Mimomax TORNADO X User manual

Product Manual for Tornado X and Tornado XR
1
PRODUCT MANUAL FOR
TORNADO X & TORNADO XR
Issue 1 – June 2021
This document contains proprietary information and
must not be provided or copied to third parties without
express permission from Mimomax Wireless Ltd
FCC ID:XMK-MMXTRNXB001

Product Manual for Tornado X and Tornado XR
2
Mimomax Wireless Ltd
Issue 1 – June 2021
Product Manual for Tornado X and Tornado XR
Copyright © 2021 Mimomax Wireless Ltd.
Disclaimer
While precaution has been taken in the preparation of this literature and
it is believed to be correct at the time of issue, Mimomax Wireless Ltd
assumes no liability for errors or omissions or for any damages resulting
from the use of this information. Due to a policy of continuous technical
improvement, the contents of this document and any specifications
contained therein are subject to revision and may change without notice.

Product Manual for Tornado X and Tornado XR
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WARRANTY
Mimomax Wireless Limited ("Mimomax”) warrants for a period of 12 months from the date of delivery that its hardware items
("Equipment") will be free from defects due to defective design, workmanship or materials subject the conditions below
("Warranty").
CONDITIONS OF WARRANTY
This Warranty is strictly subject to the following conditions:
(a) Mimomax will not be liable for breach of Warranty unless the customer (i) notifies Mimomax of the alleged defects
within 30 days after the defect would have become reasonably apparent, and (ii) promptly returns the Equipment
carriage paid with a full written report on the alleged defects.
(b) The Warranty is not transferable.
(c) Mimomax's liability under this Warranty is dependent on an assessment by Mimomax to determine and validate the
defect in design, workmanship or materials.
(d) The customer shall refund to Mimomax the cost to Mimomax of any replacement, repair or redelivery of any Equipment
effected by Mimomax where the failure is not within the terms of this Warranty.
(e) Mimomax does not guarantee that any service performed under this Warranty will be carried out within any particular
timeframe.
(f) To the fullest extent permitted by law, Mimomax's liability under this Warranty is limited to (at Mimomax's option)
replacing or repairing the Equipment or the relevant part thereof without charge provided that its liability shall in no
event exceed the purchase price of the Equipment or the relevant part thereof. Where Mimomax authorises the
customer to undertake Warranty repairs, no reimbursement will be made in respect of labour.
GENERAL EXCLUSIONS
Mimomax shall not be liable under this Warranty:
(a) where the Equipment has not been stored, installed, maintained and used properly having regard in particular to
Mimomax's and (if any) other agreed applicable specifications and instructions including (without limitation) in relation
to the installation of engineering changes or enhancements;
(b) where the Equipment has not been used in accordance with interference-free power, suitable environment (including
but not limited to free from electronic or radio interference and pests) and correct maintenance of the Equipment;
(c) for third party interference, fair wear and tear, abuse, damage or misuse, correction or repairs or modifications made
other than by Mimomax or any repairs required due to events beyond the control of Mimomax;
(d) for abnormal conditions (electrical, thermal, chemical or otherwise), including (without limitation) factors outside the
operational parameters for the Equipment;
(e) for any defect caused by or arising from use of any software not licensed or supplied by Mimomax, or otherwise caused
by or arising from the customer's acts or omissions.
LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
Except as set out in this Warranty and to the maximum extent permitted by law:
(a) all warranties, conditions, liabilities and obligations with respect to any Mimomax product, software or services
(including as to merchantability, description quality, or fitness for a specific purpose) are expressly excluded; and
(b) Mimomax shall not be liable for any losses or damages (whether direct or indirect) including property damage or
personal injury, consequential loss, economic loss or loss of profits or other economic advantage, however caused
which may be suffered or incurred by the customer or any third person, or which may arise directly or indirectly out of or
in respect of any Mimomax product, software or services or by reason of any act or omission on the part of Mimomax.
CUSTOMER ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The customer acknowledges that:
(a) if the Consumer Guarantees Act 1993 ("CGA") applies, this Warranty shall be read subject to customer's rights under
the CGA. Where the customer uses the Equipment for business purposes, the provisions of CGA, or any other relevant
consumer protection legislation, shall not apply;
(b) the Equipment is not designed or intended for use in on-line control of aircraft, air traffic, aircraft navigation or aircraft
communications; intrinsically safe environments or in the design, construction, operation or maintenance of any nuclear
facility. Mimomax disclaims any express or implied warranty of fitness for such uses. The customer will not use or
resell Equipment for such purposes;
(c) any software supplied by Mimomax cannot be tested in every possible permutation and accordingly Mimomax does not
warrant that software supplied will be free of all defects or that its use will be uninterrupted.

Product Manual for Tornado X and Tornado XR
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Table of Contents
1Tornado X System Overview........................................................................................................................... 9
1.1 Network Digital Links (NDL) .................................................................................................................... 9
1.2 Multipoint Digital Links (MDL)................................................................................................................ 10
1.3 Optimized Protection Variant (OPV)...................................................................................................... 11
2Safety Warnings............................................................................................................................................ 13
2.1 Modifications ......................................................................................................................................... 13
2.2 Transmitter Antenna.............................................................................................................................. 13
2.2.1 Tornado X and Tornado XR 700MHz Transmitter Antenna.................................................................. 13
2.3 Safety Distance ..................................................................................................................................... 13
2.3.1 Tornado X and Tornado XR 700MHz Safety Distance.................................................................. 13
2.4 FCC RF Exposure Statement................................................................................................................ 14
2.4.1 Tornado 700MHz FCC RF Exposure Statement ........................................................................... 14
2.5 Electrical Safety Cable Screening ......................................................................................................... 14
2.6 Mains Connection.................................................................................................................................. 15
2.7 FCC 15.19 Statement............................................................................................................................ 15
2.8 FCC 15.105(b) Statement ..................................................................................................................... 15
3Tornado Radio Unit Overview ....................................................................................................................... 16
3.1 Connectors............................................................................................................................................ 16
3.2 Digital Processing System..................................................................................................................... 17
3.2.1 Power Supply ................................................................................................................................ 17
3.2.2 Central Processor Unit .................................................................................................................. 17
3.2.3 FPGA ............................................................................................................................................ 17
3.2.4 Receive Converters....................................................................................................................... 18
3.2.5 Transmit Converters...................................................................................................................... 18
3.2.6 Reference & Clock Synthesisers................................................................................................... 18
3.2.7 Dual Ethernet ................................................................................................................................ 18
3.2.8 Dual Serial..................................................................................................................................... 18
3.2.9 GPIO ............................................................................................................................................. 18
3.2.10 Alarm............................................................................................................................................. 18
3.2.11 Front Panel Leds........................................................................................................................... 18
3.3 Receiver RF/IF Sections ....................................................................................................................... 19
3.3.1 Front End ...................................................................................................................................... 19
3.3.2 Mixer and LO Buffer ...................................................................................................................... 19
3.3.3 IF and AGC Circuitry ..................................................................................................................... 19
3.3.4 Local Oscillator.............................................................................................................................. 19
3.4 Transmitter RF/IF Sections ................................................................................................................... 19
3.4.1 Forward Signal Path...................................................................................................................... 19
3.4.2 Feedback Signal Path ................................................................................................................... 20
3.4.3 Local Oscillator.............................................................................................................................. 20
3.4.4 Internal Duplexer........................................................................................................................... 20

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4Setting Up on the Bench ............................................................................................................................... 21
4.1 Testing the Network Setup.................................................................................................................... 22
5Configuration Control and Monitoring System (CCMS)................................................................................. 24
6Changing Operating Frequency and Power Calibration ................................................................................ 25
6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 25
6.2 Equipment Required: Power Meter ....................................................................................................... 25
6.3 Process Overview ................................................................................................................................. 25
6.4 CCMS Process...................................................................................................................................... 25
6.5 Power Calibration.................................................................................................................................. 27
6.5.1 Calibrating Tx (coarse step) .......................................................................................................... 28
6.5.2 Calibrating Tx (fine step) ............................................................................................................... 28
6.5.3 Complete Calibration of One Tx .................................................................................................... 29
6.5.4 Complete Both Transmitter Calibration ......................................................................................... 29
6.5.5 To Finish Power Calibration, click Done Calibration Fault............................................................. 30
7RSSI Calibration............................................................................................................................................ 31
7.1 RSSI Calibration.................................................................................................................................... 31
7.2 Reference Calibration............................................................................................................................ 32
7.2.1 Equipment Required for Reference Calibration............................................................................. 32
7.2.2 How to Calibrate the Reference .................................................................................................... 32
8Radio Reference Information ........................................................................................................................ 34
8.1 Mechanical Dimensions and Mounting.................................................................................................. 34
8.1.1 Dimensions ................................................................................................................................... 34
8.1.2 Mounting ....................................................................................................................................... 35
8.2 Input and Output ................................................................................................................................... 40
8.2.1 Connectors.................................................................................................................................... 41
8.2.2 LED Behaviour .............................................................................................................................. 41
8.2.3 Essential Power Requirements ..................................................................................................... 42
Electrical Characteristics............................................................................................................................... 45
8.2.4 Interface Ports............................................................................................................................... 47
8.2.5 RF Specification ............................................................................................................................ 49
8.3 Installation ............................................................................................................................................. 53
8.4 Compliances ......................................................................................................................................... 55
9Document History.......................................................................................................................................... 56

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Abbreviations And Acronyms
AC
Alternating Current
ACMA
Australian Communications and Media Authority
ADC
Analogue to Digital Converter
ADPCM
Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation
AFC
Automatic Frequency Control
AGC
Automatic Gain Control
ANT
Antenna
BER
Bit Error Rate
BRU
Base Radio Unit
BW
Bandwidth
CAT
Category
CCMS
Configuration Control & Monitoring Software
CODECS
Coder Decoder
CPU
Central Processing Unit
CRC
Cyclic Redundancy Check
CSV
Comma Separated Value
DAC
Digital to Analogue Converter
DC
Direct Current
DFE
Decision-Feedback Equalizer
DIF
Digital Interface
DPLXR
Duplexer
DPS
Digital Processing System
DRU
Diversity Radio Unit
DSP
Digital Signal Processing
DTE
Data Terminal Equipment
EF
Express Forward
EMC
Electromagnetic Compatibility
ERM
Electromagnetic Compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters
ESD
Electrostatic Sensitive Device
ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
FCC
Federal Communications Commission
FIFO
First In, First Out
FPGA
Field-Programmable Gate Array
FTP
File Transfer Protocol
GND
Ground
GPS
Global Positioning System
GRE
Generic Routing Encapsulation
HPF
High Pass Filter
HSSI
High Speed Serial Interface

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HTML
Hyper-Text Mark-Up Language
IF
Intermediate Frequency
IO
Input Output
IP
Internet Protocol
ITU
International Telecommunication Union
LED
Light Emitting Diode
LNA
Low Noise Amplifier
LO
Local Oscillator
LPF
Low Pass Filter
LRU
Link Radio Unit
MAC
Media Access Control
MCAM
Mimomax Cognisant Adaptive Modulation
MDAP
Mimomax Data Acceleration Protocols
MDIX
Medium Dependent Interface Crossover
MDL
Multipoint Digital Link
MIB
Management Information Base
MIMO
Multi Input Multi Output
MRAP
Mimomax Routing Adaptation Protocols
NDL
Network Digital Link
NIB
Network Interface Board
NTP
Network Time Protocol
OPV
Optimised Protection Variant
OSI
Open System Interconnection
OSPF
Open Shortest Path First
OTAC
Over the Air Configuration
OTAP
Over the Air Programming
PA
Power Amplifier
PC
Personal Computer
PCB
Printed Circuit Board
PECL
Positive Emitter-Coupled Logic
PG
Pulse Shaper Gain
PIF
Power Interface
PIN
P-Type, Intrinsic, N-Type
PLL
Phase Locked Loop
PMR
Private Mobile Radio
PSU
Power Supply Unit
QAM
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QPSK
Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying
RF
Radio Frequency
RFI
Radio Frequency Interference
RRU
Remote Radio Unit
RSSI
Received Signal Strength Indication

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RTP
Real-Time Protocol
RU
Radio Unit
RX
Receive
SCADA
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SEPIC
Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter
SFE
Software Feature Enabler
SMB
Sub miniature Version B
SNMP
Simple Network Management Protocol
SPI
Serial Peripheral Interface
SS
Synchronous Serial
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol
TTR
Time to Repair
TX
Transmit
UART
Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
UDP
User Datagram Protocol
UHF
Ultra-High Frequency
USD
United States Dollar
VCO
Voltage Controlled Oscillator
VCTCXO
Voltage-Controlled Temperature-Compensated Crystal Oscillator
VRMS
Volts Root Mean Square
VRRP
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol
VSWR
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

Product Manual for Tornado X and Tornado XR
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1 TORNADO X SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Mimomax Tornado X delivers the next generation of high performance true MiMO narrowband remote radios for
SCADA, Protection and Linking applications. The Tornado X is the market leader for narrowband throughput and
functionality with a full duplex aggregate data rate of up to 640kb/s in 50kHz in its highest modulation mode.
Tornado X radios provide a radio wireless infrastructure for connecting devices used by various applications to
form a network through which IP data, RS-232 serial data or RS485 synchronous serial data can seamlessly flow.
Features include isolated power supply in Tornado X and non-isolated power supply in Tornado XR, full duplex
operation with built in duplexers and supporting a combination of interfaces, with very high scalable data rates,
remote over the air network management, optional SNMP, ModBus and DNP3 support and a very efficient random-
access protocol.
Operating in the licensed frequency bands at 700MHz Upper A-Block, with a wide temperature operating range
and optional waterproof outdoor mount. The Tornado X enables unrivalled performance while maintaining
Mimomax’s renowned reputation for reliability and operational efficiency.
There are two different form factors for Tornado X series: Tornado X and Tornado XR. Tornado X radio can be
configured as Network Digital Links (NDL) and Multipoint Digital Links (MDL) and Optimized Protection Variant
(OPV) of the NDL link. Tornado XR radio can only be configured as Multipoint Digital Links (MDL) remote. The one
Tornado radio platform can be configured differently for the different roles required by these links through the
enabling and disabling of features and functionalities.
1.1 NETWORK DIGITAL LINKS (NDL)
The Mimomax NDL is a highly reliable and robust point-to-point wireless linking solution designed to support PMR
Linking, SCADA and Backhaul applications.
An NDL link is a simple point-to-point over-the-air connection between two Tornado X radios in NDL mode. One is
configured as master, the other as slave. This link allows for very quick data transfer. Modulation can be fixed or
adaptive.
Simple NDL Link Diagram
Utilizing the MiMO technology and full-duplex operation, this narrowband fixed wireless solution provides a reliable
low-error data transport service. A number of internal interfaces are available to support various SCADA
applications and also multichannel, conventional, analogue, simulcast, MPT, P25 and/or TETRA digital networks
in trunked and simulcast configurations.
For PMR applications, a separate high-quality Network Interface Box (NIB) with up to 6 x 32k ADPCM audio
channels plus 9k6 RS232 signalling channel, supports analogue networks.
Multiple links can be cascaded to cope with difficult terrain and very long paths. Different mounting options provide
the much-needed flexibility for varied network requirements. Being fully compatible with the rest of the Mimomax
product types, NDL can be incorporated into the Mimomax MDL (point-to-multipoint) linking solution.
NDL links are well-suited for providing backhaul links between sites in P25, DMR and MPT networks. Each link
can carry multiple voice channels (the number varies with the modulation scheme) and have residual bandwidth
for maintenance tasks. A high priority queue is available to provide EF priority to voice and other critical data over
the link. The following diagram shows a simplified two-site trunked P25 network with an NDL link providing the
backhaul between the remote site and the central site.

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Simplified Two-Site Trunked P25 Network
1.2 MULTIPOINT DIGITAL LINKS (MDL)
The Mimomax MDL is a highly reliable and robust point-to-multipoint wireless linking solution designed for mission-
critical Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Telemetry applications. It consists of one or more
Base Radio Units (BRUs) where each BRU supports up to 354 active Remote Radio Units (RRUs) with largest
settable RRU ID of 356. An exception to it is 4.6.x series which were limited to support up to 135 RRUs while still
maintaining IDs settable between 3 and 356.
The Mimomax MDL supports both native IP and legacy Asynchronous Serial RS232 Remote Terminal Units (RTUs)
by means of optional embedded Terminal Server software. A number of interfaces are available to support various
applications. Additionally, the system is capable of supporting remote outstations simultaneously on different
modulation schemes to accommodate various data rates and link paths.
Very high system gains and good receiver sensitivities mean that it is possible to achieve paths in excess of 100kms
from high radio sites at full speed. Furthermore, any branch of MDL can be extended by using the Mimomax point-
to-point Network Digital Link (NDL) radio communications solution.
Basic Point-to-Multipoint Linking Diagram

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SCADA networks can use MDL links to connect remote RTUs to the central SCADA master. These links can be
cascaded with an NDL link to cope with difficult terrain or very long paths.
SCADA Network Example
1.3 OPTIMIZED PROTECTION VARIANT (OPV)
The Mimomax OPV is a highly intelligent point-to-point radio system that provides complete rural substation
Teleprotection communications solution for both power line protection and SCADA applications. It is designed to
meet CAT I, II and III protection levels. Hence, can be employed to link power line protection relays (e.g. General
Electric L90) within critical network infrastructure.
In addition to providing a low latency, low jitter 64kbps protection channel, it also provides at least 64kbps Ethernet
capacity over the same radio link. The protection relays typically use the radio link to exchange data packets at
64kbps, containing power system voltage and current magnitude and phase angle information. This information is
used to determine whether there is an unexpected event or power loss on the line and to transmit information used
to trip circuit breakers when a line fault is detected.
The interface required for the protection relays is typically synchronous serial using V11 (RS422), X-21 or G703
signaling at 64kbps transmission rate. However, a number of other synchronous serial interfaces can also be
accommodated. Furthermore, multiple layers of security ensure that the mission-critical operations remain highly
secure.
OPV Example Network Diagram

Product Manual for Tornado X and Tornado XR
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Mimomax Tornado OPV-T Synchronous Serial Latency Table

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2 SAFETY WARNINGS
2.1MODIFICATIONS
NOTE: THE GRANTEE IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY CHANGES OR MODIFICATIONS NOT EXPRESSLY
APPROVED BY THE PARTY RESPONSIBLE FOR COMPLIANCE. SUCH MODIFICATIONS COULD VOID THE
USER’S AUTHORITY TO OPERATE THE EQUIPMENT.
2.2TRANSMITTER ANTENNA
Under Industry Canada regulations, this radio transmitter may only operate using an antenna of a type and
maximum (or lesser) gain approved for the transmitter by Industry Canada.
To reduce potential radio interference to other users, the antenna type and its gain should be so chosen that the
equivalent isotropically radiated power (E.I.R.P.) is not more than that necessary for successful communication.
Conformément à la réglementation d'Industrie Canada, le présent émetteur radio peut fonctionner avec une
antenne d'un type et d'un gain maximal (ou inférieur) approuvé pour l'émetteur par Industrie Canada.
Dans le but de réduire les risques de brouillage radioélectrique à l'intention des autres utilisateurs, il faut choisir le
type d'antenne et son gain de sorte que la puissance isotrope rayonnée équivalente (E.I.R.P.) ne dépasse pas
l'intensité nécessaire à l'établissement d'une communication satisfaisante.
2.2.1 TORNADO X AND TORNADO XR 700MHZ TRANSMITTER ANTENNA
Below antennas from Mimomax Wireless are recommended to use with Tornado X and Tornado XR.
Dual Polarized Omni-Directional Antenna 8dBi, 2xN Female
Dual Polarized Compact Panel Antenna 8dBi, 2xN Female
Dual Polarized, MiMO Directional Panel Antenna 9dBi, 2xN Female
Compact Panel Antenna 9dBi, 2xN Female / 2x4.3-10 Female
Compact Panel Antenna 11dBi, 2xN Female / 2x4.3-10 Female
MiMO Low Profile Panel Antenna 12dBi, 2xN Female
MiMO Panel Antenna 16dBi, 2xN Female / 2x4.3-10 Female
MiMO Yagi Antenna (with optional Radome available) 12dBi, 2xN Female
Dual Polarized MiMO Yagi Antenna (with optional Radome available) 15dBi, 2xN Female
According to FCC compliance requirement on maximum E.R.P limitation specified in CFR47 part 27.50, an antenna
with maximum gain of 28.06dBi or 12.83 dBi is allowed to use for 757-758MHz band and 787-788MHz band
respectively. The use of other antennas with higher gain should be combined with tuning down the Tornado X or
Tornado XR transmitter output power to appropriate level to assure the system E.R.P (or E.I.R.P) meets the FCC
requirement.
2.3SAFETY DISTANCE
Minimum Safe Distance from Antenna: To comply with safety requirements for human RF exposure in the USA,
Canada and other countries, no person shall be permitted to remain in the vicinity of the antenna of an operational
Mimomax Tornado system at distances closer than the following:
2.3.1 TORNADO X AND TORNADO XR 700MHZ SAFETY DISTANCE
General Public/Uncontrolled Use: 0.84m when using an 16dBi Panel Antenna with a Mimomax Tornado X or
Tornado XR radio.

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The above distances are based on procedures defined by regulatory standards for equipment operating at
maximum power and 100% duty cycle with a person located directly in front of the antenna in the main radiation
lobe.
2.4FCC RF EXPOSURE STATEMENT
The transmitter must not be co-located or operated in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter. The
equipment complies with FCC RF radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment.
2.4.1 TORNADO 700MHZ FCC RF EXPOSURE STATEMENT
This equipment should be installed and operated with a minimum distance of 105cm between the radiator and any
part of your body.
2.5ELECTRICAL SAFETY CABLE SCREENING
Equipment connected to the protective earthing of the building installation through the mains connection or through
other equipment with a connection to protective earthing - and to a cable distribution system using coaxial cable,
may in some circumstances create a fire hazard. Connection to a cable distribution system has therefore to be
provided through a device providing electrical isolation below a certain frequency range (galvanic isolator, see EN
60728-11).
NOTE: In Norway, due to regulation for installations of cable distribution systems, and in Sweden, a galvanic
isolator shall provide electrical insulation below 5 MHz. The insulation shall withstand a dielectric strength of 1,5
kV r.m.s., 50 Hz or 60 Hz, for 1 min.
Utstyr som er koplet til beskyttelsesjord via nettplugg og/eller via annet jordtilkoplet utstyr - og er tilkoplet et kabel-
TV nett, kan forårsake brannfare. For å unngå dette skal det ved tilkopling av utstyret til kabel-TV nettet installeres
en galvanisk isolator mellom utstyret og kabel-TV nettet.
Utrustning som är kopplad till skyddsjord via jordat vägguttag och/eller via annan utrustning och samtidigt är
kopplad till kabel-TV nät kan i vissa fall medfõra risk fõr brand. Fõr att undvika detta skall vid anslutning av
utrustningen till kabel-TV nät galvanisk isolator finnas mellan utrustningen och kabel-TV nätet.

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2.6MAINS CONNECTION
The Mains connection of the supply providing the DC supply to the Mimomax Tornado X or XR unit shall be either:
•PERMANENTLY CONNECTED EQUIPMENT.
•PLUGGABLE EQUIPMENT TYPE B.
•Or equipment intended to be used in a RESTRICTED ACCESS LOCATION where equipotential bonding
has been applied and which has provision for a permanently connected PROTECTIVE EARTHING
CONDUCTOR and is provided with instructions for the installation of that conductor by a SERVICE
PERSON.
2.7FCC 15.19 STATEMENT
THIS DEVICE COMPLIES WITH PART 15 OF THE FCC RULES. OPERATION IS SUBJECT TO THE
FOLLOWING TWO CONDITIONS: (1) THIS DEVICE MAY NOT CAUSE HARMFUL INTERFERENCE, AND (2)
THIS DEVICE MUST ACCEPT ANY INTERFERENCE RECEIVED, INCLUDING INTERFERENCE THAT MAY
CAUSE UNDESIRED OPERATION.
2.8FCC 15.105(B)STATEMENT
Note: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to
part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference
in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not
installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications.
However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does
cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off
and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
—Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
—Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
—Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.
—Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.

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3 TORNADO RADIO UNIT OVERVIEW
3.1CONNECTORS
The image below shows each of the different connectors The Ethernet connectors are 10/100 Base-Tx connected
to a two-port switch (either port can be used). The operating input voltage range of the power supply is 10.5 to 64
VDC. For Tornado X, the power supply must be able to supply at least 70 watts. For Tornado XR, the power supply
must be able to supply at least 30 watts.
Warning: Do not power up the radio unit without an RF load (attenuator or antenna) connected to each of
the N connectors. Damage to the radio may occur otherwise.
Tornado X Connectors
Tornado XR Connectors
Tornado X radio units can operate as either a Base Radio Unit (BRU) or Remote Radio Unit (RRU) as part of a
Multi-point Digital Link (MDL) system or alternatively as a NDL unit as part of a Network Digital Link (NDL) system.
Tornado XR radio unit can only operate as Remote Radio Unit (RRU) as part of a Multipoint Digital Link (MDL)
system.
The actual mode of operation will depend on the Software Feature Enablers (SFEs) purchased and the product
type configured.
An MDL system consists of one BRU, tuned to one Tx/Rx frequency pair, with a number of RRUs, all tuned to the
corresponding, but opposite, Tx/Rx frequency pair. An NDL system consists of one ‘master’ NDL unit tuned to one
frequency pair with its corresponding ‘slave’ unit tuned to the opposite pair.
Mimomax Tornado X and Tornado XR radios consist of the following modules.

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•Digital Processing System (DPS)
•Transceiver (TRCVR)
•Duplexers (DPLXR)
These modules are described in detail in the sections that follow.
User data (Ethernet or serial) passes from the various interfaces into the Digital Processing System (DPS) where
sophisticated processing takes place to code the data into a MIMO signal. This MIMO signal is created completely
digitally inside the DPS. The DPS then generates two signals at an IF frequency. There are two uncorrelated
signals because ultimately the signals will pass onto separate elements on the antenna. The Intermediate
Frequency (IF) signals are then passed on to the Transmitter module which mixes the signals up to the desired
frequency and also amplifies the signals to the required levels. The signals then pass through the duplexers. The
duplexers are special filters which prevent the transmitted signals from feeding back into the receiver module. Next
the signals are fed to the antenna.
The antenna is a special MIMO antenna which is able to transmit and receive on both the vertical and horizontal
polarisations at the same time. The MIMO antennas are essentially two antennas in one.
On the receive path, the radio signals are picked up by the MIMO antenna and fed through the duplexers and into
the receiver module. The receiver selects the radio frequency to receive and mixes this signal down to an IF. This
IF signal is then sampled by Analogue to Digital Converters (ADCs) on the DPS module. The DPS module then
performs very complex MIMO processing to decode the user data that was sent. This data is then passed to the
appropriate interface.
3.2DIGITAL PROCESSING SYSTEM
The DPS is the heart of the radio unit. It provides an accurate and stable 40MHz system reference clock from which
all the required digital clocks and RF local oscillator frequencies for transmit and receive functions are derived. It
processes signals that have been transmitted or received and provides overall control and monitoring to the rest of
the system via the built-in Configuration, Control and Management Software CCMS software. Power supplies are
also provided by the DPS.
3.2.1 POWER SUPPLY
The power supply operates off a 10.5 to 60 VDC input and generates stable 13.6V, 5.8V, 5.0V, 3.3V, 2.5V,1.8V
1.2V and 18V internal power supply rails, that all the other circuitry runs off.
The base station Tornado has an isolated input power supply, and the Remote Tornado has a non-isolated Power
supply.
3.2.1.1 Tornado X Radio
The input of the power supply is isolated from the rest of the circuitry and the chassis. Input voltage monitoring is
provided via CCMS.
3.2.1.2 Tornado XR Radio
The input of the power supply is non-isolated. Input voltage monitoring is provided via CCMS.
3.2.2 CENTRAL PROCESSOR UNIT
An ARM Cortex A8 based microcontroller is used as the CPU in the DPS board. It uses a reference clock of 26MHz.
The CPU provides external device connectivity through the built-in and external peripherals.
The CPU runs a Linux embedded operating system which provides various services such as scheduling, process
management, memory management, device and resource management, TCP/IP stacks and inter-networking,
applications, user interface, system configuration and control etc. An integral part of the Linux operating system is
the Mimomax specific network driver, which configures the radio unit as a standard Ethernet device.
3.2.3 FPGA
An Altera Cyclone IV Field Programmable Gate Array is used to implement the physical layer TX and Rx signal
processing, MAC layer and signalling protocols on the serial interfaces.

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3.2.4 RECEIVE CONVERTERS
The 45.1MHz analogue IF signals from each receiver channel are fed to a dual 10-bit ADC. The signals are sampled
using a 40MHz clock which is generated from the 40MHz system reference clock. The digital outputs from the ADC
are fed to the FPGA for processing.
3.2.5 TRANSMIT CONVERTERS
The digital transmit signals from the FPGA are fed to a dual 14-bit DAC which uses a clock frequency of 40MHz to
produce the analogue IF signal for each transmitter channel. The IF output is 13.333333MHz. This is chosen in
conjunction with the transmitter local oscillator frequency to minimise the generation of spurious frequencies in the
transmitted RF output spectrum.
3.2.6 REFERENCE & CLOCK SYNTHESISERS
The main system reference clock consists of a low-noise, voltage-controlled, temperature-compensated, crystal
oscillator (VCTCXO) operating at 40MHz. Factory calibration of this oscillator against an external GPS or other
frequency reference is provided by means of a non-volatile sample-and-hold facility which adjusts the VCTCXO
DC control voltage to set the frequency precisely to 40.0MHz. The VCTCXO may also be phase-locked to an
external 10 MHz reference if required. If the external reference input is not in use the internal reference divided
down to 10 MHz can be provided as an output. External reference in/out is provided via an isolated differential
connection on the GPIO connector.
The 40MHz output from the VCTCXO is buffered and distributed to provide low-noise differential reference signals
for the transmitter and receiver local oscillators, transmit DACs, receive ADCs and the FPGA.
The 40MHz output from the VCTCXO also feeds a PLL IC which generates a 26MHz clock for the CPU and a
25MHz clock for the Ethernet controller IC.
3.2.7 DUAL ETHERNET
The Ethernet is provided via a three-port managed Ethernet switch, one port is the internal connection to the CPU,
and the other two ports are available on the RJ45 connectors labelled ‘Eth1’ and ‘Eth2’ on the front panel. The
Ethernet ports are both 10/100BASE-Tx ports, supporting full and half duplex, flow control, auto MDI-X and auto
negotiation.
3.2.8 DUAL SERIAL
The two serial ports, ‘Serial 1’ and ‘Serial 2’ on the front panel, operate as RS232 ports can either operate via a
terminal server application (NDL and MDL) or providing a transparent end to end RS232 connection (NDL only). In
a NDL system the serial ports are also able to provide X-21, RS422, G703, C37.94 or Mimomax HSSI2 via external
interface converters.
3.2.9 GPIO
Four GPIO ports are provided, these are able to be open collector digital outputs capable of withstanding 70 VDC,
and sinking up to 100mA. Or they can be used as either digital or analogue input ports, making use of a 12-bit
Analogue to Digital converter. The direction and mode of each can be set independently.
3.2.10 ALARM
A single set of voltage free change over contacts are provided as an alarm indication, these are current limited to
750mA. The alarm port is also on the GPIO connector.
3.2.11 FRONT PANEL LEDS
LEDs on the front panel indicate Power, RF link status and Alarm. A green LED by the power connector is on when
the internal 3.3 Volt power supply is on. A green LED labelled ‘Link’ is on when a RF link is active. A red LED
labelled ‘Alarm’ flashes during boot up. It will also flash when the alarm is active.

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3.3RECEIVER RF/IF SECTIONS
The receiver has two identical channels, each with separate RF, mixer and IF stages. A common local oscillator
feeds both channels simultaneously. RF input to each channel is by means of a PCB-mounted 50Ω SMB connector.
With the exception of the VCO/synthesiser sections the descriptions below apply equally to either receiver channel.
3.3.1 FRONT END
The Front End starts with the incoming signals fed through a band pass duplexer which provides effective rejection
of out-of-band frequencies beyond the centre frequency (approximately +/-3MHz). Following the filter, is the
receiver Low Noise Amplifier (LNA). This is followed by a fixed image reject filter to remove noise attributed to the
LNA as the majority of image rejection comes from the internal duplexers.
3.3.2 MIXER AND LO BUFFER
The RF signal from the front end is converted down to an Intermediate Frequency (IF) by means of a mixer and
LO Buffer.
3.3.3 IF AND AGC CIRCUITRY
The signal from the mixer feeds a 45.1MHz 4-pole crystal filter. It then passes via a buffer amplifier to a second IF
filter which is a 2-pole crystal unit. This gives a total of 6 poles of analogue IF filtering. Primary rejection of adjacent
channels is provided by post-IF DSP filtering further down the receive chain.
Following the second IF filter are two-stage variable-gain AGC amplifiers which provide >100dB effective gain
adjustment, using a DC control voltage derived from a 10-bit DAC. The balanced output from the second stage
amplifier is fed via an anti-aliasing band pass filter to an analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) and subsequent digital
processing circuitry.
At maximum gain the 45.1MHz IF amplifier chain provides >90dB gain from 1st IF filter input to the balanced IF
output (total receiver gain from RF input to IF output: >100dB). In operation, the post-IF receiver processing circuitry
adjusts the AGC control voltage via the DAC to maintain the signal level into the receiver ADC within its linear
operating region.
3.3.4 LOCAL OSCILLATOR
The receiver local oscillator consists of a programmable fractional-N phase-locked loop (PLL) frequency
synthesiser, using a stable reference frequency from an internal 40MHz temperature-compensated crystal
oscillator located on the DPS PCB. The required local oscillator frequency (i.e. receive frequency minus 45.1MHz)
is programmed by the unit central processing system which controls the synthesiser via a 3-wire serial interface
bus. The frequency is settable in 6.25 kHz increments (5 kHz optional).
The synthesiser control loop incorporates a low noise op-amp active filter and level shifter, the output of which
feeds the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The VCO uses a LC resonator tuned by high-Q varicap diodes to
minimise phase noise and jitter. The required local oscillator frequency ranges from 711.9 to 742.9MHz.
The output of the VCO passes through an RF cascade buffer IC, which amplifies the low-level signal from VCO
whilst providing high reverse isolation to minimise any variations in VCO loading. The output feeds the splitter
network and in turn feed the mixers of each receiver channel.
3.4TRANSMITTER RF/IF SECTIONS
The transmitter has two channels, each with separate RF, up/down converter, and IF stages. The power supplies
and stepped attenuator settings can be independently controlled. A common local oscillator feeds both channels
simultaneously. RF output from each channel is by means of a PCB-mounted 50Ω SMB connector. With the
exception of the VCO/synthesiser sections the descriptions below apply equally to either transmit channel.
3.4.1 FORWARD SIGNAL PATH
The transmitter employs a fixed frequency ‘direct IF’ with single up conversion to the final RF. It includes fixed IF
filters to attenuate DAC spurs. The mixer is a quadrature up converter and also provides an image reject function
due to 90deg phase splitting of the input signal. The adjustment of gain is provided by a 1.5-33.5dB stepped
attenuator programmable in 0.5dB steps. Power amplification follows consisting of devices biased to provide a
reasonably linear characteristic to support the required modulation types. A directional coupler on the PA output
provides a sample of the signal for the feedback path. The PA bias is controlled via DAC outputs. The PA bias

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tracks temperature based on a predefined tracking curve. An ADC monitor measures PA final and drivers current,
forward and reverse power. PA temperature is monitored for each channel by dedicated temperature sensors.
3.4.2 FEEDBACK SIGNAL PATH
The RF signal from the directional coupler has adjustment of gain provided by a 1.5-33dB step attenuator
programmable in 0.5dB steps. The RF signal is down converted to a 13.333333MHz IF feedback signal which is
the same as the forward path signal. This IF signal is amplified and summed with the forward path to close the
transmitter linearizer loop.
3.4.3 LOCAL OSCILLATOR
The transmitter has two local oscillators, a main forward path LO and a reverse path LO which is synchronized with
the main one. The main LO consists of a programmable fractional-N phase-locked loop (PLL) frequency
synthesiser. This uses a stable reference frequency derived from the DPS 40MHz clock. The required local
oscillator frequency (i.e. transmit frequency minus TX IF) is programmed via a serial interface bus from the DPS.
The LO frequency can be set in 5 kHz increments. The secondary LO has an identical VCO as the main LO and a
FPD as a discrete PLL block that controls the secondary VCO to generate appropriate frequency for Tx reverse
path.
The main synthesizer control loop incorporates a low noise op-amp active filter and level shifter, the output of which
feeds the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The VCO uses a LC resonator tuned by high-Q varicap diodes to
minimize phase noise and jitter. The required main local oscillator frequency range is 757MHz to 788MHz (31MHz
total for 700MHz Tornado X and XR). The secondary LO FPD is disciplined by the main LO and a 13.333333MHz
reference clock. The secondary LO frequency range is 743.666666MHz to 774.666666MHz.
The output of the VCOs passes through a resistive attenuator into a buffer amplifier which raises the power level.
This is followed by two Wilkinson splitter networks, resulting in four 50Ω outputs. These outputs feed the up
conversion and down conversion mixers for each of the two transmitter channels.
3.4.4 INTERNAL DUPLEXER
The duplexer takes one receiver and one transmitter and duplexes them onto a single antenna port. Two duplexers
are used in each radio unit. The antenna port connector is a waterproof N-type. Connections to the receiver and
transmitter printed circuit assemblies are made internally via two 50Ω SMB connectors and interconnecting semi-
flexible coax cables. Each duplexer has two band pass filters with notches.
Electrically the two duplexers in each radio unit are identical. Physically they are different and present almost a
mirror image of the other. These are referred to as ‘Channel 1’ for polarization port H and ‘Channel 2’ for polarization
port V. The duplexers cannot be swapped over.