Hybrid Audio Technologies Legatia Pro Series Installation and operating manual

1240 Oak Industrial Lane
Cumming Georgia 30041
United States
Legatia Pro-Series
Component
Speakers
Installation & Reference Manual
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hybrid-audio.com

Contents
01
02
03
Welcome & Introduction
Pages 4-5
Advanced System Installation
Pages 36-47
Component Specic Information
Pages 6-35
Speaker Attributes, Specications,
Parameters, and Mechanical Drawings
04 Warranty
Pages 48-49
© Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200 © Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.82002 3
23

Speaker development is our passion!
When installed and set-up properly,
the Legatia Pro Component Speakers
you have purchased will make a
remarkable improvement in the
sound quality of virtually any mobile
audio sound system and give years of
superior performance.
With the publication of this manual, it
is our goal to assist the “do it yourself”
enthusiast and professional installer
alike in getting the highest level
of performance out of Legatia Pro
Component Speakers using straight-
forward installation advice.
Thank you, and happy listening!
Welcome and Introduction
by Scott Buwalda - Founder
We realize that
you have a choice
in loudspeakers,
and are thrilled
that you have
chosen the
Legatia Pro series
component
speakers.
For more
information about
Hybrid Audio
Technologies,
our philosophies
regarding
high-end mobile
audio, to learn
more about
our lifetime
guaranteed value
program, and
for information
about our other
products, please
visit us at:
hybrid-audio.com
Congratulations
on your Legatia
Pro Component
Speakers
purchase, and
welcome to
the world of
Hybrid Audio
Technologies!
© Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200 © Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.82004 5
5

Attributes
The Legatia Pro-series component speakers are
electrodynamic drivers that are comprised of a
dome diaphragm that is set in motion by a motor
system that has both electrical and mechanical
components.
The following design tenets are typical of all Legatia
Pro-series midrange drivers:
Motor
The motor of the Legatia Pro midrange transducers
are paramount to the performance of the drivers,
providing for a at and wide BL curve. The BL
curve is at and extended in all models, yielding
exceptional two-way linear excursion, resulting
in the Legatia Pro midrange drivers being able
to accurately track the input signal. Reduced
distortion and greater dynamics are the immediate
sonic benets. The motor of the L3 Pro includes a
high-grade NdFeB magnet assembly to improve
restorative force, compliance, motor strength,
displacement, and power handling, but also to serve
a small diameter form-factor. The voice coil fully
surrounds the magnet.
Voice Coil
The voice coil diameter of the Legatia Pro range of
midrange drivers represents the optimal balance of
diameter, power handling, and moving mass. The
L3 Pro uses a 50.5mm (2-inch) voice coil. The voice
coil diameter serves several key functions: elevated
power handling, dissipation of heat (thereby
lowering power compression), and maximizing the
size of the magnet assembly for enhanced motor
compliance. The voice coil used in all Legatia Pro
designs are copper-coated high-purity aluminum
winding, which is superior to a solid copper winding
for heat dissipation, as well as signicantly reduced
moving mass. The result is an extremely light
weight winding with good power handling and low
inductance.
How much amplitude a speaker can reproduce
depends on the volume of air it excites without
overheating. The volume of air that a speaker
excites is determined by the surface area of the
dome and the excursion capability of the motor
system. Xmax is dened as the width of the voice
coil that extends beyond the front plate, and relates
to how far the speaker can move in either direction
without appreciable distortion. The Legatia Pro
dome midrange designs boast exceptional one-way
linear excursion (Xmax).
Dome
The shape, weight and strength of the Legatia
Pro midrange domes relate directly to the
extended frequency response of the Legatia
Pro range of drivers. The Legatia Pro domes
are convex-shaped hybrid ne fabric Japanese
cotton diaphragms, described below. A
considerable eort was allocated to create a
convex diaphragm with exceptional modal
damping to have a smooth band-to-band
frequency response, applicable in both on- and
o-axis applications.
You will nd no composite or metal cone
materials used in any Legatia Pro midrange
driver. Our approach to point-sourcing is to
allow the Legatia Pro midrange drivers to
eectively play into treble frequencies; having
virtually all imaging cues emanating from
one set of drivers in an installation ensures
stable stereo imaging across the fundamental
frequencies which dene image placement
and denition. As noted above, the Legatia
Pro midrange drivers include a proprietary
hybrid Japanese cotton ne fabric diaphragm
with extremely low moving mass. The ne
fabric dome is widely acknowledged as the
best-damping material in the dome geometry
format, as it provides the near optimum balance
of strength and weight. The fabric dome
is critical to tame unwanted dome modes,
resonances, and the classic “breakup”associated
with most composite materials.
All Legatia Pro designs oer an outstanding
extended frequency response; the usable
frequency range of the Legatia Pro midrange
drivers is at least six full octaves with proper
installation, aiming, set-up, and tuning. And
because of the employed dome technology
which boasts exceptional o-axis response,
described above, all Legatia Pro drivers
oer exceptional o-axis bandwidth as well,
exceeding ve octaves for all designs.
Like the L3 Pro, the Legatia L1 Pro tweeter
utilizes a ne cloth dome for the ultimate in
music reproduction.
Continued on following page...
Legatia Pro
Speaker
Design
© Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200 © Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200
67

Attributes (Cont’d).
Suspension
All Legatia Pro midrange drivers include
a reverse-roll ne treated cloth surround
terminated in one piece to the diaphragm,
which is highly consistent, and does not suer
the variance of natural rubbers. The surround
and diaphragm in concert terminate mechanical
vibrations well, having a low stiness for
positive damping of resonances. The surround
termination of the dome diaphragm, which
acts as an air seal between the dome and the
tuned chamber, is the predominant mechanical
restoring force of the speaker. Another function
of the surround-terminated diaphragm is
to absorb dome exure waves as they are
transferred up the diaphragm. You’ll also know
a Legatia Pro midrange design by its integrated
acoustically-transparent grille.
Housing and Tuned Chamber
All Legatia Pro-series products boast a fully
machined aluminum body; the body is
machined aluminum, not cast aluminum. The
dense metal structure of the tweeter and
midrange housing helps to reduce resonances
within the body of the driver for eective
reproduction of extremely low music tones.
The dome topology better approximates a true
monopole than a similarly-sized cone midrange,
especially in the lower one third of its frequency
response. Notably, what also makes the L3 Pro a
very good approximation of a true
monopole is the fact that the ange/body of
the driver is solid machined aluminum, void of
interstitial spaces, which terminates resonances
well. Hybrid Audio Technologies is likely the
only company to produce a super high-end
dome midrange, paying attention to the critical
function of the housing in modal damping.
In addition to the aluminum body of the
Pro-series drivers, all Pro-series drivers include
a cast polypropylene tuned and damped
chamber at the rear of the motor assembly; the
chamber helps to reduce backwave distortion
and signicantly lower the Pro-series driver’s
resonance frequency to allow it to be used to
play tones near its resonance frequency. A
machined aluminum knurled attachment nut
at the base of the Pro-series product provides
optimized clamping strength to the mounting
media, and important feature for terminating
modal distortion at the mounting bae.
Legatia Pro
Speaker
Design
© Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200 © Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200
89

Application of Thiele/
Small Parameters
Acoustics pioneers Neville Thiele and Richard
Small developed a way to predict speaker
performance and frequency response. These
parameters are known collectively as “Thiele/
Small Parameters,” and are divided into physical
characteristics and response parameters:
The Physical Characteristics of a speaker
are:
Re: The D.C. resistance of the voice coil
measured in Ohms.
Sd: The surface area of the speaker’s cone.
BL: The magnetic strength of the motor
structure.
Mms: The total moving mass of the speaker
including the small amount of air in front of and
behind the cone.
Cms: The stiness of the driver’s suspension
Rms: The losses due to the suspension.
The Thiele/Small Response Paramters are:
Re: The D.C. resistance of the voice coil
measured in Ohms.
Sd: The surface area of the speaker.
Fs: The resonant frequency of the speaker.
Qes: The electrical “Q” of the speaker.
Qms: The mechanical “Q” of the speaker.
Qts: The total “Q” of the speaker.
Vas: The volume of air having the same
acoustic compliance as the speaker’s
suspension.
Enclosure Recommendations
All Legatia Pro-series drivers include a
sealed-back tuned chamber, and therefore do
not require being mounted in an enclosure. In
a typical installation, Legatia Pro midrange and
tweeter products should be mounted in a solid
mounting bae to abate resonance (details on
bae recommendations are presented in this
manual).
Legatia Pro
Speaker
Design
© Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200 © Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200
10 11

L1 Pro Tweeter
Attributes
The Legatia SE L1 Pro is a 58mm (2.3-inch) O.D.
“low resonance”wide-bandwidth tweeter driver.
Continuing on in the tradition of exceptional
tweeter design and manufacturing by Hybrid Audio
Technologies, the Legatia Pro L1 is an articulate,
detailed, and tonally-correct tweeter in a slightly
larger diaphragm than its sibling, the Legatia L1V2.
The Pro L1 is a light and transiently fast tweeter
in a 25mm body that doesn’t suer from typical
“heaviness”in tonal quality, typically associated
with damped, large-diameter dome tweeters; the
L1 Pro can be used for the reproduction of treble
frequencies in dedicated two-, three-, and four-way
front stage systems. The Pro L1 has exceptional
polar response, and remains small enough to install
in typical locations within a vehicular environment.
At the onset of the Special Edition and Pro-Series
Legatia program, we wanted to be sure that the
Pro-Series tweeter could be listened to for long
listening sessions with no noticeable listener
fatigue, and the Pro L1 answers the call. The Pro L1
does an immaculate job of recreating tones well into
the vocal midrange frequencies, should the user
decide to employ an exceptionally low crossover
frequency. The Pro L1 sets the new benchmark for
car audio tweeters; it is the best soft-dome car audio
tweeter available today, irrespective of price. The
L1 Pro is available in two nishes: brushed (natural)
aluminum and anodized black.
Dome
The Pro L1 starts with an impregnated ne cloth
silk dome diaphragm for a linear, smooth frequency
response, with a treated silk surround to damp
edge modes and resonances. The Pro L1 is ecient,
exhibits low distortion, and has a wide dispersion;
the dome is of exceptionally low mass and has
an extremely high power handling with proper
ltering. The Pro L1 dome design is much less
susceptible to mechanical deformation than other
designs, and yet yields a smooth response over the
extent of its range.
Motor
The motor assembly is conventional dynamic, with a
Φ24.5 × 3 H NdFeB neodymium magnet structure to
ensure a relatively small footprint size and shallow
depth. A perforated grille protects the dome. The
Pro L1 boasts a fully machined aluminum body; the
body is machined aluminum, not cast aluminum.
The dense metal structure of the tweeter housing
helps to reduce resonances within the body of the
tweeter for eective reproduction of extremely
low music tones. Additionally, the Pro L1 has a
polypropylene tuned and damped chamber at the
rear of the motor assembly; the chamber helps
to reduce backwave distortion and signicantly
lower the tweeter’s resonance frequency to allow
it to be used to play tones in the vocal spectrum, if
desired. A machined aluminum Φ47.5mm knurled
attachment nut at the base of the tweeter provides
optimized clamping strength to the mounting
media.
Mounting Flange and Dimensions
The 58mm wide mounting ange, only 3mm
larger than the Legatia L1V2 tweeter, provides a
solid-aluminum mounting surface for the tweeter
without the necessity of mounting cups or external
hardware. The overall dimensions of the driver are
very amenable for use in the car audio environment,
boasting an exceptional depth of just 30mm (nearly
unheard of in a tuned-chamber tweeter).
Terminals Cap and Spring-Loaded
Terminals
The L1 Pro includes an extruded polypropylene
tuned chamber with integrated high-end
nickel-plated spring-loaded push terminals at
the rear of the tweeter’s motor assembly. The
spring-loaded terminals give the end-user exibility
in direct connection with large-gauge tinned wiring,
without the need for crimp terminals.
Summary
The Legatia SE L1 Pro tweeter is an excellent step-up
in performance over the Legatia L1V2 tweeter
driver oered in the Stage V Legatia series, and is a
bench-mark low-resonance soft-dome tweeter in
Hybrid Audio’s complete product oering. Equally
at home in two-way conguration paired with a
midrange or midbass, or as the dedicated tweeter
transducer in a three-way application, the Legatia
L1 Pro is an exemplary performer.
L3 Pro on following page...
Legatia Pro
Speaker
Design
© Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200 © Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200
12 13

L3 Pro Dome
Midrange
History
The Legatia L3 Pro’s topology is a departure from
the typical cone-type midrange drivers in the
same size category as produced by Hybrid Audio
Technologies. The L3 Pro was intended to be used
in approximately the same fashion as the other
cone-type 3-inch midrange devices in the Hybrid
Audio product line-up, to give the end-user more
choices for a high-end midrange solution to t a
variety of potential system designs and mounting
strategy. Naturally, the ecacy of the L3 Pro, as
compared to its sibling cone midrange drivers, is its
sensitivity and ability to be used without a sealed
bae since the L3 Pro is a tuned rear-chamber
midrange.
Attributes
The Legatia L3 Pro is a 99mm (3.9-inch) “small
format” wide-bandwidth midrange/full-range driver
to compliment both two-way and three-way system
designs, where a point-source midrange and/or
full-range driver is required. The L3 Pro is only 6mm
(0.2-inch) larger than the Stage V Legatia L3V2,
and the Stage VI Legatia L3SE, for many potential
drop-in replacement options.
Body and Flange
The body and ange of the L3 Pro is a similar design
topology and geometry to the L1 Pro tweeter.
The body is an extremely high-quality machined
aluminum design (machined from a solid block
of aircraft-grade 6061 aluminum), and contains a
99mm ange providing for the surface-mounting
of the driver via Hybrid Audio Technologies’ unique
knurled attachment nut technology. The dense
metal structure of the L3 Pro housing helps to
reduce resonances within the body of the driver
for eective reproduction of extremely low music
tones. One main mechanical reason the L3 Pro
approximates a true monopole is the fact that
the ange/body of the driver is solid machined
aluminum, void of interstitial spaces, which
terminates resonances well.
The overall dimensions of the driver are very
amenable for use in the car audio environment,
and in locations typical of the standard “3-inch”
and “4-inch” drivers, or in custom locations at the
discretion of the end-user, boasting a depth of
just 44mm (1.7-inch) (the same depth as the Stage
VI Legatia L3SE and only 1mm deeper than its
Legatia L3V2 counterpart). The body features an
integrated tuned chamber, discussed below, to
allow for mounting of the L3 Pro in a simple bae
without worry of separating front and back waves,
nor building an enclosure. The rear of the body
propagates diaphragm back pressure into the tuned
chamber to provide adequate communication to
the back of the dome for acoustic suspension and
proper operation.
Housing and Tuned Chamber
In addition to the aluminum body of the Pro-series
drivers, the L3 Pro includes a cast polypropylene
tuned and damped chamber at the rear of the
motor assembly; the damped chamber helps
to reduce backwave distortion and signicantly
lower the Pro-series driver’s resonance frequency
to allow it to be used to play tones near its
resonance frequency. The chamber for the L3 Pro
is approximately 20 cm3 in internal volume. A
machined aluminum knurled attachment nut at
the base of the L3 Pro provides optimized clamping
strength to the mounting media, and important
feature for terminating modal distortion at the
mounting bae.
Motor
The motor of the L3 Pro is paramount to the
performance of the driver, providing for a at
and wide BL curve (as a learning note, BL is the
equivalent of torque in a car; a car with a at and
constant torque curve provides much better
acceleration and performance than a car with a
peaky, non-constant torque curve). The BL curve
is at and extended, yielding 4mm of two-way
linear excursion, resulting in the L3 Pro being
able to accurately track the input signal. Reduced
distortion and greater dynamics are the immediate
sonic benets. The motor of the L3 Pro includes
an NdFeB magnet to improve restorative force,
compliance, motor strength, displacement, and
power handling. The magnet assembly fully
surrounds the voice coil.
Voice Coil
The voice coil diameter of the L3 Pro is a large
50.5mm (2-inch), which is the proper balance
between size and moving mass in super high-end
mobile audio midranges/full-range drivers. The
voice coil diameter serves several key functions:
elevated power handling, dissipation of heat
(thereby lowering power compression), and
maximizing the size of the magnet assembly for
enhanced motor compliance. The voice coil is
high-purity aluminum, which is superior to copper
for heat dissipation, as well as signicantly reduced
moving mass. The result is an extremely light
weight winding with good power handling and low
inductance.
Continued on following page...
Legatia Pro
Speaker
Design
© Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200 © Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200
14 15

L3 Pro Dome
Midrange
Dome
You will nd no composite or metal cone
materials used on the L3 Pro, as our approach
to point-sourcing is to allow the Legatia Pro
midrange driver to eectively play into upper treble
frequencies. The Legatia L3 Pro is a dome-type
driver consisting of a proprietary Japanese ne
cotton hybrid diaphragm with extremely low
moving mass. Cotton is widely acknowledged as
the best-damping material for dome midrange
drivers, as it provides the near optimum balance of
strength and weight. The dome has been treated
with a water resistant element to accommodate
door mounting, or other areas prone to occasional
contact with liquid. The dome design oers an
exceptional dispersion pattern to make for exible
installation and speaker location. The Legatia L3 Pro
has an outstanding extended frequency response;
the usable frequency range of this driver exceeds
seven complete octaves of usable bandwidth
on-axis (250 Hz – 13,000+ Hz). Even o-axis, the L3
Pro faithfully recreates more than ve full octaves
of information, for the ultimate “small-format”
midrange/full-range driver.
Suspension
The surround is an extension of the ne Japanese
treated cotton fabric which is highly consistent,
and does not suer the variance of natural rubbers.
This surround terminates mechanical vibrations
well, having a low stiness for positive damping of
resonances.
Terminals
The Legatia L3 Pro comes equipped with
heavy-duty nickel-plated spring-loaded push
terminals for both positive and negative. The
terminals optimize contact, and give the end
user exibility in tinned wire or binding post
terminations
Summary
The Legatia L3 Pro is the world’s nest
multi-purpose super high-end dome midrange
speaker driver. Mechanical and electrical
parameters are amenable to a variety of dierent
installations and speaker locations. This driver
is intended to be used in a variety of installation
protocols and arrangements. The size of the L3
Pro allows it to be mounted in typical “3-inch” and
“4-inch” midrange locations within a vehicle, or in
custom locations at the discretion of the end-user,
even in areas where there may not be adequate
airspace behind the driver.
At home in virtually any arrangement, the L3
Pro is Hybrid Audio Technologies’Legatia Pro
high-end small-format midrange oering, boasting
exceptional performance and a design philosophy
that goes hand in hand with true high-delity
playback.
Legatia Pro
Speaker
Design
© Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200 © Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200
16 17

Although the Legatia
L2x is listed in the Stage
V Legatia series, it has
multiple complimentary
uses for Legatia Pro
products as well, given the
complimentary crossover
topology and use of
low-tolerance, asymmetri-
cally-aligned componentry
and lack of board-mounted
equalization
L2x Two-Way Passive
Crossover
The Legatia L2x topology is an enhanced Stage
V version of the Stage IV Clarus C2x passive
crossover network. It’s no secret that Hybrid
Audio Technologies highly recommends the use
of active crossovers that are set-up and adjusted
by an industry specialist, such as a master tuner, or
a highly-qualied car audio shop installer (please
read any number of White Papers on the subject of
passive crossovers available at: hybrid-audio.com/
downloads). In some cases, however, using active
crossovers is not a viable option, so we designed
and manufactured the Legatia L2x to allow for
easy Legatia installations, especially when multiple
amplier channels and/or adequate active crossover
processing was not available in the car audio
installation.
The L2x can be used for two-way passively
crossed-over systems, or used as the two-way
dividing network for midrange and treble drivers
in a “quasi-active” three-way (six speaker) system,
where the midbass is actively crossed-over at
the amplier. The L2x is based loosely o of the
Clarus C2x crossover, with key enhancements,
including the option for vertical bi-wiring, as well
as an enhanced lter set using low-tolerance, super
high-quality parts.
Key Issues in Passive Crossover Design
Before highlighting the L2x’s design attributes, there
are certain key issues in passive crossover design
that the end-user should be aware of. For years,
vocal manufacturers have coerced the consumer
into believing that capacitors, coils, and resistors
are not only desirable, but are a requirement. One
notable “high-end” speaker manufacturer boasts
that they spend “months” working on crossover
designs to ‘enhance’ their speakers. To ‘enhance’
means to add considerable ltering to x speaker
response anomalies, aka poor speaker designs.
Our speaker design philosophy is to spend the
time and resources necessary to make the speakers
exceptional in the design phase, and then use
simpleton ltering to protect only for thermal
protection at resonance and provide the desired
frequency response ltering via crossovers. It is
our philosophy that the passive crossover should
not contain any level of equalization; none of our
designs, in any series, use crossovers that contain
any form of equalization beyond simple tweeter
attenuation. We believe in making the speaker
great, not trying to x a poor speaker with ltering
and attenuation. There’s no crossover in the
world that can make a poorly-designed speaker
sound good. This is why there’s a relatively simple,
high-quality crossover topology employed on
the Legatia L2x crossover, with no additional
board-mounted equalization. And this is also why
we implore you to use our world-class speaker
systems in concert with the L2x.
Attributes
The Legatia L2x is a bi-amplied two-way passive
crossover for use with virtually any midrange,
midbass and tweeter pairing Hybrid Audio
manufactures. The following are the L2x’s design
attributes:
Filter Set
The L2x is a bi-wired two-way passive crossover that
has the following lters:
Lowpass (midrange): 5,700 Hz at 12 dB/octave
Linkwitz Riley
Highpass (treble): 5,200 Hz at 12 dB/octave Linkwitz
Riley
The only ltering on the board is mentioned above,
and in essence are elementary highpass and
lowpass lters common in any two-way crossover
design. As noted above, there is no board-mounted
equalization specic to one brand or type of
midrange or tweeter, or common of competitor’s
designs where equalization correction (ltering) is
added. The L2x can be used with any number of
drivers we produce.
The L2x passive crossover networks incorporate
super high quality and low tolerance metalized
polypropylene lm capacitors, air-core inductors,
and low tolerance non-inductive resistors. No
output level switches were used in the passive
crossover design because switches add a resistive
eect and are typically of extremely low quality.
Additionally, “jumper pins”add an unnecessary
pair of splices in the signal path to the tweeter, and
were not included in our design either. Rather, all
tweeter level adjustments are done on the board
level with dedicated non-inductive resistors;
tweeter attenuation is accomplished by selecting
the appropriate output (-3 dB, 0 dB, or +3 dB) on the
passive crossover circuit board. The components
selected are complimentary and ensure no
appreciable signal degradation between the input
and output side of the crossovers. Likewise, the
capacitors and inductors are arranged on the
board to reduce the coupling between circuits and
electromagnetic interference by basic physical
separation, while still keeping the footprint size
of the circuit board small. Finally, the use of 12
dB/octave lters on both low pass and high pass
minimizes phase-related distortion typical of
crossovers with mismatched orders, and ensures
relative phase-coherency.
L2x Cont’d on following page...
Legatia Pro
Speaker
Design
© Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200 © Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200
18 19

L2x Two-Way Passive
Crossover
Connection
The L2x has convenient spring-loaded terminals for
wire connection. Bare wire can be twisted tightly
and inserted into the spring-loaded terminal;
however Hybrid Audio recommends that the wire
be tinned with solder to avoid oxidation, fraying,
and to promote a better connection. The following
is the connection nomenclature on the L2x, from
left to right on the circuit board:
+WF Woofer positive input from amplier
IN - Woofer negative input from amplier
+WF Woofer positive output to Hybrid Audio
Technologies midbass or midrange positive terminal
OUT - Woofer negative output to Hybrid Audio
Technologies midbass or midrange negative
terminal
+ TW Tweeter positive input from amplier
IN - Tweeter negative input from amplier
HI + Tweeter positive output to Hybrid Audio
Technologies tweeter positive terminal, +3 dB
setting
MID + Tweeter positive output to Hybrid Audio
Technologies tweeter positive terminal, 0 dB setting
LOW + Tweeter positive output to Hybrid Audio
Technologies tweeter positive terminal, -3 dB
setting
TW - Tweeter negative output to Hybrid Audio
Technologies tweeter negative terminal
NOTE: the L2x is a bi-wired crossover, meaning the
crossover has two sets of inputs for use with two
two-channel ampliers or a four-channel amplier.
If you wish to not use two two-channel ampliers
or a four-channel amplier, and use only one
two-channel amplier instead, simply “bridge”the
connections between + WF and + TW and IN – and
IN – with two short strands of insulated wire.
Once all speakers are installed, you will need to
do a brief listening test with high-quality music
that you are intimately familiar with to determine
which tweeter attenuation you desire. Be sure
that all equalization, bass, and treble levels are
defeated or set to “zero”on the source unit before
evaluating the intensity of the tweeters with respect
to your midrange/midbass level and your listening
taste. Note also, after approximately 25 hours, the
speakers will begin to“break in”, like any mechanical
component, and intensities may need to be
re-adjusted again. In other words, the midbass
need to be broken in with typical play-time before
nal tweeter attenuation is set. You may nd that
after break-in, the tweeter intensity will need to be
re-adjusted.
Mounting
Choose your L2x mounting location carefully. The
L2x contains parts that are susceptible to damage
through repeated shock, moisture, and electromag-
netic interference. For example, it is advisable to
install the passive crossovers inside the passenger
compartment versus the door, since the door is
exposed to repeated opening and closing “shock”
which may damage the delicate passive crossover
components, or cause soldered joints to break over
time. Likewise, moisture may be present in a door
installation. Finally, if you are mounting the passive
crossovers in the kick panels or dashboard, be sure
to keep the networks away from any noise-inducing
device within the vehicle, such as factory ECU’s,
auto transmission control ECU’s, BCM’s, alternator
eld/stator wiring, and numerous other devices.
Readers note: be mindful of the location of throttle,
brake, and clutch pedals when you are selecting a
mounting location and where to route the speaker
wiring.
If the only option for crossover mounting is in
the door, it would typically be prudent to install
the passive crossovers immediately adjacent to
the midbass location to keep speaker wiring and
connections short and allow access to the OEM
wiring, if it is used, without having to extend it and
creating an additional resistive splice in the wire.
If you must install the L2x in the door, DO NOT
MOUNT THE CROSSOVER INSIDE THE DOOR CAVITY!
Rather, install the networks on the same mounting
plane as the midbass, toward the passenger
compartment, and behind the OEM door panel/skin,
so as to not expose the delicate electronic parts
contained within to moisture inside the door cavity.
Once an adequate spot for mounting the L2x is
found, securely mount the crossover networks using
the supplied screws. Before any cutting, drilling, or
insertion of screws, check the clearance of the panel
from behind to verify that you won’t be damaging
existing wiring, window or door lock motors,
window tracks and the windows themselves, and
etc.
Summary
The Legatia L2x is an exceptional-quality two-way
passive crossover device that can be used with any
Hybrid Audio speaker system to accommodate
any number of dierent bespoke system designs.
At home in virtually any arrangement, the L2x is
Hybrid Audio Stage V high-end two-way passive
crossover, boasting exceptional performance and a
design philosophy that goes hand in hand with true
high-delity playback.
L3x on following page...
Although the Legatia
L2x is listed in the Stage
V Legatia series, it has
multiple complimentary
uses for Legatia Pro
products as well, given the
complimentary crossover
topology and use of
low-tolerance, asymmetri-
cally-aligned componentry
and lack of board-mounted
equalization
Legatia Pro
Speaker
Design
© Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200 © Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200
20 21

L3x Three-Way
Passive Crossover
History
The Legatia L3x topology is loosely based o of the
Legatia L2x crossover topology. It’s no secret that
Hybrid Audio Technologies highly recommends the
use of active crossovers that are set-up and adjusted
by an industry specialist, such as a master tuner, or
a highly-qualied car audio shop installer (please
read any number of White Papers on the subject of
passive crossovers on the www.hybrid-audio.com/
downloads.htm web page). In some cases, however,
using active crossovers is not a viable option, so
we designed and manufactured the Legatia L3x to
allow for easy Legatia installations, especially when
multiple amplier channels and/or adequate active
crossover processing was not available in the car
audio installation.
The L3x can be used for virtually any Legatia
three-way passively crossed-over systems, or used
in conjunction with other Hybrid Audio products to
create a truly“bespoke” three-way system.
Key Issues in Passive Crossover Design
Before highlighting the L3x’s design attributes, there
are certain key issues in passive crossover design
that the end-user should be aware of. For years,
vocal manufacturers have coerced the consumer
into believing that capacitors, coils, and resistors
are not only desirable, but are a requirement. One
notable “high-end” speaker manufacturer boasts
that they spend “months” working on crossover
designs to ‘enhance’ their speakers. To ‘enhance’
means to add considerable ltering to x speaker
response anomalies, aka poor speaker designs.
Our speaker design philosophy is to spend the
time and resources necessary to make the speakers
exceptional in the design phase, and then use
simpleton ltering to protect only for thermal
protection at resonance and provide the desired
frequency response. It is our philosophy that the
passive crossover should not contain any level of
equalization; none of our designs, in any series, use
crossovers that contain any form of equalization
beyond simple tweeter attenuation. We believe
in making the speaker great, not trying to x
a poor speaker with ltering and attenuation.
There’s no crossover in the world that can make a
poorly-designed speaker sound good. This is why
there’s a relatively simpleton, high-quality crossover
topology employed on the Legatia L3x crossover,
with no additional board-mounted equalization.
And this is also why we implore you to use our
world-class speaker systems in concert with the L3x.
Attributes
The Legatia L3x is a bi-amplied three-way passive
crossover for use with virtually any midrange,
midbass and tweeter pairing Hybrid Audio
manufactures. The following are the L3x’s design
attributes:
Filter Set
The L3x is a bi-wired three-way passive crossover
that has the following lters:
Lowpass (midbass): 300 Hz at 12 dB/octave Linkwitz
Riley
Bandpass (midrange): 300 Hz to 6,000 Hz at 12 dB/
octave Linkwitz Riley
Highpass (treble): 6,000 Hz at 12 dB/octave Linkwitz
Riley
The only ltering on the board is mentioned above,
and in essence are elementary highpass, bandpass,
and lowpass lters common in any three-way
crossover design. As noted above, there is no
board-mounted equalization specic to one brand
or type of midrange or tweeter, or common of
competitor’s designs where equalization correction
(ltering) is added. The L3x can be used with any
number of drivers we produce.
The L3x passive crossover networks incorporate
asymmetrically arranged super high quality and low
tolerance metalized polypropylene lm capacitors,
air-core inductors, and low tolerance non-inductive
resistors. Even the massive lowpass and bandpass
capacitors are super high-quality polypropylene
capacitors, nearly unheard of by today’s standards.
No output level switches were used in the passive
crossover design because switches add a resistive
eect and are typically of extremely low quality.
Additionally, “jumper pins”add an unnecessary
pair of splices in the signal path to the tweeter,
and were not included in our design either.
Rather, all tweeter level adjustments are done
on the board level with dedicated non-inductive
resistors; tweeter attenuation is accomplished
by selecting the appropriate output (-3 dB, 0 dB,
or +3 dB) on the passive crossover circuit board.
Likewise, midrange attenuation is accomplished
by selecting the appropriate output (0 dB or -3 dB).
The components selected are complimentary and
ensure no appreciable signal degradation between
the input and output side of the crossovers.
Likewise, the capacitors and inductors are arranged
on the board to reduce the coupling between
circuits and electromagnetic interference by basic
physical separation, while still keeping the footprint
size of the circuit board small. Finally, the use of
12 dB/octave lters on both low pass and high
pass minimizes phase-related distortion typical of
crossovers with mismatched orders, and ensures
relative phase-coherency.
L3x Cont’d on following page...
Although the Legatia
L2x is listed in the Stage
V Legatia series, it has
multiple complimentary
uses for Legatia Pro
products as well, given the
complimentary crossover
topology and use of
low-tolerance, asymmetri-
cally-aligned componentry
and lack of board-mounted
equalization
Legatia Pro
Speaker
Design
© Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200 © Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200
22 23

L3x Three-Way
Passive Crossover
Connection
The L3x has convenient spring-loaded terminals for
wire connection. Bare wire can be twisted tightly
and inserted into the spring-loaded terminal;
however Hybrid Audio recommends that the wire
be tinned with solder to avoid oxidation, fraying,
and to promote a better connection. The following
is the connection nomenclature on the L3x, from
left to right on the circuit board:
+WF Woofer positive input from amplier
IN - Woofer negative input from amplier
+WF Woofer positive output to Hybrid Audio
Technologies midbass or midrange positive
terminal
OUT - Woofer negative output to Hybrid Audio
Technologies midbass or midrange negative
terminal
+M/TW Midrange and tweeter positive input from
amplier
IN - Midrange and tweeter negative input from
amplier
+M/H Midrange positive output to Hybrid Audio
Technologies midrange positive terminal, 0
dB setting
+M/L Midrange positive output to Hybrid Audio
Technologies midrange positive terminal, -3
dB setting
+T/H Tweeter positive output to Hybrid Audio
Technologies tweeter positive terminal, +3 dB
setting
+T/M Tweeter positive output to Hybrid Audio
Technologies tweeter positive terminal, 0 dB setting
+T/L Tweeter positive output to Hybrid
Audio Technologies tweeter positive terminal, -3
dB setting
TW - Tweeter negative output to Hybrid Audio
Technologies tweeter negative terminal
NOTE: the L3x is a bi-wired crossover, meaning the
crossover has two sets of inputs for use with two
two-channel ampliers or a four-channel amplier.
If you wish to not use two two-channel ampliers
or a four-channel amplier, and use only one
two-channel amplier instead, simply “bridge”the
connections between + WF and + M/T and IN – and
IN – with two short strands of insulated wire.
Once all speakers are installed, you will need to
do a brief listening test with CD-quality music
that you are intimately familiar with to determine
which midrange and/or tweeter attenuation you
desire. Be sure that all equalization, bass, and treble
levels are defeated or set to“zero” on the source
unit before evaluating the intensity of the tweeters
with respect to your midrange/midbass level and
your listening taste. Note also, after approximately
25 hours, the speakers will begin to “break in”, like
any mechanical component, and intensities may
need to be re-adjusted again. In other words, the
midbass and midrange need to be broken in with
typical play-time before nal midrange and tweeter
attenuation is set. You may nd that after break-in,
the midrange and/or tweeter intensity will need to
be re-adjusted.
Mounting
Choose your L3x mounting location carefully. The
L3x contains parts that are susceptible to damage
through repeated shock, moisture, and electromag-
netic interference. For example, it is advisable to
install the passive crossovers inside the passenger
compartment versus the door, since the door is
exposed to repeated opening and closing “shock”
which may damage the delicate passive crossover
components, or cause soldered joints to break over
time. Likewise, moisture may be present in a door
installation. Finally, if you are mounting the passive
crossovers in the kick panels or dashboard, be sure
to keep the networks away from any noise-inducing
device within the vehicle, such as factory ECU’s,
auto transmission control ECU’s, BCM’s, alternator
eld/stator wiring, and numerous other devices.
Readers note: be mindful of the location of throttle,
brake, and clutch pedals when you are selecting a
mounting location and where to route the speaker
wiring.
If the only option for crossover mounting is in
the door, it would typically be prudent to install
the passive crossovers immediately adjacent to
the midbass location to keep speaker wiring and
connections short and allow access to the OEM
wiring, if it is used, without having to extend it and
creating an additional resistive splice in the wire.
If you must install the L3x in the door, DO NOT
MOUNT THE CROSSOVER INSIDE THE DOOR CAVITY!
Rather, install the networks on the same mounting
plane as the midbass, toward the passenger
compartment, and behind the OEM door panel/skin,
so as to not expose the delicate electronic parts
contained within to moisture inside the door cavity.
Once an adequate spot for mounting the L3x is
found, securely mount the crossover networks using
the supplied screws. Before any cutting, drilling, or
insertion of screws, check the clearance of the panel
from behind to verify that you won’t be damaging
existing wiring, window or door lock motors,
window tracks and the windows themselves, and
etc.
Summary
The Legatia L3x is an exceptional-quality three-way
passive crossover device that can be used with any
Hybrid Audio speaker system to accommodate
any number of dierent bespoke system designs.
At home in virtually any arrangement, the L3x is
Hybrid Audio Stage V high-end three-way passive
crossover, boasting exceptional performance and a
design philosophy that goes hand in hand with true
high-delity playback.
Although the Legatia
L2x is listed in the Stage
V Legatia series, it has
multiple complimentary
uses for Legatia Pro
products as well, given the
complimentary crossover
topology and use of
low-tolerance, asymmetri-
cally-aligned componentry
and lack of board-mounted
equalization
Legatia Pro
Speaker
Design
© Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200 © Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200
24 25

L1 Pro L3 Pro
Overall Diameter Φ58 mm Φ99 mm
Mounting Depth 30 mm 44 mm
Mounting Hole φ85 mm
Mounting Methodology Surface-mount tweeter with standard-pitch M47.5 X 8mm
thick knurled thread aluminum adapter to secure the
tweeter body from the rear.
Surface-mount midrange with standard-pitch M99 X 4mm
thick knurled thread aluminum adapter to secure the mid-
range body from the rear.
Construction Solid machined aluminum with integrated polypropylene
rear cap and push terminals .
Solid machined aluminum with integrated polypropylene
rear cap and push terminals.
Distortion <5% max at rated power input, no crossover <5% max at rated power input, no crossover
Magnet Diameter and Construction Φ24.5 × 3 H NdFeB Φ49.5 X 5mm H NdFeB
Recommended Minimum Crossover Frequency 2,000 Hz at 24 dB/octave highpass 400 Hz at 24 dB/octave highpass
Pnom Rated Power Input (No Crossover) 20 watts (AES Standard) 30 watts (AES Standard)
Pmax Rated Power Input (No Crossover) 40 watts (AES Standard) 60 watts (AES Standard)
Pmax (With Recommended Minimum Crossover) 100 watts 80 watts
Resonance Frequency (Fs) 700 Hz 249 Hz
Frequency Range 700 Hz – 32,000 Hz, +/- 3 dB 249 Hz – 13,000 Hz, +/- 3 dB
Sensitivity 93.5 dB at 2.83V/1meter 94 dB at 2.83V/1meter
Impedance 4Ω 4 Ω
DC Resistance 3.6Ω 3.0 Ω
Voice Coil Diameter 25.5 mm (1-inch) 50.5 mm (2-inch)
Qms 2.842 2.349
Qes 2.113 0.657
Qts 1.212 0.513
Krm 175.5 nΩ
Erm 1.325
Kxm 14.545 μH
Exm 1.004
Legatia Pro
Component
Speakers
Specications & Parameters
© Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200 © Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200
26 27

Legatia L1 Pro
Mechanical Drawing
Legatia L3 Pro
Mechanical Drawing
© Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200 © Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200
28 29

Legatia L2x
Mechanical Drawing Legatia L3x
Mechanical Drawing
© Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200 © Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200
30 31

Legatia L3 Pro
Frequency Response Graph
Legatia L1 Pro
Frequency Response Graph
© Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200 © Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200
32 33

Legatia L2x Frequency Filter Plot Legatia L3x Frequency Filter Plot
© Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200 © Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200
34 35

Lesson Two: Equalization of Pathlength Dierences
Quite possibly the most important functional consideration that a do-it-yourself enthusiast or professional
installer should give to the Legatia Pro speaker placement is to optimize, as best as possible, pathlength
dierences (PLD’s) in the vehicle. PLD’s are dened mathematically as follows (this example assumes a
right-hand drive vehicle---PLD’s are always a positive number):
X – Y = Z
Where:
X = distance of the center of the left speaker from your left ear.
Y = distance of the center of the right speaker from your right ear.
Z = pathlength dierence.
Applying this formula, assume that the distance of the left speaker from your left ear is 140cm, and the
distance of the right speaker from your right ear is 100cm, the pathlength dierence is 40cm.
Good stereo imaging is completely dependent on arrival times of the fundamental vocal frequencies.
Dierences as little as 10 microseconds can be detected by the brain. A PLD of 30 centimeters equates to
the sound from the nearest channel arriving about 0.9 milliseconds earlier than the furthest channel. It is
Hybrid Audio’s opinion that the end-user should try to keep PLD’s to less than 30 centimeters in a vehicle
which is intended to have good imaging and staging character from both seated positions.
The best way to go about evaluating certain locations in your vehicle is, in general, to look for the potential
locations as far forward and away from you as possible, but still with a general “line of sight” to the speakers
(particularly the speaker on the far side of the vehicle). An easy way to test various potential locations is
to hold a tape measure or other measurement device from the potential speaker mounting locations, and
measure those locations with respect to your ears.
Reference the gure, below. In this scenario, three potential locations for the mounting of the Legatia Pro
midrange driver are shown:
Advanced System Installation
Hybrid Audio Technologies has prepared a more advanced topical discussion of Legatia Pro
installation techniques, concepts, and principals, where a little bit of additional installation work
can net immense gains in overall sound quality.
There are certainly many things you can do to improve your mobile audio system, such as addition
of amplication, a dedicated subwoofer system, higher-gauge speaker wire, and higher-end
passive crossovers, and active crossovers. All of these things require an additional amount of
monetary investment into your audio system, and may not net the immediate gains that other,
more elementary installation items can net. The following discussion is pertinent to easy and
cost-eective enhancements you can do for your audio system, particularly as it relates to the
installation of Legatia Pro component speakers.
In any mobile audio system, the weakest link will always be the speaker systems, followed closely
by installation techniques (sometimes its vice-versa). Since the Legatia Pro component speakers
you have purchased has solved the rst issue, the second issue, that being installation techniques,
can see a signicant improvement as well by understanding and incorporating some or all of the
techniques in the following sections.
Lessons Learned
We like to call this our“Lessons Learned”section, where we expose some critical lessons that we
have learned through thousands upon thousands of hours of trial and error:
Lesson One: O-Axis Response
When a speaker system like the Legatia Pro is placed in an automotive environment, we hear the
direct (shortest path) and reected (longer path) sounds, such as resonances and reverberations.
The two sounds are processed by the brain as one sound, and this inuences our perception of
height, width, and depth of soundstage, as well as rearward ambience. For this reason, the o-axis
radiation pattern of any speaker in a vehicular environment has a signicant inuence on how
natural the music sounds.
The lesson to learn here is that most mobile audio sound systems benet greatly from having the
front stage speakers at least partially “o-axis.” O-axis means that the speakers are not pointing at
you, but rather at some angle less than 90 degrees away from you.
© Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200 © Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200
36 37

A sound wave approaching the eardrum from your chosen speaker location is shaped by
interactions with the size and shape of your head, torso, and outer ear, resulting in the HRTF.
More specically, the HRTF is the ratio between the sound pressures of the wave at the eardrum,
as compared to the sound pressure that would exist at the center of the head if the head were
removed. In general, the sound arriving at the ear further from the source is attenuated and
delayed relative to the sound arriving at the ear closer to the source. This generates an interaural
intensity dierence (IID) and an interaural time delay (ITD). As a sound approaches the head, the
ratio of distances from the speaker location to the near and far ears increases, and the eects of
head-shadowing are amplied, causing the IID to increase. The spectral shaping caused by the
head and the shape of the outer ear may also change. The ITD, which results from the absolute
dierence in path length from the source to the ears, remains approximately constant as distance
decreases. From this we learn:
• ITD is the dominant factor for frequencies below about 500 Hz;
• A combination of ITD and IID are dominant for frequencies between approximately 500 Hz and
2,000 Hz; and
• IID, in concert with HRTF, are dominant above about 2,000 Hz.
These are generalizations, and are subject to the size and shape of one’s head and torso, and size
and shape of the outer ear (the folds and ridges of the ear), but in general, the above is a good
guideline for establishing ITD, IID and HRTF thresholds for the human auditory system.
Because the Legatia Pro midrange’s ability to play into the sub-400 Hz range, an eect clearly
dominated by ITD, up to and including frequencies exceeding 6,000 Hz, an eect clearly
dominated by IID and HRTF, placement of this driver is extremely important. The driver should be
placed as far forward as possible in the vehicle to optimize ITD. Lateral (forward to back) placement
is much more important than horizontal placement (up and down). This is because of the brain’s
ability to process sounds such as spectral envelope cues, and use a phenomenon known as the
“precedence eect”; the brain can be easily “fooled” into thinking a sound stage is high with kick
panel or oor-mounted speakers (a word to the wise: the best place to put a set of speakers is not
always“up high”, as most vehicles do not oer an amicable location in the dashboard or a-pillars for
good image placement for both seated passengers, especially in the critical frequencies sub-500
Hz). In addition to the time equalized placement of the drivers, the end-user must also consider
that above approximately 2,000 Hz, intensity plays a key role in good sound staging and imaging.
Therefore, the Legatia Pro midrange’s should be placed in an area where intensity dierences can
be equalized, either mechanically or electronically, to ensure good imaging and sound staging.
The lesson to be learned is that, like Lesson Two, the Legatia Pro midrange should be placed as far
forward from your listening position as possible, and every eort should be made to optimize time
and intensity domain characteristics of the installation.
Lesson Two: Equalization of Pathlength Dierences (Continued)
In scenario “a”, we show the installation of the Legatia Pro midrange in the dashboard or high in a
door panel. As you can see from the diagram, the PLD’s between the left and right speakers are
large, due to the proximity of the listener to the near-side speaker. While the mounting of primary
drivers in the dashboard or a-pillars has become increasingly popular, this conguration will
undoubtedly require both time and intensity domain equalization in most vehicles to ensure a
good, focused center image, properly located in the center of the vehicle for one seated position.
There are, however, some rare exceptions, and you may actually nd that the dashboard locations
provide the best equalized PLD of the available mounting locations; this is very rare though – in
our experience, less than one percent of vehicles on the market today have optimized dashboard
speaker locations for the midbass drivers.
In scenario “b”, a typical door installation location is shown, and in many vehicles represents a
good improvement in PLD’s from the dashboard, high in the door panel, and a-pillar location
identied in scenario “a.”The door speaker installation scenario is the one detailed in the basic
installation section at the beginning of this manual, and in most vehicles represents a satisfactory
location to mount speakers; not ideal but satisfactory. The door speaker installation scenario will
likely also require some amount of time and intensity equalization to ensure a centered image in
most vehicles; this can be as simple as adjusting the balance control on your source unit, to more
advanced ways of digital time and intensity manipulation.
The third and nal potential mounting location as shown in this diagram (scenario “c”) represents
a kick panel installation, where the midbass are placed far forward in the A-frame cavity of the
kick panels, present in most vehicles. The kick panels are the small panel next to the throttle and
brake pedals, down by your feet. While it is not immediately obvious looking at a two-dimensional
drawing, in many cases the kick panel location aords the best equalization of pathlength
dierences for most vehicles. And the reason why this is a good choice for most vehicles is dened
in the second full paragraph of Lesson Three, below.
The lesson to be learned here is that by taking a few moments to evaluate the potential mounting
locations in your vehicle, in a very short period of time, you will be able to nd the best location for
your Legatia Pro midrange by determining the location with the smallest PLD.
Lesson Three: The Eect of HRTF, ITD, and IID
Head-related transfer function (HRTF), interaural intensity dierences (IID), and interaural time
delay (ITD) all play a key role in the optimum placement location for the Legatia Pro component
speakers.
.
© Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200 © Hybrid Audio Technologies • Cumming, GA • 770.888.8200
38 39