Navitron FD200W User manual

Wind Generator 12Volt
Owners Manual
FOR MODEL FD200W,FD300W,FD500W,FD1KW
T e wind turbine generator system is a state of –t e-art small generator
designed bot to c arge batteries and supply electrical loads in a 24V, 36V or
48v. w en used in conjunction wit a suitable sine wave DC-AC inverter and a
battery bank, t e Yueniao can also supply AC power to ouse appliances.

Specifications
Model FD200W
RATED POWER 200W
MAX POWER 250W
OUTPUTDC
VO TAGE
12V
START WIND SPEED 3,5m/s
RATED WIND
SPEED
6.5m/s
MAX WIND SPEED 40m/s
Cut-Out Wind Speed None
Blade Pitch Control None, Fixed Pitch
Over speed
Protection
Auto Furl
Gearbox None, Direct Drive
emperature Range -40 to +60 Deg. C (-40 to +140 Deg. F)
ROTOR Diameter 2.1m
Rotor speed 450rpm
blade 3
Blade material Reinforced fiber glass
Generator 3 phase permanent magnet alternator
Weight(kg) 30Kg

Wind Power Basics
A. Blades/Rotor System
The rotor system consists of three fibreglass blades. Acting like aircraft wings, the blades convert
the energy of the wind into rotational forces that can drive a generator. The fibreglass blades are
exceptionally strong because they are densely packed with glass reinforcing fibers that run the
full length of the blade. The rotor has three blades because three blades will run much smoother
than rotors with two blades.
B. Alternator
The wind generator is a horizontal axis wind generator. The alternator utilizes
permanent magnets and has an inverted configuration in that the outside
housing(magnet can) rotates, while the internal windings and central shaft are
stationary.
The output from the alternator is three-phase alternating current(ac), but it is rectified
to direct current by the controller which is a part of the system. Since it uses
permanent magnets, the alternator is generating voltage whenever the rotor is turning.
C. Nacelle
The nacelle is the plastic housing around the main body of the machine. It contains
the main structural backbone of the turbine(called the mainframe), the slip-ring
assembly the yaw bearings, and the tower mount. The yaw bearings allow the wind
turbine to freely pivot around the tope of the tower so that the rotor will face into the
wind.
System Operation
A. Normal Operation

The rotor should begin to rotate when the wind speed reaches approximately 3m/s.
(for the first several weeks of operation, however, the start-up wind speed will be
higher because the bearing seals have not wornin.) battery charging should
commence shortly after the rotor spins up to speed. Once turning, the rotor will
continue to turn in lower wind speeds, down to approximately 2.5m/s. the rotor speed
will increase with increasing wind speed and the system will provide a higher output.
This output increase rapidly because the energy available in the wind varies as the
third power(cube) of the wind speed. For example, if the wind speed doubles from
5m/s to 10m/s, the energy in the wind increases by a factor of eight(23=2x2x2=8).
One result of this relationship is that there is very little energy available in light
winds. For the average site, winds in the range of 5.5-9m/s will provide most of the
system annual energy production.
B. Hig Winds – AutoFurl
During periods of high wind speeds the AutoFurl system will automatically protect
the wind turbine. When furled, the power output of the turbine will be significantly
reduced. In winds between 13m/s and 18m/s it is normal for the turbine to repeatedly
furl, unfurl and then furl again. In winds above 18m/s the turbine should remain
continuously furled.
AutoFurl is a simple and elegant method of providing high wind speed protection.
The AutoFurl system is based on aerodynamic forces on the rotor, gravity, and the
carefully engineered geometry of the wind turbine. As shown in Figure, the
aerodynamic forces acting on the blades cause a thrust force pushing back on the
rotor. This force increases with increasing wind speeds. The thrust force acts
through the centreline of the rotor, which is offset from the centreline of the tower
pivot axis(yaw axis). Therefore, the thrust force on the rotor is always trying to push
the rotor over to the side, away from the wind.
But the rotor is kept facing into the wind at speeds up to ～12.5m/s by the wind
turbine tail assembly. The tail, in turn, is kept straight by its own weight because its
pivot at the back of the nacelle is inclined. So the weight of the tail holds it against a
rubber bumper and the tail holds the rotor into the wind.
The geometries in the systems are carefully balanced so that at ～12.5m/s the rotor
force acting on the yaw-offset is large enough to overcome the preset force holding
the tail straight. At this point the rotor will start turning away from the wind or
furling. The tail stays aligned with the wind direction. The speed of furling depends

on the severity of the wind gusts and whether the wind turbine stays furled depends
on the wind speed.
As the wind turbine furls the geometry of the tail pivot caused the tail to lift slightly.
When the high winds subside the weight of the tail assembly returns the whole turbine
to the straight position. The AutoFurl system works whether the turbine is loaded or
unloaded.
The AutoFurl system is completely passive, so it is very reliable and since there are
no wear points, like in a mechanical brake system, it is very robust.
There is one situation in the field, however, that we have found an disrupt the
operation of AutoFurl. If the wind turbine is installed on a sharp hill or next to a cliff
so that the wind can come up through the rotor on an incline(e.g., from below; as
opposed to horizontally) we know that this will affect furling and can produce higher
peak outputs. We strongly recommend avoiding this situation.
The wind generator is designed to survive in wind speeds of up to 90mph.
Components of Wind Energy Systems
The basic components of a typical wind energy system are shown below:
Components of a wind energy system.
These basic components include:
•A rotor, consisting of blades with aerodynamic surfaces. When the wind blows
over the blades, the rotor turns, causing the generator or alternator in the
turbine to rotate and produce electricity.
•A gearbox, which matches the rotor speed to that of the generator/alternator.
The smallest turbines (under 10 kW) usually do not require a gearbox.
•An enclosure, or nacelle, which protects the gearbox, generator and other
components of the turbine from the elements.
•A tailfin or yaw system, which aligns the turbine with the wind.
If you plan on building a horizontal axis wind turbine, you will need a tower on which
to mount the turbine (vertical axis turbines are usually built on the ground).

Several types of towers are available:
•Guyed lattice towers, where the tower is permanently supported by guy wires.
These towers tend to be the least expensive, but take up a lot of space on a
yard. A radio broadcast tower is a good example of a guyed lattice tower.
•Guyed tilt-up towers, which can be raised and lowered for easy maintenance
and repair.
•Self-supporting towers, which do not have guy wires. These towers tend to be
the heaviest and most expensive, but because they do not require guy wires,
they do not take up as much space on a yard.

Wind turbine schematic.
An important factor in how much power your wind turbine will produce is the height
of its tower. The power available in the wind is proportional to the cube of its speed.
This means that if wind speed doubles, the power available to the wind generator
increases by a factor of 8 (2 x 2 x 2 = 8). Since wind speed increases with height,
increases to the tower height can mean enormous increases in the amount of
electricity generated by a wind turbine.

Relationship between wind speed and wind power.
Wind speeds increase with height.
Make sure to check local bylaws about height restrictions for wind turbine towers.
Use a tower approved by the wind turbine manufacturer otherwise the warranty on the
turbine may become invalid. Also ensure the tower is connected to an underground
metal object to ground the tower in case of a lightning strike.
You need a disconnect switch that can electrically isolate the wind turbine from the
rest of the wind energy system. An automatic disconnect switch is necessary to
prevent damage to the rest of the system in case of an electrical malfunction or a
lightning strike. It also allows maintenance and system modifications to be safely
made to the turbine. There are other system components you may choose or need to
purchase. You may need batteries to store excess energy generated by the wind

turbine. Because energy is stored in batteries as DC power, you may need an inverter
to convert power from the batteries to the AC power required to run electrical
appliances in your home.
Diagram of a grid-tied wind electric system.
If your home or farm is connected to the power grid, on windier days you may be able
to "sell" excess power generated by your wind turbine to your utility. Then, at other
times when your turbine cannot generate all the power you need, you would buy
power from the grid. This concept is called "net metering", or "net billing". Net
metering is currently available in most areas of the UK - Contact your local utility for
more information.
Even if net metering is unavailable, you might be able to reduce your power bills by
using the electricity you generate using a grid-connected wind turbine. If you do this,
then you would not have to buy as much electricity from your utility.
If you do connect your wind turbine to the grid, your utility will require a transfer
switch between the wind turbine and the utility line as a well as a two-way meter to
keep track of the energy you have stored in and taken from the power grid. It is very
important that your wind generator meets certain standards and that it does not pose a
risk to your utility's personnel or equipment. It is also important that the quality of
power coming from your turbine adequately matches the electrical characteristics
The performance of a wind turbine is normally described by manufacturers using a
performance curve of power output versus wind speed, called a power curve.

Examples of a power curve for a small wind turbine rated at 1 kW.
What’s the Point of the Wind Generator?
The wind generator harnesses the natural energy of nature to provide a free and
plentiful supply of power. Each kWh of electricity produced from the wind generator
can prevent 1kg of CO2 being emitted into the atmosphere by power stations. In a
windy location, a 1kW generator has the potential to save 9tonnes of CO2 each year.
On average, wind generators probably achieve something like 25-40% of their
potential output throughout the year – as it is not always windy! Even at this level, a
very significant contribution to reducing global warming is made.
Location, location, location!
The wind generator is not magic – it will not produce a good output in all locations.
You must ensure that the wind generator is sited in an area where you have sufficient
wind resource. This requires careful consideration, as obstacles such as trees, houses
and the geography of the landscape can all affect the amount of wind reaching the
generator.
Finding the best possible site for your wind machine is critical and should be done
carefully. The following steps may be carried out when assessing locations for your
wind turbine:
•Observe wind and terrain characteristics
•Measure wind speed at each site being considered
•Check legal restrictions
Site Observation: Your own observation can be useful in assessing the wind energy
potential of your site. It is essential that turbines should be sited away from
obstructions. Wind speed also increases with height so it is best to have the turbine
high up, and most small turbines have towers much higher relative to their diameter
than larger ones. The ideal position for a wind turbine generator is a smooth hilltop.
The wind speeds up significantly near the top of the hill and the airflow should be
reasonably smooth, i.e. free from excessive turbulence. Excessive turbulence may
cause fatigue damage and shortens a turbine’s working life.
As a general rule of thumb, you should install a wind turbine on a tower such that it is
at least 6 ft above any obstacles within 300 ft. Smaller turbines typically go on shorter

towers than larger turbines. We do not recommend mounting wind turbines to small
buildings that people live in because of the inherent problems of turbulence, noise,
and vibration – which travels readily through the structure of a building.
See the diagram below for an example of a good location.
Where you choose to build your wind turbine is important. Remember that if nearby
houses, tree lines and silos obstruct the full force of the wind from your wind turbine,
you will not be able to generate as much power.
Also keep the following in mind:
•Wind speeds are always higher at the top of a hill, on a shoreline, and in places
clear of trees and other structures.
•Remember that trees grow over the years; wind turbine towers do not.
•Inform neighbours of your plans to avoid conflict later on.
•Be courteous. Keep the turbine as far away from neighbours as possible.
Wind speeds tend to be higher on the top of a ridge or hill, and for that reason it is a
good idea to locate wind turbines at hilly locations Just remember to keep your
turbine away from high turbulence. Neighbours must also be taken into consideration
when picking a spot to build your turbine. The farther your wind turbine site is from
neighbouring houses, the better.
Do not expect your wind turbine to generate the same amount of power all the time.
The wind speed at a single location may vary considerably, and this can have a
significant impact on the power production from a wind turbine (Figure 3). Even if
the wind speed varies by only 10%, the power production from a wind turbine can
vary by up to 25%!

Example of wind speed distribution by hour of the day.
Values shown are monthly averages of measurements made by anemometers.
The power in the wind is proportional to the cube of its speed (see Figure 6), a 1,000-
watt turbine rated at 20 m/s will only produce 1/8 of that power at 5 m/s. So, at a wind
speed of 5 m/s, the Mighty Wind will produce 1,000 watts, while the Poo-poo will
only produce 15 watts!
Rather than comparing the rated outputs advertised for different turbines, compare the
swept area of the turbines (see Figure 11). Since the electrical output of a wind
generator is largely a function of its swept area, the larger the swept area of a rotor,
the more electricity the wind generator produces. Doubling the area on the solar
panels that is exposed to the sun can double the electrical energy generated by solar
panels. With wind turbines, swept area works much the same way.
If you do not know the swept areas, you can still make reasonable comparisons
between wind turbines by comparing the rotor diameters of the turbines. A modest
increase in the rotor diameter will lead to significant increases in both the swept area
of a turbine and the amount of electricity that the turbine can generate Please note
that the values for power production shown on are t eoretical values, and only
intended for illustrative purposes. The actual power production from a wind turbine
will be influenced by many other factors, such as: the efficiency that the wind turbine
is able to extract energy from the wind; the elevation at which the turbine is located;
and other design characteristics of the wind turbine.

Theoretical power production for small wind turbines when
the wind speed is 1 m/s.
The 200W unit has a rotor diameter of 2.1m, giving a swept surface area of 3.14m2.
Wiring
Wiring of the wind turbine is very straightforward. The wind generator is a 3-phase
alternator, generating 3-phase AC. This is rectified by the charge controller, which
then feeds DC to the batteries. Once the batteries are fully charged, the charge
controller diverts the excess power to the ‘dump load’ output, where it can be
connected to a resistive heating load. Specially designed resistive air heater dump
loads can be purchased through your supplier, or alternatively, you can connect the
load to some other kind of resistive load. Heater elements designed to be used with
220v, may be used, although they are likely to produce less power than their intended
design.
The wind generator comes attached to a long length of flexible cable. This 3 core
cable should be connected to the charge controller 3-way input. The input is not
colour-coded, as it does not matter which way these are connected, as the 3wires bear
AC current

The charge controller should be connected to the battery via it’s red and black outputs
(red=positive, black=negative). Ensure that you have the correct battery size for your
system (200W units normally utilise 12v batteries . Ensure that the batteries used are
identical types and of identical age. Mixing different types/sizes/ages of battery will
cause all the batteries in the bank to fail prematurely. If you need to replace batteries,
you should replace all at once.
Batteries
You can use any type or size of battery. However, car batteries are not designed to
cope with deep charge/discharge cycles, and so they will not have a long lifespan.
Truck batteries are a little better, and leisure batteries are better still. Dedicated ‘deep
cycle’ batteries are the best option, as they have larger plates, larger gaps between
plates, and more clearance between the plates and the bottom of the battery casing, to
allow greater debris build-up before problems arise. If you are unsure about the
batteries, please contact your supplier, who can advise you further.
T e Inverter(optional)
I. General Introduction
This device transforms the DC power energy into a 220V 50Hz AC power source.
The device produces a modified-sine wave, which is suitable for powering many, but
not all types of equipment.
II. Performance

The inveter incorporates specially designed American micro-processors for control
and German IXYS MOSFET transistors together with Japanese intelligent power
IGBT module (IPM) as the main circuit. This power source has the characteristics of
good transient response, high contra-variant efficiency, stable output voltage and so
on, and has the best EMI index at the same time. This power source is provided with a
series of protection measures such as DC input over-voltage and under-voltage
protection, DC input reversal polarity connection protection, AC output over-voltage,
over-power and short-circuit protection as well as the machine’s internal over-
temperature protection and so on, enabling high performance under all conditions
.
III. Operation Scope
This inverter has been designed and manufactured in line with the characteristics of
renewable energy generating systems, and is mainly used for the wind and solar
power systems.
IV. Caution
1.There is a 220V AC high voltage electricity in the socket of the inverter, please put
it in a place where children cannot reach.
2.Please don’t put the inverter in a damp place; it should be located in an environment
with good ventilation and protected from the elements.
3.When the fan is in operation, please ensure that you keep fingers etc away from its
blades
V. Tec nical Indexes
Model 48v 1000W 36v 500W 24v 300W
D
C
i
n
p
u
t
Rated capacity 1000 W 500 W 300 W
Input rated voltage (VDC) 48 36 24
Allowed scope of input voltage
(VDC)
42-64 31.5-48 21-32
Max input current (A) 16.6 13.8 12.5
No-load input current (A) 0.5 0.3 0.2
A
C
o
u
t
p
u
t
Rated voltage (VAC) 220
Rated frequency (HZ) 50
Overload capacity 120% load 10 Min, 150% load 4 Sec
Voltage stability accuracy
(VAC)
220 ± 3%
Frequency stability accuracy 50 HZ ± 0.2
Power factor (PF) 0.8
Contra-variant efficiency 92 %
Continuous operation time Can operate continuously

E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
Noise (DB, 1 M) < 40
Operation environment
temperature (C)
-10~ ±50
Storage environment
temperature (C)
-20~+70
Operation altitude (M) < 2000
VI. Protective Functions
1.DC under-voltage protection: When the DC voltage is lower than 88% of the rated
voltage, the bias indicator light turns on, the output is blocked; and the output will be
restored automatically after the DC voltage has risen.
2.DC over-voltage protection: When the DC voltage is higher than the rated voltage
by 30%, the bias indicator light will flash, the output is blocked; and the output will
be restored automatically after the DC voltage has lowered.
3.Output short-circuit protection: If by any chance the AC output is short-circuited,
the over-load indicator light turns on and the output is blocked, and the output can be
restored only by turning off the machine and then re-starting it.
4.Output over-load protection: When the output load reaches 120% of the load of
rated power for 10 minutes or reaches 150% of the load of rated power for 4 seconds,
the over-load protection activates.
5.DC input reversal connection protection: When the “+” and “-” of the inverter input
are connected in a reverse way, there will be no output. However, the unit will be
protected against damage, and will function correctly once the wiring fault has been
rectified.
VII. Installation and Operation
DO NOT CONNECT THE WIND TURBINE TO THE INVERTER WITHOUT
CONNECTING BATTERIES. The inverter will not work, and will suffer irreparable
damage.
DO NOT DISCONNECT BATTERIES WHI ST INVERTER IS RUNNING –
permanent damage will occur.
1. Place the switch in position “OFF”.
2. Use a copper wire with a diameter greater than 6MM to connect pole “+” of the
battery with pole “+” of the inverter and pole “-” of the battery with pole “-” of
the inverter.
3. Connect the load with the terminals of “AC 220V” of the inverter.
4. Place the switch in position “ON”.
‘Objectionable’ Aspects of Wind Generators
Being neig bourly
Many people feel strongly about the need to preserve the landscape, views, history,
and peace and quiet of their neighbourhoods. Make sure you discuss your plans to

build a wind turbine with your neighbours. Understand your neighbours' natural fear
of the unknown and be prepared to respond to their concerns.
Some of the concerns raised about wind turbines are untrue. Wind turbines are not, as
many people believe, dangerous to birds. A sliding glass door is more dangerous to
birds than a small wind turbine. The risk can be minimised further by painting the tips
of the blades so that they can be seen easily when spinning fast. Wind turbines have a
very low potential to interfere with radio and television reception. All modern
turbines, large and small, have blades made of fibreglass or wood. These materials are
transparent to electromagnetic waves such as radio and television.
Wind turbine noise
Your neighbours' concerns relating to wind turbine noise are important. No matter the
size of the wind turbine, the potential for turbine noise to bother other people always
exists. Even if a wind turbine does not emit enough sound to violate any noise
regulations, the noise it produces may still be objectionable to other people. Before
building a wind turbine, familiarize yourself with the types of noise your wind turbine
could make:
•Aerodynamic noises may be made by the flow of air over and past the blades
of the turbine. Such noises tend to increase with the speed of the rotor. For
blade noise, lower blade tip speed results in lower noise levels. Of particular
concern is the interaction of wind turbine blades with atmospheric turbulence,
which results in a characteristic "whooshing" sound.
•Mechanical noises may also be produced by components of a wind turbine.
Normal wear and tear, poor component designs or lack of preventative
maintenance may all be factors affecting the amount of mechanical noise
produced.
How loud mig t a wind turbine be?
At a distance of 250 m, a typical wind turbine produces a sound pressure level of
about 45 dB(A) (decibels). As the diagram below shows, this sound level is below the
background noise level produced in a home or office. Most small wind turbines, in
fact, make less noise than a residential air conditioner.
Small wind turbines
The blades rotate at an average range of 175-500 revolutions per minute with some as
high as 1150 rpm. arge turbines turbine blades rotate in the range of at 50-15 rpm at
constant speed, although an increasing number of machines operate at a variable
speed.

Comparison of decibel levels from a hypothetical wind turbine
(from 25 m away) with other sources of noise.
Maintenance
A wind turbine requires periodic maintenance such as oiling and greasing, and regular
safety inspections. Check bolts and electrical connections annually; tighten if
necessary. Once a year check wind turbines and towers for corrosion or cracks and
check the guy wires supporting the tower for proper tension on a monthly basis.
If the turbine blades are wood, paint to protect from the elements. Apply a durable
leading edge tape to protect the blades from abrasion due to dust and insects in the air.
If the paint cracks or the leading edge tape tears away, the exposed wood will quickly
erode. Moisture penetrating into the wood causes the rotor become unbalanced,
stressing the wind generator. Inspect wooden blades annually, and do any repairs
immediately.
After 10 years, blades and bearings may need to be completely replaced. With proper
installation and maintenance, your turbine can last 20-30 years or longer. Proper
maintenance will also minimize the amount of mechanical noise produced by your
wind turbine.