- OR MACHINE WASHING
→FOR PRE-TREATMENT OF PERSISTENT STAINS
Compact detergents
→EXCELLENT FOR ALL WASHES - THE QUANTITY DEPENDS ON THE BRAND

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3.7.5 Washing additives
1. SOFTENER: (Cationic surface-active agent + fragrance): This additive is introduced automatically by the
appliance during the final rinse. It softens the surface of the fabric, which thus remains soft to the touch
and easier to iron. If used incorrectly before or during the wash, or if introduced too early into the tub by
the water fill system, its action is rendered ineffective by the surface-active agents contained in the
detergent.
2. BLEACH: (sodium hypochlorite) - Used for white fabrics, before the main wash cycle. 150 ml of bleach
will be sufficient for a short, low-temperature wash. Care should be taken when bleaching: certain stains
(blood, perspiration), if bleached before the enzyme-based function, may become permanently fixed to
the fabric, giving an unsatisfactory washing result. In normal washes, the bleach must be introduced
automatically by the washing machine during the first rinse, at the end of the washing phase and after
the detergent has performed its functions, since it destroys the enzymes contained in the detergent. If
the stains have already become permanent after a previous wash, they will be impossible to remove.
3. DELICATE BLEACH (hydrogen peroxide) - Oxygen is not as strong as chloride, especially if the water is
very hard. It must always be used together with the detergent, both for hand washing and when using a
washing machine. It may be used for pre-treatment, but always followed by a wash using detergent. It
may be used at all temperatures and during the wash (together with detergent), or poured directly onto
the fabrics.
3.7.6 Bleaching
Bleaching is generally performed after the wash (by hand or in a machine), except in the case of wine, tea or
coffee stains etc.
Light-sensitive stains (tomato etc.), if appearing on the fabrics after the wash, may disappear when the fabric
is exposed to sunlight for a time (action of the sun's rays).
If a white fabric is treated with a bleach and then exposed to sunlight, the optical effect may be cancelled,
and yellowish stains may become noticeable. However, these will tend to disappear when the garment is no
longer exposed to the sun.
Using bleaches
Various types of bleach exist to suit different conditions of use, since they remain active either within or in
excess of certain temperatures.
Hypochlorite: must always be used cold (during the 1st rinse)
Peroxide: may be used above 60° during the washing phase
Delicate bleach (solid): a teaspoonful should be added to the detergent. Suitable for all types of fabrics,
including coloureds. Active at medium and high temperatures.
Delicate bleach (liquid, i.e. hydrogen peroxide) should be introduced into the appropriate compartment.
Active perborate: active at temperatures in excess of 60°C.
N.B. If hydrogen peroxide or sodium hypochlorite are used for bleaching, or in the presence of "activators"
attached to the garments (ferrous accessories such as buttons, buckles, zips, hooks etc.), these may
cause holes in the fabric or stiffness of the fibres due to re-deposited oxides which form the well-
known "rust spots".

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3.8 The function of the water temperature
The variety and quality of natural and synthetic fibres which comprise the fabrics, which are sometimes
present in percentages that are not declared correctly on the labels, make it necessary in many cases to use
a detergent whose washing action is effective at low temperatures. As a result, the consumer today tends to
use washing programmes with a maximum temperature of about 60°C, partly due to increasing sensitivity to
energy savings.
Manufacturers of detergents, in line with this trend, have modified the quality of their products to meet this
need, and frequently emphasize these characteristics in their promotional activities.
Temperature helps to dissolve the dirt (solvent effect)
Temperature facilitates and accelerates the chemical reactions, especially when bleaching.
The "CORRECT" temperature in the various phases of the washing cycle:
reduces the cohesion of the dirt
facilitates the suspension of the dirt in the water
facilitates the reaction of the alkalis (swelling the fabrics so that the dirt is dissolved more easily)
High temperatures do not facilitate the removal of all types of dirt; in fact, blood, egg-yolk, milk etc. are more
easily removed if washed in cold water; if hot water is used, these stains adhere more strongly to the fibres
and become more difficult to remove.
3.8.1 Using the correct temperature
The temperature of the washing solution is used to remove the dirt and to ensure hygiene.
HIGH TEMPERATURE = 80 - 90°C
Suitable for difficult soiling: cotton and linen (whites) with bleach, perborate and hydrogen peroxide.
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE = 50 - 60°C (most washing cycles)
Suitable for washing colour-fast fabrics: cotton and linen (coloured) with hypochlorite-Based bleaches.
LOW TEMPERATURE = 30 - 40°C
Suitable for washing wool, synthetic fabrics, other delicate fibres, and for soaking of fabrics soiled with blood
or protein-based substances.

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3.9 Washing machine programmes
Pre-wash
(not for wool and, in some
cases, delicate fabrics)
1. Water fill with detergent introduced from the pre-wash compartment
2. Brief heating phase and hot wash (30 - 40°C)
3. Drain
4. (Brief spin)
Wash
1. Water fill with detergent introduced from the wash compartment
2. Heating and hot wash
-30÷90°C for cotton and linen
-30÷60°C for synthetic fibres
-30÷40°C for wool, silk and delicate fabrics
3. Maintenance phase (mechanical action after the heating phase)
4. Cooling water fill (in cotton cycles, reduces the temperature of the drain
water, in synthetic cycles as an anti-crease cycle)
5. Drain
6. Brief spin (cotton/linen only)
1st rinse
1. Water fill (and, if selected, introduction of bleach for cotton/linen only)
2. Cold wash
3. Drain
4. Brief intermediate spin (if selected - cotton/linen only)
2nd (3rd) rinse
1. Water fill
2. Cold wash
3. Drain
4. Brief intermediate spin (if selected - cotton/linen only)
Final rinse (softener) 1. Water fill to softener compartment
2. Cold wash
(Rinse-hold)
1. In cotton/linen cycles, the programme generally passes to the subsequent
phase; it stops with water in the tub (rinse-hold) only if this function has
been selected (certain models only)
2. The cycle generally stops with water in the tub (rinse-hold) for synthetic,
delicates and wool cycles if there is no rinse-hold button or selector. If these
are featured (rinse-hold, delicate spin, anti-crease etc.), the cycle may stop
or pass to the subsequent phase according to the option selected.
Final spin
1. Drain
2. Final spin
-at maximum speed for cotton/linen
-brief and at reduced speed for synthetics, delicates and wool (certain
models only)
STOP
Washer-dryers only:
Drying
1. Drying with heating at reduced power for cotton/linen; half-power for
synthetic fabrics
2. Cooling phase
STOP

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4 FRONT-LOADING WASHING MACHINE
1. Timer
2. Detergent dispenser
3. Steam venting hose
4. Pressure switch
5. Tub suspension spring
6. Tub
7. Detergent entry tube
8. Tube between solenoid and
detergent dispenser
9. Water fill solenoid
10. Water fill hose
11. Rear counterweight
12. Drum pulley
13. Bearings
14. Thermostat
15. Heating element
16. Drain hose
17. Motor pulley
18. Motor
19. Damper
20. Drain pump
21. Pressure chamber
22. Drain filter
23. Tube between tub and filter body
24. Door safety interlock
25. Porthole door
26. Bellows seal
27. Front counterweight
28. Drum
4.1 Traditional washing system
In a washing machine, the dirt in the fibres is removed by a combination of mechanical and chemical
actions.
The solenoid valve ducts water through the detergent dispenser, where it collects the detergent and passes
into the tub. The correct water level is controlled by one or more pressure switches.
The fabrics loaded into the drum are maintained in constant movement by the rotation of the drum.
The particles of dirt, after being separated from the fibres of the fabric by the chemical action of the
detergent and the temperature of the water, are removed by the passage of the water through the fibres.
This action is obtained by a continuous series of immersions and agitations of the fabrics in the washing
solution.
The heating element is switched on until the selected temperature is reached; the temperature of the water
is controlled by thermostats or sensors.
At the end of the washing cycle, the dirty water is drained by the drain pump.