Glossary
HERTZ (Hz)
A measurement of frequency. 1Hz = 1 cycle per second.
HEADROOM
The amount of level (above the nominal operating level) that the
equipment can accommodate before distortion occurs.
IMPEDANCE
Similar to resistance - but includes the effect of circuit capacitance
and inductance which affects AC signals (like audio).
JACK PLUG (SOCKET)
Probably the most widely used connector for audio signals, (see TS
and TRS). 1/4” (6.35mm) jacks are used for professional
applications. 3.5mm and 2.5mm jacks are often found on
‘consumer’ equipment.
KILOHERTZ (kHz)
A measurement of frequency.
1Hz = 1 cycle per second. 1000 Hertz = 1kHz.
LEVEL
The size of a signal, at any given point, in an audio system.
MIC LEVEL
The very small output level of a microphone, typically around 1 to
10 millivolts (mV). A millivolt is 1/1000 of a volt.
LINE LEVEL
A standard reference level (voltage) used to simplify the
interconnection of equipment.
Typically semi pro equipment is -10dBV (100mV) while pro
equipment is usually +4dBu (1.23V) and often balanced.
Line level can be anything from 100mV and 4V (-15 to +15dBu).
MIDI
Musical Instrument Digital Interface. An industry standard which
allows suitably equipped instruments and equipment to
communicate with each other. Often it is used to play a sound
module from a separate keyboard or sequencer.
MIC PREAMP
A very high quality ‘pre-amplifier’ that increases the tiny voltage
from a microphone up the internal operating level of the mixer.
MONO
Single channel sound reproduction (short for monaural).
MONITOR
Either the ability to hear signals within a console or the speakers
used by the performers to hear on-stage.
NOISE
Any sound you didn't want.
OHM
A unit of electrical resistance.
1000 ohms = 1K ohm (or 1000Ω= 1kΩ)
PAN
Control which is used to set the Left to Right balance of a sound in
a stereo mix. Derived from the film industry term (panorama) where
a camera would swing round to follow the action from one side of
the picture to the other and adopted by the sound recordist who
had to do the same with the sound.
PARAMETRIC
A type of equalisation where the frequency and the range of
frequencies (the ‘Q’ factor) is variable in addition to the cut and
boost.
PFL
Pre Fade Listen. A function which allows the operator to monitor
(usually on headphones and on meters) a signal even when the
channel output fader is down at its minimum volume position.
PHONES
Headphones (also known as ‘cans’) .
POST FADE
A signal taken after (post) the fader.
PRE FADE
A signal taken before (pre) the fader.
PHONO (RCA JACK)
A simple, unbalanced two pole connector used for connecting hi-fi
or other line level equipment including some multitrack recorders.
REVERB
Reverberation. A series of very closely spaced echoes which
continue after the original sound has finished. Probably the most
widely used effect in modern recorded music. Clap your hands in a
room and listen to the way the sound fades away; that is
reverberation. Reverb as an effect is generally reproduced by
electronic devices. Churches and concert halls are often specifically
designed to be highly reverberant to enhance the type of music
usually performed there.
REGEN
Regeneration. The control used to increase the amount of artificial
echo or reverb that continues after a sound has finished.
RETURN
The connectors or controls used to bring a signal, that has been
processed externally, back into the mixing console.
SEND
The connectors or controls used to send a signal, to be used
externally, out of the mixing console.
SIGNAL TO NOISE
The ratio used to describe the relationship between the level of a
signal and the background noise that accompanies it.
SHELVING
The characteristic of the type of equalisation where all frequencies
above (or below) the quoted figure are unaffected.
STEREO
Two channel sound reproduction where the two signals are sent to
separate left and right speaker systems.
SWEEP EQ
An EQ system which allows the centre frequency of the cut and
boost control to be adjusted over a wide range to achieve the most
effective results.
TRS
Tip, Ring, Sleeve, (1/4") three pole jack plug. Often referred to as a
stereo jack plug. Used for balanced line signals, insert
(send/return) points and stereo headphones.
TS
Tip, Sleeve, 1/4" two pole jack plug. Often referred to as a mono
jack. Used for unbalanced signals.
UNBALANCED
Two wire connection protocol using one signal and one screen
conductor.
WET
A signal that has been processed using an effects processor.
XLR
A three pin connector widely used for balanced microphones. They
are also used for line level balanced signals and are are sometimes
used for high power amplifier speaker outputs. 4,5 and 6 pin XLRs
also exist for specialist applications.