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FabLab PHABLABS 4.0 Laser Labyrinth User manual

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1
Photonics Workshop
Laser Labyrinth
2
DISCLAIMER:
By using this information you agree to be legally bound by these terms, which shall take
effect immediately on your first use of the information. PHABLABS 4.0 consortium and
its member organizations give no warranty that the provided information is accurate, up-
to-date or complete. You are responsible for independently verifying the information. S2i
and Fablab Karlsruhe cannot be held liable for any loss or damage that may arise di-
rectly or indirectly from the use of or reliance on the information and/or products provid-
ed. PHABLABS 4.0 consortium and its member organizations disclaim all responsibility
to the maximum extent possible under applicable laws:
• All express or implied warranties in relation to the information and your use of it are
excluded.
• All liability, including for negligence, to you arising directly or indirectly in connection
with the information or from your use of it is excluded.
This instruction is published under the Creative Commons license CC-BY-NC
3
PROPOERTIES OF THIS WORKSHOP
PHOTONICS WORKSHOP LASER LABYRINTH (FOR INSTRUCTORS)
SUMMARY
The ‘laser labyrinth’ is a logic maze game that teaches STEM skills. The game
requires you to use mirrors, beam-splitters and brainpower to direct the laser
through a series of mind-challenging mazes and light up the target. In this
workshop the participants will build a version of the laser labyrinth and of course
test it in the end. Thus, the workshop focuses on the construction of the game
and on the handling of lasers and mirrors.
TARGET AUDIENCE:
Youngsters: 10-14 years
MAX.PARTICIPANTS:
The workshops is most suitable for a group of around 8-10 participants. If you
want to perform the workshop with a bigger group e.g. of 18 participants, 5
instructors would be necessary. Further, the workshop would take up to 1 hour
longer. The workshop duration also depends on the soldering experience of the
participants. If they don’t know how to solder, they need a special introduction
and attention.
SUGGESTED TIME PLANNING:
In total about 4 hours (depending on how long you keep the introduction part at
the beginning of the project and playing part at the end of the project.
TIMING
IN MINUTES
ACTIVITY
0-20
Welcome group: Give a short introduction of the laser labyrinth
and its theoretical background (law of reflection)
20-45
Step 1: Assembling of the game board
45-120
Step 2: Assembling of the starting figure and target
120 - 200
Step 3-8: Construction of the remaining playing pieces
200-230
Play your own built laser labyrinth and experiment with the laser
reflection
230-240
Closing summary, feedback,..
4
BACKGROUND
Laser
What do a CD player, a laser printer and a bar code scanner have in common?
Exactly - in all these devices a laser is used. Lasers are an essential part of our day-to-day life
and are used in many different devices and places, especially in the industry or in medical
devices. In this workshop we will together built the game ‘laser labyrinth’ where one important
component is of course a laser.
What is a laser?
A laser is a machine that makes an amplified, single-colour source of light. The beam of light
from the laser does not get wider or weaker as most sources of light do. It uses special gases or
crystals to make the light with only a single color. The gases are energized to make them emit
light. Then, mirrors are used to amplify (make stronger) the light and to make all the light travel
in one direction, so it stays as a narrow beam of collimated light.
When pointed at something, this narrow beam makes a single point of light. The energy of the
light stays in that one narrow beam instead of spreading out like a flashlight (electric torch).
The word "laser" is an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation".
(source: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser)
The law of reflection
The most important principle the ‘laser labyrinth’ is based on is the law of reflection. Light
reflection in general is very important because it is the reason why we can see anything at all.
When a ray of light strikes a medium some of the ray will bounce off the surface. The way the
light will be reflected is depending on the surface the light is bouncing off. (The law of reflection:
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/optics/lr.cfm).
According to the law of reflection it is possible to predict, how the light ray will be reflected off
the mirror. The law of reflection defines, that the angle of the incident light ray is equal to the
angle of the reflected light ray.
5
The figure above illustrates this principle: The ray of light approaching the mirror is known as the
incident ray. When the incident ray strikes the mirror, it will bounce off the mirror. The ray of light
that leaves the mirror is known as the reflected ray. The normal line divides the angle between
the incident ray and the reflected ray into two equal angles. These angles are always measured
from the normal, not from the mirror. The incident ray, the normal at the point of incidence and
the reflected ray, all lie in the same plane (Law of reflection;
http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/302l/lectures/node127.html )
ABOUT THE GAME:LASER LABYRINTH AND ITS COMPONENTS
The game requires you to use mirrors, beam-splitters and brainpower to direct a laser beam
through a series of mind-challenging mazes and in the end light up a target.
The game board
The form of the game board is a hexagon, which consists of hexagonal cells.
The playing pieces of the game have a hexagonal shape as well, since they
have to be inserted into the hexagonal cells.
Due to the hexagonal form of the game board cells, the playing pieces can
be inserted in six different directions. This offers more challenging
possibilities to direct the laser beam through the labyrinth, than a square
game board.
Playing piece Guide:
In total the game laser labyrinth consists of 12 hexagonal playing pieces.
Playing piece
function
components
1x Starting Figure
Provides the laser beam. Push the
button at the side wall of this playing
piece to engage the beam.
6
1x Target
Receives the laser (the goal of the
game is to direct the laser beam
through the labyrinth in order to hit the
target)
6x Mirror
Reflects the laser. The 6 playing
pieces differ in the angle, the laser
beam can pass through.
2x Beam Splitter
Splits the beam into two paths. One
path is reflected 90 degrees and the
other path passes straight through the
playing piece
2x Direction
Blocker
The laser beam can only pass through
a limited number of the six possible
directions. There is one playing piece,
that lets the laser beam pass through
two sides and another one letting the
playing piece pass through four sides
of the playing piece.
Direction Blocker I:
7
Direction Blocker II:
The most important playing piece of the laser labyrinth is the starting figure
providing the laser beam. By pushing the button, inserted into one side wall of
the playing piece, the laser beam is engaged.
Another important playing piece is the target, which the laser beam has to hit. In
order to light up the target you have to arrange the other playing pieces, such as
beam splitters or mirrors, in a specific way onto the game board.
For more advanced players: The game will be more challenging with blockers inserted into the
hexagonal cells of the game board, as this type of playing piece prevents the placement of any
playing piece in that particular cell. Using these different playing pieces opens a big variety in
directing the laser through the labyrinth and to the target in the end. However, in this version of
the game blockers are not included.
The hexagonal form of the playing pieces make it even more challenging to direct the laser
beam. A good dose of brain power and an understanding of science are necessary in order to
hit the target. The law of reflection states that the angle of the incident ray hitting the mirror is
equal to the angle of reflection. Applied to a hexagon, a laser beam will always hit the hexagon’s
side perpendicularly. If this principle will be used cleverly, the mirror can be positioned in a way,
that the laser beam will pass through a specific side.
More specifically: with only two different mirror
positions the laser beam will be deflected on one of
the four sides. In figure 9 the incident ray enters the
hexagon through side 1 and depending on the
position of the mirror, passes through side 2 or 3. By
turning the playing piece it is possible to let the
beam pass through side 5 or 6. Without a reflection
of the mirror the beam would pass through side 4.
8
Safety
A game with lasers? Is that safe for kids? In this case yes, because several safety measures
have been made. Most importantly: so called “eye safe” lasers will be used as laser diodes. In
order to create additional safety, the game figures are only supplied with power when they are
inserted into the playing cells, thanks to a reed switch integrated in the starting figure. A reed-
switch is an electrical switch operated by an applied magnetic field. Thus, in some cells of the
game board magnets are inserted. The laser will only be supplied with electricity, when the
starting figure with the reed-switch is inserted onto a playing cell with a magnet.
Additionally, every figure and the game board are surrounded by side walls. Moreover, the laser
beam can only emerge at certain openings on the side walls preventing from looking into the
laser accidentally. We recommend the game to kids aged 10 years and above.
Make sure to give safety instructions, when handing out the laser and especially point out not to
look into the laser or point the laser into one’s eye, since in can cause bad eye injuries.
9
PART LIST
Photonics parts:
part
quantity
Eye safe laser diode
1
Electronic parts:
part
quantity
Cable red/black/yellow/blue
10 cm each
tactile switch 6x6mm, height: 7,0mm
1
Reed switch ø 2,2m
1
Lithium button cell battery, 3 Volt, 210 mAh,
20.0x3.2 mm
2
Button cell holder, vertical, PCB version
1
Other parts:
part
quantity
self-adhesive mosaic mirror 10x10mm²
6 pieces
mirror foil semitransperent
Each set requires two pieces of 2x1cm² foil.
block magnet 3 mm³
6
Other parts –standard available in Fablab
part
quantity
wood glue
glue sticks for hot melt glue gun
rubber bands
(not necessarily, helps holding the playing
pieces together, when assembling them)
tin solder
Cable red/black
adhesive tape
wood panel 1200x600x3mm³
for Laser cutting the material
10
screws
2
nuts
2
Tools
Laser Cutter
3D printer
Table saw (or something similar in order to cut the mirrors)
Hot melt glue gun
Soldering iron and solder
Diagonal pliers, possibly wire stripper
Rubber mallet (optional)
Wood glue
burn ointment (just in case and to be prepared if a kid get burns with the soldering iron)