UNIVAC 9200 User manual

REFEFI r~CE,
UN:I\/A<:
Fe$EI~L SVSTEIViS DIVIS

UNIVAC 9200/9300 Systems
Card As!;;emb1er Programmers Reference
UP-4092 Rev. 2
UPDATING PACKAGE "B"
June 27, 1968
UNIVAC 9200/9300 Systems P.I.Eo Bulletin 11, UP-7535.11, announces the release
and availability of Updating Package ttBII for the {UNIVAC 9200/9300 Systems Card
Assembler Programmers Reference,fI UP-4092 Rev. 2, 25 pages plus 1 Updating Sum-
mary Sheet. This material should be utilized in the following manner:
SECTION
----
Contents
Section 2
Section 3
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
DESTROY FORMER
PAGES NUMBERED
3 Rev.
5 Rev.
7 Rev.
5 & 6
7 & 8
1 &2
1 and 4
1 and 6
1 Rev.
13 Rev. 1 and 14
1
7 Rev. 1 &8 Rev. 1
37 Rev. 1 &
38 Rev. 1
39
1 & 2
3 Rev. 1 &4 Rev. 1
N. A.
*These are backups of revised pages, and remain unchanged.
**These
are new pages.
FILE NEW PAGES
NUMBERED
3 Rev. 1* &4 Rev. 1
5 Rev. 2 & 6 Rev. 2
7 Rev. 2
5* & 6 Rev. 1
7 Rev. 1 & 8*
1 Rev. 1 and 2*
13 Rev. 1* & 14 Rev. 1
7 Rev. 2 & 8 Rev. 1*
37 Rev. 2 & 38 Rev. 2
39 Rev. 1 & 40**
1 Rev. 1 and 2 Rev. 1
3 Rev. 1* & 4 Rev. 2
57<-* & 6**

UNIVAC 9200/9300 Systems
Card Assembler Programmers Reference
UP-4092. Rev. 2
UPDATING PACKAGE "A"
March 15, 1968
UNIVAC 9200/9300 Systems P.I.E. Bulletin 8, UP-7535.8, announces the release
and availability of Updating Package "Alf for the "UNIVAC 9200/9300 Systems
Card Assembler Programmers Reference," UP-4092 Rev. 2, 66 pages plus 1 Updating
Summary Sheet. This material should be utilized in the following manner:
SECTION
Contents
3
4
5
A.ppendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
*These pages are
backups of
DESTROY FORIv1ER
PAGES NUMBERED
1 and 2
3 and 4
5 and 6
7
3 and 4
5 and 6
7 and 8
11 and 12
1 and 2
5 and 6
7 and 8
15 and 16
21
5 and 6
7 and 8
13 and 14
19 and
20
21 and 22
23 and
24
25 and 26
7 and 8
9 and 10
11 and 12
17 and 18
21
and 22
23 and
24
25
and 26
27 and
28
29 and 30
31
thru 38
3 and 4
revised pages,
and
remain
FILE NEW PAGES
NUMBERED
1* and 2 Rev. 1
3 Rev. 1 and
4*
5 Rev. 1 and 6 Rev. 1
7 Rev. 1
3 Rev. 1 and 4 Rev. 1
5 Rev. 1 and 6 Rev. 1
7 Rev. 1 and 8 Rev. 1
11 Rev. 1 and 12 Rev. 1
1 Rev. 1 and 2 Rev. 1
5 Rev. 1 and 6 Rev. 1
7 Rev. 1 and 8*
15* and 16 Rev. 1
21 Rev. 1
5 Rev. 1 and 6 Rev. 1
7 Rev. 1 and 8*
13 Rev. 1 and 14*
19 Rev. 1 and 20*
21* and 22 Rev. 1
23 Rev. 1 and 24*
25* and 26 Rev. 1
7 Rev. 1 and 8 Rev. 1
9 Rev. 1 and 10*
11 Rev. 1 and
12*
17 Rev. 1 and 18*
21* and 22 Rev. 1
23* and 24 Rev. 1
25 Rev. 1 and 26*
27 Rev. 1 and 28*
29 Rev. 1 and 30*
31
thru
38 all
Rev. 1
3 Rev. 1 and 4 Rev. 1
unchanged.

_u_:_e_-:_.O_~_2 ____ . ______ ~_~_~V_DA_A_C __ S~_~_OM_O_~9 __ ;:_~_~ _______ '--- ________ SE_c_~_~_~t_:e_n,_ts __ 1 PA G E' 1. __ _
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. GENERAL
1.2. THE PURPOSE OF AN ASSEMBLER
1.3. CARD ASSEMBLER FOR THE UNIVAC 9200/9300
1.4. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE CHARACTERISTICS
2. THE ASSEMBLER LANGUAGE
2,,1. CHARACTER SET
2 .. 2. STATEMENT FORMAT
2,,2.1. Label Field
2,,2.2. Operation Field
2 .. 2.3. Operand Field
2:,2.4. Comments Field
2,,3. EXPRESSIONS
2. .3.1. Decimal Representation
2. .3.2. H exadeci m al Representation
2.3.3. Character Representation
2.,3.4. Location Counter
2.3.5. Rei ative Addressing
2. .3.6. Symbols
2.3.7. Relocatable and Absolute Expressions
2.3.8. Length Attri bute
2.4. MACHINE INSTRUCTIONS
2.4.1. RX - Register to Storage Instructions
2.4.2. SI -Instruction to Storage Instructions
2.4.3. SSI - Storage to Storage Instructions
2.4.4. SS2 - Storage to Storage Instructions
2.4.5. Implied Base Register and Length
:2.5. DATA AND STORAGE FORMATS
:2.5.1. DC - Define Constant
:~ .5.1.1. Character Representation
:2.5.1.2. Hexadecimal Representation
:2.5.1.3. Expression Constants
:2.5.2. DS - Define Storage
CONTENTS
1 to 7
1-1 to 1-4
1-1
1-1
1-2
1-4
2-1
to 2-15
2-1
2-1
2-1
2-1
2-1
2-2
2-2
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-4
2-4
2-5
2-5
2-6
2-6
2-8
2-8
2-9
2-10
2-10
:2-11
:2-12
:~-12
2-13
2-13
2-14

UP-4092 I UNIVAC 9200/9300 Rev. 1 Contents 2
, __ ~~. 2.~ ___ , ______ C_A_R,_D_A_S_S_E_M_B_L_E_R _______ ",-- _____ ...a...;;;S..;;;,E.;;;"CT._1.;;;"O;,.;.;N:;....... __ .&....;..P;.;,.AG;;.,;E;,;.: ___ _
3. ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES AND SYSTEM CODES
3.1. DIRECTIVES
3.1.1. Symbol Definition
3.1.2. Assem bly Contro I
3.1.2.1. START - Program Start
3.1.2.2. END - Program End
3.1.2.3. ORG - Set location Counter
3.1.3. Base Register Assignment
3.1.3.1. USING - Assign Base Register
3.1.3.2. DROP - Unassign Base Register
3.1.3.3. Function of USING and DROP Directives
3.1.3.4. Direct Addressing
3.1.4. Program Linking
3.1.4.1. ENTRY -Externally Defined Symbol Declaration
3.1.4.2. EXTRN -Externally Referenced Symbol Dedaration
3.1.5. Assembler Program listing
3.1.6. Assembler Control Card
3.1.7. Operand Format
3.2. SYSTEM COD ES
4. OPERATING PROCEDURES
4.1. GENERAL OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
4.1.1. Card Controller Operating Instructions
4.1.1.1. Sta rt In stru cti ons
4.1.1.2. Second Pass Rerun Instructions
4.t:. ASSEMBLER CARD OUTPUT
4.2.1. Element Definition Card
4.L:.2. External Definition Card
4.2:.3. Program Reference Card
4.L~.4. External Reference Card
4.2.5. Text Card
4.L:.6. Transfer Card
4.~;. CARD ASSEMBLER PRINTED OUTPUT
4,4,. LINKING THE CARD ASSEMBLER
5. LlINKER
5.1. INTRODUCTION
5.2. LINKER INPUT
5.3.. LINKER CONTROL CARD FORMATS
5.3,.1. CTl
5.3.2. PHASE
5.3.3. EQU
5.2:.4. EN 0
5.3.5. REP
5.3.6. MOD
5A. EXAMPLE
5.~j. ONE- AND TWO-PASS LINKING
3-1 to 3-18
3-1
3-1
3-2
3-2
3-3
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-5
3-5
3-7
3-7
3-8
3-8
3-8
3-14
3-14
3-14
4-1 to 4-9
4-1
4-1
4-1
4-2
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-4
4-5
4-5
4-6
4-7
4-8
5-1 to 5-21
5-1
5-2
5-2
5-3
5-3
5-4
5-4
5-5
5-5
5-6
5-13

UP-4092
Rev. 2 UNIVAC
9200/9300
CARD ASSEMBLER
5.6. LINKING THE LINKER
5.7. CARD OUTPUT FROM THE LINKER
5.7.1. Type Q Cards
5.7.2. Type Y Cards
5.8. LINKER MAP
. 5.8.1. Li nker Map P ri nt Li nes
5.8.2. Linker Map Error Messages
5.9. LINKER CONSOLE DISPLAYS
APPENDICES
A. PREASSEMBL Y MACRO PASS
AI. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
A2. MACRO INSTRUCTION FO RMAT
A2. L Parameters
A3. WRITING MACRO DEFINITIONS
A3. L PROC Directive
A12. NAME Directive
All END Directive
A
3. 4, Com men ts
A4. INCORPORATING PARAMETERS INTO MACRO CODING
A5. NAME STATEMENT
A6. CONDITIONAL MACRO PASS INSTRUCTIONS
A6.1, DO and ENDO Directives
A6.2. GOTO and LABEL Directives
A6,3, Set Variables
A6.3.1. GBL Directive
A6,3,2, LCL Directive
A6.3.3. SET Directive
A6.3.4, Relational and Logical Operators
A6,3.5, Character Values
A6.3.6. Use of Character Values
A7. CONTINUATION CARDS
A8. LABELS USED IN UNIVAC PRODUCED MACROS
A9. MACRO INSTRUCTION DECK
AID. MACRO PASS OUTPUT FORMAT
AlD.l. Source Code Card Format
AlD,2. Macro Instruction Card Format
AlD.3. Comments Card Format
AIO.4, Error Card Format
AIL MACRO PASS CONSOLE DISPLAYS
A12. LINKING THE MACRO PASS
AI2.1. Operating Instructions
A12.2, Control Card
Rev. 1
Contents
I 1
SECTION:
5-13
5-18
5-18
5-18
5-19
5-19
5-20
5-21
PAGE:
A-I to A-30
A-I
A-2
A-2
A-4
A-4
A-5
A-5
A-5
A-6
A-7
A-9
A-9
A-ll
A-I2
A-12
A-13
A-13
A-13
A-14
A-14
A-I7
A-17
A-I7
A-I8
A-I8
A-I8
A-I8
p.,-- 19
A-19
A-21
A-22
A-23

UP-4092
Rev. 2 UNIVAC
9200/9300
CARD ASSEMBLE R
A13. THE COMPRESSOR
A 13.1. Compressed Macro Li brary Deck Format
A 13.1.1. Da ta Ca rds
A13.1.2. Fixups
A13.1.3. Header Specification
A13.2. Error Indications
A 13. 3. Com~ressor Conso Ie Di splays
A13.4. Linking the Compressor
A13.5. Operating Instructions
Al3.6.
Control Card
B. INPUT/OUTPUT CONTROL SYSTEM (IOCS)
81. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
82. GENERAL USAGE
83. DE FIN ITION STATEMENTS (DECLARATIVE MACROS)
83.1. Header Entry Card
83.2. Detai I Entry Ca rds
83.2.1. 810ck Size Entry (8KSZ)
83.2.2. Channel Entry (CHNL)
83.2.3. Control Entry (CNTL)
812.4. End-of-File
Address Entry (EOFA)
Rev. 1
83.2.5. The Function Entry - UNIVAC 1001 Card Controller (FUNC)
83.2.6. Allowable Functions for the UNIVAC 1001 Card Controller
812.6.1.
Transfer-and-Read Functions
83.2.6.2. Send-and-Receive Data Functions
8:L2. 7. Input A rea Entry (lOA 1)
8:L2.8. Input Area Entry (INAR)
83.2.9. Input Translate Table Entry (lT8L)
8:L2.10. Mode Deta iI Entry (MOD E)
8:3.2.11. Output A rea Entry (OUA R)
8:3.2.12. Output Translate Table (OT8L)
8:t2.13.
Overlap Entry (ORLP)
8:3.2.14. Print 8ar Entry (FONT)
83.2.15. Printer Advance Entry (P RA D)
83.2.16. Punch Error Entry (PUNR)
83.2.17. Printer Overflow Entry (PROV)
8::-1.2.18. Type of File Entry (TVPF)
8,L SUMMARY OF DETAIL ENTRY CARDS
85. DEFINITION STATEMENT EXAMPLES
85.1. Online Serial Punch File Example Definition
85.2. Reader File Example Definition
8!5. 3. Prin te r Fi leE x amp leDe fin it ion
85.4. Online Serial Read and Punch File Example
85.5. Card Controller File Example
I Contents
SECTION:
A-23
A-23
A-24
A-24
A-25
A-25
A-27
A-28
A-3D
A-3D
8-1 to 8-40
8-1
8-1
8-2
8-2
8-2
8-3
8-3
8-3
8-3
8-4
8-4
8-5
8-5
8-6
8-6
8-6
8-6
8-7
8-8
8-8
8-8
8-8
8-8
8-9
8-10
8-11
8-12
8-12
8-12
8-12
8-13
8-13
4 .

'UP-4092
Rev. 2 UNIVAC 9200/9300
CARD ASSEMBLER
Rev. 2
SECTION: PAGEl
con~ents 5
----------~~.--------------------------------------~----------~-----
B6. IOCS MACRO INSTRUCTIONS (IMPERATIVE MACROS)
B6.1. GET Macro Instruction
B6.2. PUT Macro Instruction
B6.3. Work Area Considerations
B6.4. Programming Considerations-Read/Punch Combined File
B6.5. OPEN Macro Instruction
B6.6. CLOSE Macro Instruction
B 6.7. C NT RL Mac ro Ins t ru ct ion
B6.7.1. Printer Spacing
86.7.2. Printer Skipping
B6.7.3. Stacker Select
B6. 7. 4. N umeri c P rin ting
B6.7.5. Specifying Columns to be Punched
B6.8. Summary of UNIVAC 9200/9300 Card System IOCS Imperative Macros
B7. PROGRAMMING CONVENTIONS - PROGRAM REGISTERS
B8. GENERAL PROCEDURE SUMMARY FOR USING IOCS
B9. STORAGE REQUIREMENTS
BI0. APPROXIMATE TIMES FOR IOCS ROUTINE EXECUTION
Bll. CARD READER DEFINITION STATEMENTS
BILL Preparing the Card Reader
Bl1.2. Error Indications
B12. PRINTER DEFINITION STATEMENTS
B12.1. Preparing the Printer
BI2.2. Error Indications
B 12.3. Paper Low
B13. SERIAL PUNCH DEFINITION STATEMENTS
B14. SERIAL READ DEFINITION STATEMENTS
B15. SERIAL READ/PUNCH DEFINITION STATEMENTS
BI5.1. Buffer and Work Area Size
BI5.2. End-ot-File
BI5.3. Preparing the Serial Read/Punch
BI5.4. Error Indications
B16. UNIVAC 1001 CARD CONTROLLER DEFINITION STATEMENTS
B 16. L Wo rk A rea Size
BI6.2. Preparing the Card Controller
B16.3. Error Indications
BI6.3.1. STOP 1 (65xx)
B16.3.2. STOP 2 (65yy)
B17. ROW READ/PUNCH DEFINITION STATEMENTS
BI7.1. Punch Only
B17.2. Read Only
B17.1 Read and Punch
BI7.4. Buffer and Work Area Size
BI7.5. End-ot-File
B17.6. Preparing the Row Read/Punch
B17.7. Error Indications
B18. IOCS GENERATION
B19. ADDITIONAL KEYWORD PARAMETER SPECIFICATIONS
B-13
B-13
B-14
B-14
B-14
B-15
B-15
B-15
B-15
B-16
B-16
B-17
B-18
B-18
B-19
B-19
B-19
B-20
B-21
B-21
B-22
B-23
B-23
B-24
B-25
B-25
B-26
B-27
B-27
B-28
B-28
B-29
B-30
B-31
B-31
B-32
B-32
8-34
B-35
B-35
B-36
B-36
B-37
B-37
B-37
B-38
B-40
B-40

Rev. 2 UNIVAC
9200/9300
CARD ASSEMBLER
Rev. 2
Contents 6
SECTION:
PAGE:
UP-4L92
-----. --------------------------------------~----------~----------~-------------
C. CARD LOAD ROUTINE
C-l to C-6
Cl.
GENERAL
C-l
C2 ..
PAI1AMETERS FOR THE LOAD ROUTINE
C-1
C3.
LOADING ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS
C-2
C4.
LOAD ROUTINE STOPS C-3
C5. DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION
C-3
C5.1.
Bootstrap Section
C-3
GJ.2.
Clearing Section C-4
C5.3.
Reader Section
C-4
C5.4. Loader Section
C-4
C6. PROGRAMMING CONSIDERATIONS
C-4
C7. LOADING FROM CARD READER
C-5
C8.
1001 LOADER LOADING PROCEDURE
C-5
D.
EXEC I
0-1 to 0-3
01. GENERAL
0-1
02. MACRO INSTRUCTIONS
0-1
02. L Message Macro (MSG)
0-1
Di'.2. Restart Macro
0-2
03. I/O CONTROL ROUTINE MESSAGES
0-3
E.
TRANSLATION TABLES
E-1 to E-1
E1. GENERAL
E-1
F~GURES
1-1.
Source-to-Object Code Translation with Assembler
1-1
1-2.
UNIVAC 9200/9300 Assembl y System
1-3
2-1.
Example of Source Code Statements
2-2
3-1.
Example of Printer Output of a Program
3-9
5-1.
Elements A and B Deck Structure
5-7
5-2. Linker
Input
5-8
5-3.
Header Processing
5-10
5-4.
ESID Processing for Element A 5-11
~,-5.
ESID Processing for Element B 5-12
~i-6.
Linker Input Deck Sequence for Two-Pass Operation
5-14
~i-7 . Linker
Input Deck Sequence for One-Pass Operation
5-15
1\-1.
Schematic of Preassembly Macro Pass Operation
A-I

UP-4092
Rev. 2 UNIVAC 9200/9300
CARD ASSEMBLER
T'ABLES
:~-1. Instruction Mnemonics
:2-2. Symbols Used in Describing Operand Formats
Rev. 2
;~-3. Operand Specifications Using Implied Base Register and Length Notation
;~-4. Characteristics of the Various Constants
3-1. Internal Code
B-l. UNIVAC 1001 Card Controller IOCS Initial Error Indications
B-2. UN IVAC 1001 Card Controller IOCS Requested Error Indications
Contents
SECTION:
2-7
2-8
2-11
2-14
3-15
8-33
8-34
7
PAGE:

UP-~JU~~
Rev. 2
U" I T A~ 7I.UU/7",UU
J.
CARD ASSEMBLER
SEC TION:
PAGE:
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. GENERAL
Use of this manual presupposes a familiarity with the ins truction repertoire and
instruction and data formats of the UNIVAC 9200/9300 as described in "UNIVAC
9200/9300 Systems Central Processor and Peripherals Programmers Reference,"
UP-7546 (current version).
1.2. THE PURPOSE OF AN ASSEMBLER
An Assembler is one result of the many and continuing efforts to improve communica-
tions between computers and computer users. The general direction of these efforts
has been towards an intermediate language which is close to the language of the user
and which relies heavily on the computer for translation into its language.
In an Assembler language all coding is represented in the form of statements which
are unperstandable to the programmer. The Assembler then converts these statements
into a binary form which is understandable to the computer. The programmer's state-
ments, when keypunched, are called source code. The Assembler converts the source
. code into object code. Figure 1-1 shows the general flow of source-to-object code
conversion with an Assembler.
PROGRAMMER
states the problem in the·
Language of the Assembler
SOURCE CODE
statements keypunched in
card code form
ASSEMBLY
translation to Object Code
OBJECT CODE
Binary Expressions
meaningful to the computer
Figure 1-7. Source-to-Obiect Code Translation with Assembler
J.

UP-4092
Rlev.2
, ______ .io-_
UNIVAC 9200/9300
CARD ASSEMBLER 1
SECiION:
PAGE:
1.3. CARD ASSEMBLER FOR THE UNIVAC 9200/9300
The Card Assembler for the UNIVAC 9200/9300 System is an efficient, eRsy-to-use
software aid that satisfactorily handles most of the programming problems encountered
by the user. Each machine instruction and data form have simple, convenient repre-
sentations in the assembly language. The rules which govern the use of the language
are not complex; they may be learned quickly and applied easily.
A program in Card Assembler language for the UNIVAC 9200/9300 is written on a
standard Univac coding form. The information on the form is keypunched, and the
resulting source deck is read twice by the Assembler. Output cards, or an object
deck, are produced by the Assembler in relocatable object code or absolute object code.
The object deck is ready for loading into the UNIVAC 9200/9300 by means of the
Card Program Loader routine. The basic flow of the UNIVAC 9200/9300 Card Assemb-
ler and associated software is shown in Figure 1-2. Input to the Assembler is a
card deck keypunched from an Assembler coding form or is the output from the Pre-
ass em bly Macro Pass.
The macro library is in macro code. Parameters are established for the macros by means
of macro instructions. The Preassembly Macro Pass (described in Appendix A) converts
the macro code into source code in preparation for assembly.
The assembly operation is a conventional two-pass procedure which produces a card
deck in relocatable object code. The outputs of several separate assemblies may be
combined by means of a Linker. The Linker output is in absolute object code. When a
program is ready to be run, the relocatable or absolute object deck is loaded by a Card
Program Loader subroutine.
2

UP-4092
Rev. 2
C
-MACRO
LIBRARY
--~---'
(SHO SOURCE
CODE DECK
[SEMBLER
~LOCATABLE
L CODE
UNIVAC 9200/9300
CARD ASSEMBLER
PREASSEMBLY
MACRO PASS
SECTIONI
KEYPUNCH
ASSEMBLER
LINKER
ABSOLUTE
CODE DECK
LOADER
Figure 1-2. UNIVAC 920019300 Ass~mbly System
1
PAGEl
MACRO
CODE
SOURCE
CODE
OBJECT
CODE
3

UP·.4092 I
__ 2.:.~...:":'...l ____ UNIVAC 9200/9300
CARD ASSEMBLER
1 SECTION, 1
PAGE~:
1.4. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE CHARACTERISTICS
The succeeding sections of this manual describe in detail the use of the Assembler
coding form and the operational characteristics of the Assembler. These characteristics
are summarized briefly as follows:
Mnemonic Operation Codes -A fixed name, consisting of two, three, or four letters, is
assigned to each machine instruction. The n'1me is chosen to suggest the nature
of the instruction, thereby helping the user to learn and remember the instruction.
Symbolic Addressing and Automatic Storage Assignment - Symbolic labels may be
assigned to instructions or groups of data. An instruction may then reference
the labeled data by label rather than by storage address. In many cases, other
data required by the instruction (such as operand length) may be supplied auto-
matically by the Assembler. Another major task of the Assembler is to keep
track of all storage locations used and to assign all incoming instructions and
data to specific locations. The Assembler also handles all base register and
displacement calculations.
Flexible Data Representation - Data may be represented in the Assembler in decimal,
hexadecimal, or character notation, thus allowing the programmer to choose the
most suitable form for each constant.
Relocatable Programs and Program Linking - Programs are prepared by the Assembler
in an absolute or relocatable form. In relocatable form, the actual storage loca-
tions to be occupied by a program need not be specified at assembly time, or if
specified, they may easily be altered before loading. Provisions are made for
linking together, loading, and running as one program the results of separate
assemblies, thereby reducing the machine time required to make changes to one
part of a program.
Program Listing - One of the outputs of the Assembler is a printed listing of source
and object codes. This listing includes flags marking any errors detected by the
Assembler. Source code errors do not cause the Assembler to stall. The Assembler
continues to process the rest of the source code performing its usual error checks,
thus minimizing the number of assemblies required to produce error-free code.
4

UP-4092
Rev. 2
UNIVAC 9200/9300
CARD ASSEMBLER I
SEC TION:. .L.
PAGE:
2. THE ASSEMBLER LANGUAGE
2.1. CHARACTER SET
The character set used in writing statements in the Assembler language consists of:
Letters
Digits
Special Symbols
2.2. STATEMENT FORMAT
A, B, C, ... ,Z
0, 1,2, ... ,9
* +- , ( ) , blank
Statements in the Assembler language are written on a standard coding form. Informa-
tion for the Assembler and comments are written in columns 1 through 71. Column 72
must be blank. Columns 73 through 80 may contain progtam identification and sequenc-
ing information. The information in columns 1 through 71 consists of the following
fields.
2.2.1. Label Field
The label field begins in column 1 and is terminated by a blank column. There may
be no embedded blanks. The field may either be blank or contain a symbol whose
value is to be defined. More detailed information about symbols is contained under
headings 2.3.6 and 3.1.1.
2.2.2. Operation Field
The operation field begins with the first non blank after the label field and is
terminated by a blank. It contains either the name of an assembler directive or the
mnemonic operation code for a machine instruction.
2,,2.3. Operand Field
The operand field beginS with the first nonblank after the operation field and
is terminated by a blank not contained in a character representation. This field con-
tains information which defines the op~rands of a machine instruction or which
supplies the speCifications required with an aSsem bIer directive.

UP-4092
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CARD ASSEMBLER 2
-_ .... _-- I
S.CTIO~' 2
PAGE:
2.2.4. Comments Field
The comments field begins with the column after the blank that t~rminates the
operand field and ends at column 71. It may contain any combination of characters
including blanks. It is not processed by the Assembler other than including it on
the assembly listing. It may contain remarks to clarify the purpose or operation of
the associated coding. A line may consist entirely of comments from columns 2
through 71 if column 1 contains an asterisk.
----
LABEL
15
OPERATION 15 OPERAND
t
1 10 16
1.
2.
3.
4.
*,
,T,H·I IS,
,I
S lA, ,C,O
MM~ILIIIN,EI'I
I I I I
I~....i-L-l--L_L.LJ-L.L-L __
T,A,G, , I J , B1AJLL_L_
1--
J.l_~.ld~lJlL~_h~L_LJ __ J. __ .. L~~~L_l._L_L..L_L-1 .... L_L. __
, L, H, ,1 I 5" IT A
GI3
LL
-L_
1--
_....L
I
ITIHI EI
10 IP IE 1RI AI T, I I 01 ~~~~_LL!L.Jl-.JJ1.L~
, , , , I / ,
LIHLLi
lIS, ,T/AIG,3,
, , I , ,
,.-Ll-.L....LJ.~..l-~.L~_.L.J __
Figure 2-7. Example of Source Code Statements
Although the assembler language is free form, it is recommended that source code
statements be written with the first character of the operation code in column 10
and the first character of the operand field in column 16. Tabulating the statements
in this fashion creates a program listing which is neater in appearance and easier
to read. The standard coding form is ruled to conform to this convention. Thus,
although the statements on lines 3 and 4 of Figure 2-1 are equivalent to the
Assembler, the form of line 4 is preferred to that of line 3.
The Assem bIer ignores the presence of any blank cards in the source code deck.
2.3. EXPRESSIONS
The operand field of a statement in the assembler language ordinarily consists of one
or more expressions. Expressions may be grouped by parentheses and are separated
by commas. For example, the basic operand formats for computer instructions are shown
in Table 2-3. In this table, each subscripted letter represents an expression. An ex-
pression may be a single term or a number of terms connected by operators. The
permissible operators are a plus sigrt (+) represen ting addition and a minus si gn (-)
representing subtraction. A leading minus sign is also allowed to produce the nega-
tive of the first term. All operations are performed in two's-complement binary nota-
tion. A term may be one of the following:
..
A decimal, hexadecimal, or character representation of an actual value.
A location counter reference.
A symbol.
2.3 .. 1. Decimal Representation
A value may be represented directly by a string of up to five digits, 0 through 9,
forming a decimal number from 0 through 32767. Such a number is converted to a
binary value occupying one or two bytes depending on the type of field for which it
is intended. Following are some decimal representations.

UP-4092
Rev. 2
U"IYA~ .,"uu/.,"uu
CARD ASSEMBLER
Decimal Representation
o
13
257
32767
2.3.2. Hexadecimal Representation
I 2
SECTION:
Binary Value
00000000·
00001101
00000001 00000001
01111111 11111111
A hexadecimal representation consists of a s trin g of digits preceded by X1 and
followed by .1 (apostrophe). Each hexadecimal digit represents a half byte of in-
formation. The hexadecimal digits and their values are:
0 0000 8 1000
1 0001 g 1001
2 0010 A 1010
3 0011 B 1011
4 0100 C 1100
5 0101 D 1101
6 0110 E 1110
7 0111 F 1111
Some examples of hexadecimal representations and their values are:
Hexadecimal Representation
2.3.3. Character Representation
Binary Value
00000001
01111111
00001101
00000001
11111111
A character representation consists of a string of characters preceded by CI and
followed by I. The following are valid character representations.
Character Representatio EBCDIC Value
C'D' 11000100
I PAGE: 3
C'GROSS' 100011111D11001110101101110001011100010
e1g
l 11111001
In a character representation, an apostrophe is represented by two successive
apostrophes, and an ampersand by two successive ampersands.
In an expreSSion, a self-defining term in character representation can be a
maximum
of one character in length.

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CARD ASSEMBLE R
2.3.4. Location Counter
l"cT,o",2 1
PAGE, 4
An indication of the next location available for assignment is maintained as
a counter called the location counter. After the Assembler processes an instruction
or constant, it adds the length of the instruction or constant processed to the loca-
tion counter.
Each instruction or address constant must have an address which is a multiple of
two. Such an address is said to fall on a halfword boundary. If the va lue of the lo-
cation counter is not a multiple of two when assembling such a constant or an in-
struction, a one is added to the location counter before assigning an address to the
current line. Storage locations reserved by this process receive binary zeros when
the program is loaded.
The current value of the location counter is available for reference in the Assembler
language and is represented by the single special character * (asterisk). If written
in a constant representation or in an instruction operand expression, this symbol is
replaced by the storage address of the leftmost byte allocated to that instruction or
constant. Thus the instruction
Be
15,*
represents a one-instruction loop.
2.3 .. 5. Relative Addressing
An instruction may address data in its immediate vicinity in storage in terms of its
own storage address. This is called relative addressing and is achieved by an ex-
pression of the form *+n or *- n where n is the difference in storage addresses of
the referring instruction and the instruction or constant being accessed. Relative
addressing is always in terms of bytes, not words or instructions. For example, in
the coding
LABEL
11
OPERA lION 11
OPERAND
"
1 10 16
~...L-1
I , I I I
ICJ!iL~L_L_
t-
~~JL ,L,MII jI' , , , I , , , , I , i
..L.'
I , , ,
,L~
.-.11 -.l I I , I
B~_L-L
t-
~_D.Ll1£1
, , , I , , , , I
..-.L..L....L , I , , , ,
L---
, , , , I I I
AIH,
L-L
t-
hl..l.! IT1WIOI
1 I I I 1 I I I I I I
.1......1 I I I I I.-LL..
1
.1 I. , I , 1
Blf..L_L-L
1,5
111
"',-1
112, I I I I I I I I I ,
..L.I
I L I I I~
1
.1 I I I , ,
MIV,C
,
A, .,B
I
.I 1 I '
.. 1 I I I I I I I !. I I I , j I 1 I I
the address *+12 in the second line is the address of the instruction in the last
line and the address *-12 in the fourth line is the address of the instruction in the
first line since each of the first four instructions is four bytes long.

UP'-4092
Rev. 2
UNIVAC 9200/9300 I 2 I 5
, _____ C_A_R_D_A_S_S_E_M_B_L_E_R ____________ ~~GE:
2.3.6. Symbols
A symbol is a group of up to four alphanumeric characters. The first, or leftmost,
must be alphabetic. Special characters or blanks may not be contained within a
symbol. The following are examples of valid symbols:
A LOSS
A72Z
CAT
PRFT
The following are not valid symbols for the reasons stated:
GROSS
N PA
SR)N
More than four characters
Embedded blank
Special character
A symbol may be assigned any value from 0 through 32767. It is assigned a value,
or defined, when it appears in the label field of any source code statement other
than a comment. A symbol appearing in the label field of an EQU or ORG directive
is assigned the value of the expression in the operand field. In all other cases the
value assigned is the current value of the location counter after adjustment to a
halfword boundary, if necessary. The value is assigned to the current label before
the location counter is incremented for the next instruction, constant, or storage
definition. Thus, if a symbol appears in the label field of a statement defining an
instruction, constant, or storage area, the symbol is assigned a value equal to the
storage area address of that instruction, constant, or storage area.
2.3.7. Relocatable and Absolute Expressions
A sin gle term may be either relocatable or absolute. Decimal, character, and hexa-
decimal representations are all absolute terms. A location counter reference within
a section of relocatable code yields a relocatable value. If a symbol is defined by
appearing in the label field of a source code statement within a. section of relocat-
able code, its value will be relocatable.
An expression is relocatable in the following cases: if it consists of an absolute
expression plus a relocatable term; if it can be reordered to have that form; or if it
consists solely of a relocatable term. Some examples of relocatable expressions are:
R
A+R
R+A
R-R+A+R
where R represents a relocatable term and A an absolute term.
An expression is absolute if all of the terms in the expression are absolute or if it
consists only of absolute terms plus an even number of relocatable terms of which
exactly half are preceded by minus signs. Some examples of absolute expressions
are:
A
A+A-A
A·--A+A+A
R+A-R
R-R+A