A-MSystems 3000 User manual


Contents
General Description............................................................................................................................ 1
Instrument Features........................................................................................................................... 1
Controls and Connectors ................................................................................................................... 1
Configuring the Model 3000 for use with a head stage................................................................... 5
Operating Instructions....................................................................................................................... 6
Typical Set-Up Procedure.................................................................................................................. 6
Theory of Operation........................................................................................................................... 9
Specifications..................................................................................................................................... 11
Warranty and Service ...................................................................................................................... 13
Each AC/DC Differential Amplifier is delivered complete with:
One 3 Foot Cable
Remote Power Supply
Rack Mount Hardware
NOTE
This instrument is not intended for clinical measurements using human
subjects. A-M Systems does not assume responsibility for injury or damage
due to the misuse of this instrument.

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General Description
Instrument Features
The AC/DC Differential Amplifier, Model 3000 is a single-channel, differential amplifier
that can be used with or without a head stage probe. The instrument is designed for
low-noise recordings from excitable tissue. It is intended for extracellular recording
and/or stimulating in conjunction with microelectrodes. It can be used in a number of
research or teaching applications requiring extracellular neurophysiological recording
from excitable tissue, such as nerve, muscle (EMG), EEG, EKG, and ERG recordings.
The instrument is not intended for clinical measurements using humans.
The Model 3000 contains a high-gain, low-noise differential amplifier stage followed by
low frequency, high-frequency, and notch filters. Three operating modes are available
to accommodate recording, stimulating, and verification of electrode impedance.
Record Mode offers six levels of signal gain (x50, x100, x500, x1000, x5000, and
x10,000). Stimulus Mode allows the current passing through the electrode to be
measured during stimulation at six levels of gain (5V/mA, 10V/mA, 0.05V/µA, 0.1V/
µA, 0.5V/µA, 1V/µA). Impedance Mode utilizes an internally calibrated current source
to allow in situ verification of electrode impedance and adjustment of capacitance
compensation. Units that are sold with a head stage are pre-configured to work with
the headstage, and the front panel gain values include the gain of the headstage.
Controls and Connectors
Input Controls
PROBE: This 15-pin connector receives a signal either directly from the electrodes (non
head stage version) or from the Head Stage probe for further processing.
INPUT SELECT (DIFF-MONO-GND) (non headstage version only): This switch sets the
input for differential operation, monopolar operation, or grounds the inputs to the
amplifier.
INPUT LEADS (standard): Supplied with the Model 3000 is a DB-15 connector with three
leads. The black wire is the “+” electrode lead. The white wire is the “-” reference
lead. The silver wire is a driven shield, and should not be grounded! This wire
serves to minimize signal loss due to capacitance.
HEADSTAGE PROBE (optional): The Headstage Probe has three sockets for connection
to electrodes. PROBE+ is used to connect to the electrode (usually a high impedance
recording microelectrode; It is the larger 2mm jack). PROBE- is used to connect to the
indifferent lead. Either the PROBE GND connector, or the front panel GND must be

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connected for proper operation. Usually the PROBE GND connector is tied to the
indifferent lead. If you desire to have the current constrained to a known path you may
want to place the GND elsewhere. Actual GND placement depends on the application.
Mode Controls
ELECTRODE TEST: This toggle switch activates (ΩTEST) a 2 nA p-p, 100 Hz
squarewave current source used to test electrode resistance and to adjust the
capacitance compensation. The ELECT TEST switch must be set to ΩTEST and the
STIM-GATEREC switch must be set toREC for the test signal to be monitored. (Note:
Recording and reference electrodes should be in a saline solution for resistance
testing.) To accurately measure the impedance, verify at the OUTPUT connector that
the signal is a square wave of 100 Hz, adjust the CAPACITY COMPENSATION knob to
square the corners of the waveform. The amplitude of the square wave is a direct
measure of impedance in each of the six ranges (0.1Vp-p/MΩ, 0.2Vp-p/MΩ, 1Vp-
p/MΩ, 2Vp-p/MΩ, 10Vp-p/MΩ, 20Vp-p/MΩ).
STIMULUS: This isolated BNC connector enables a stimulus source to be utilized to
pass current through the electrode while the unit is in stimulate mode (STIM). The
center pin of the BNC is the + input and the outer conductor is the - stimulus input.
When the unit is in the (STIM) mode the output will be a measure of the current
passing through the electrode in six ranges (5V/mA, 10V/mA, 50mV/µA, 0.1V/µA,
0.2V/ µA, or 1V/µA).
STIM-GATE-REC: This toggle switch controls the operating mode for the Model 3000.
The switches allows the user to select Record Mode (REC) Stimulate Mode (STIM), or
Gate Mode (GATE).
Output
Output: This BNC connector provides the output signal from the amplifier.
GND: This connector on the front panel provides access to the circuit ground. Either
the PROBE GND connector or the front panel GND must be connected for proper
operation. Usually the PROBE GND connector is tied to the indifferent lead. If you
desire to have the current constrained to a known path you may want to place the
GND elsewhere. Actual GND placement depends on the application. For low-noise
recordings a ground connection should be made in the recording medium (i.e. bath
ground, animal ground, etc.).
GAIN: This rotary switch controls the level of signal gain for its channel while the
channel is in Record, Stimulate, and Impedance Mode. In Record mode (REC) the
switch allows the user to select from X50, X100, X500, X1000, X5000, or X10,000 gain. In
Stimulate mode (STIM) the gain switch selects one six ranges (5V/mA, 10V/mA, 50mV/
µA, 0.1V/µA, 0.2V/µA, or 1V/µA). In Impedance test mode (REC, ΩTEST) the gain

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switch selects one of six ranges (0.1Vp-p/MW, 0.2Vp-p/MΩ, 1Vp-p/MΩ, 2Vp-p/MΩ,
10Vp-p/MΩ, or 20Vp-p/MΩ).
Capacity Compensation
Capacity Comp: This knob is used to adjust an active feedback circuit to compensate
for up to 30 pF of electrode capacitance. The capacitance compensation can be
adjusted with the electrode in the experimental preparation using the internal
squarewave generator and an oscilloscope connected to the output BNC. This
control should be adjusted to obtain the sharpest corners possible on the square-wave
with very little overshoot. Clockwise rotation of this control increases the capacity
compensation. Warning: Turning the Capacity Compensation too high will cause the
circuit to oscillate wildly and change frequency, and may also cause the electrode to
behave in a similar manner. The extreme swings in voltage may be harmful to neural
tissue, and care should be exercised in using this control. It is a good practice to turn
the knob half way off once the impedance is measured, to minimize the chance of
overcompensation when recording.
DC Offset
DC OFFSET KNOBS: These two knobs sets the variable DC offset voltage, which is
summed with the input voltage. This feature may be used to compensate for electrode
potentials and to position the signal trace on an oscilloscope recording device. An
input offset range of 0.0 V to ±250 mV is available. The COARSE knob will cover 250
mV and the FINE knob will add up to 25 mV to the COARSE knob’s position.
DC OFFSET SWITCH (+ OFF -): This switch sets the DC offset polarity or alternately turns
the feature OFF.
OVER RANGE INDICATORS: These LED’s will illuminate when the output of the device is
beyond its limit of +10 V (top LED) or -10 V (bottom LED).
Filter
HIGH PASS: This rotary switch enables the user to select the lower boundary frequency
at which point the channel’s input signal begins to be cutoff. Signals below the cutoff
frequency will be attenuated by a factor of 100 (-40 dB) per decade decrease in the
input signal frequency. For example, if the HIGH PASS switch is set at 100 HZ, then a 10
Hz signal will be attenuated by a factor of 100 while a 1 Hz signal will be attenuated by
a factor of 10,000. The high pass frequency should be selected based on the
frequency content of the signal to be recorded. One of the uses of this filter is to
reduce slow variations or DC levels in the input signal. When the switch is in the DC
position the high pass filter is off.
NOTCH: This switch allows the Notch Filter (-50dB at 60Hz) to be included in the signal
processing path (ON) or bypassed (OFF). Warning: Although the Notch Filter provided

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can significantly reduce unwanted interference from the power source, it will cause
some distortion of the signal, especially in frequencies below 100 Hz. Therefore, the
Notch Filter should only be used if other noise reduction techniques such as proper
grounding and shielding are inadequate.
LOW PASS: This rotary switch enables the user to select the upper boundary frequency
that the input signal begins to be cutoff. Signals above the cutoff frequency will be
attenuated by a factor of 100 (-40 dB) per decade increase in the input signal
frequency. For example, if the LOW PASS switch is set at 1 kHz, then a 10 kHz signal
will be attenuated by a factor of 100 while a 100 kHz signal will be attenuated by a
factor of 10,000. One of the uses of this filter is to reduce high-frequency noise that is
above the frequency content of the signal being recorded.
Head stage indicator
HEAD STAGE: This LED indicates whether the unit is configured for use with (HEAD
STAGE lit) or without (HEAD STAGE off) a head stage (See configuring the Model 3000
for use with a head stage pg. 5).
Power Supply
POWER:This toggle switch is the main power switch, controlling the DC power input to
the main circuit of the instrument. The LED next to the toggle switch is lit when the
instrument is ON. This button does not control the power input to the remote AC
Power Supply. Once the remote AC Power Supply is plugged in there is 30 Volts DC
to the unit. If this situation is undesirable please unplug the remote AC Power Supply
when the instrument is not in use.

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Configuring the Model 3000 for use with a head stage
If your unit was sold with a head stage then the jumpers are already set to the head
stage position, however if you purchased the head stages at a different time than the
model 3000 you will need to complete the following procedure.
To set the model 3000 for use with a head stage, all jumpers must be set to the H
position (see figure 2 below). Once the jumpers are in the H position the unit can only
be used with a head stage. To return the unit for use without a head stage simple
move the jumpers to their previous position.
Calibrate the unit for headstage. Set the unit in the following positions:
HIGH PASS: DC NOTCH: OFF CAPACITY COMP: Counter Clock-wise
DC OFFSET: OFF ΩTEST: OFF MODE: REC
Ground the head stage inputs and adjust R41 for zero volts at the OUTPUT.

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Operating Instructions
Typical Set-Up Procedure
The Model 3000 comes with an input cable that connects to the DB15 input. One end of
this cable is left open to allow for maximum flexibility in connecting to extracellular
electrodes. The Model 3000 will function properly in this configuration if the head stage
(HEAD STAGE) LED is off.
The Head Stage Probe (optional) connects to the DB15 input and will function properly
if the head stage (HEAD STAGE) LED is on. The probe is used to connect the
extracellular electrodes to the amplifier. The GND connector on the front panel of the
amplifier should be used as the system ground in the particular recording medium (e.g.
bath or animal ground). Note: Either the Head Stage PROBE GND or the GND on the
front panel must be connected to provide a return current path. If neither ground is
connected the Head Stage Amplifier will saturate and no signal will be measured.
Care should be taken to keep the power cables from all instruments as far away as
possible from the recording setup. One exception is the DC power cable that supplies
power to the model 3000. This side of the cable is DC and therefore does not carry
disrupting power line frequencies. Proper grounding and shielding techniques
should be used to insure a minimum of interference.
Recording
This is a generalized procedure for setting up the AC/DC Differential Amplifier for
recording. Portions of this procedure may need to be modified for your specific
application.
1. If you are planning on using the Model 3000 with a head stage connect the Head
stage Probe cable to the PROBE connector.
2. Set the instrument controls as follows:
HIGH PASS DC
NOTCH FILTER OFF
LOW PASS 20 kHz
CAPACITY COMP. counterclockwise
DC OFFSET FINE AND COARSE knob counterclockwise
DC OFFSET (+ OFF -) OFF
GAIN knob 50
INPUT (DIFF MONO GND) GND

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MODE (STIM-GATE-REC) REC
ΩTEST OFF
3. Turn on power to the Model 3000 and allow it to warm up for 5 minutes.
4. Non Headstage option: connect measuring electrode to the black wire and a
reference electrode to the white wire of the probe cable.
Headstage option: connect measuring electrode to the +
input of the head stage and a reference electrode to the -
input of the head stage (see diagram to the right). Note: the
reference electrode can be tied to the gnd input on the head
stage. Clamp the Head stage in amicromanipulator.
5. Dip the measuring and reference electrode into a beaker of
physiological saline solution (or the solution in which the
tissue will be bathed). The solution should have the same
temperature and ionic strength as that in which
measurements will be made. Note: immerse the measuring electrode to
approximately the same depth as will be used during the measurement.
6. Connect an oscilloscope to the OUTPUT BNC, with the horizontal sweep rate set to
2ms/division. Zero the scope. Flip the input switch to DIFF.
7. Observe the offset potential between the two electrodes on the oscilloscope. Set
the DC OFFSET (+ OFF -) switch to the appropriate polarity and adjust the DC OFFSET
knob to zero the amplifier output. Note: make sure your oscilloscope is in DC
mode.
8. Turn on the ΩTEST button to inject a 100 Hz square-wave current through the
electrode.
9. Adjust the oscilloscope for a good display of the square-wave. The Oscilloscope
will display a square wave at 0.1 V peak to peak for every 1 MΩof electrode
resistance.
10. Increase the CAPACITY COMPENSATION to “square-up” the corners of the waveform.
Avoid overcompensation, which will cause ringing, excessive noise, and high
frequency oscillation.
11. Turn the CAPACITY COMPENSATION knob to approximately half way between its
present position and the off position. This will minimize the chance of
overcompensation during recording.
12. Turn off the ΩTEST switch to stop the test signal.
13. Apply the electrodes to the experimental preparations.
14. Apply the HIGH PASS, LOW PASS,and NOTCH FILTERS if necessary.
15. Increase the gain switch until the output voltage is in the range necessary for
saving data. Note: The GAIN Switch should be set so that the signal at the OUTPUT

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connector is less than ±10 V, otherwise higher and/or lower portions of the signal
may appear cutoff or flattened.
Stimulating
The MODE switch should be placed in the STIM position. Stimulation current (I) is
monitored by measuring the voltage (V) across an internal, fixed resistor (R = 100 Ω)
in series with the electrodes. Since I=V/R and R is known, the voltage is a measure of
the stimulus current. The internal resistor is in series with the indifferent lead (PROBE-)
so that excessive voltages do not appear at the Probe Amplifier inputs. Therefore, to
ensure that the current in the indifferent lead is equal to and opposite of that in the
active lead, only isolated stimulus sources should be used. An added benefit of
isolated stimulus sources is that they produce less stimulus artifact than ground
referenced sources. The Positive Conductor of the Stimulus connector (center pin) is
connected through the Probe to the active electrode lead, while the Negative
Conductor (outside ring of the BNC) is connected to the indifferent electrode lead.
When an isolated stimulator is used the PROBE- connector must be grounded to
function properly
Mounting Micropipettes
The easiest way to use a micropipette as an electrode is to place the micropipette in
a micropipette holder with a 2mm pin. It will fit firmly into the headstage (+) input
connector.
Mounting the Head stage in a Micromanipulator
The Head stage should be clamped in the manipulator by means of the mounting rod
supplied. The mounting rod can be screwed into the cable end of the head stage for in-
line mounting.

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Theory of Operation
Overview
The Model 3000 is a high gain differential AC/DC amplifier. The first stage in the
amplifier (with either the head stage option or non head stage version) consists of a
high input impedance differentially coupled x50 amplifier. The signal from this amplifier
is coupled through positive feedback with a capacitor to form capacity compensation.
The capacity compensated signal is offset adjustable through a precision variable
voltage reference.
The signal from the initial stage then passes through High pass (if activated), Notch (if
activated), and Low pass filters. Finally the signal passes through a gain stage of up
to 200 times. The gain stage is monitored for saturation.
Operational Modes
Block Diagram
100
Differential High Pass Notch Low Pass High Gain
Stage Filter Filter Filter Stage
U11 U1 U5 U3 U2
K1
Stim or Ωtest
K2
Probe
+
Probe
-
U7
x1, x2,
x10,
x20,
x100,
x200
x50

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Record Mode
In Record Mode, the inputs of the differential
amplifier U11 are switched by relay K2 (in
the off position), connecting them
differentially across the two electrodes in
order to amplify with a x50 gain the neural
activity appearing at the electrode-tissue
interface. In this mode relay K1 is off so that
the Stimulus leads do not feed noise into the circuit. A capacity compensation
circuit provides positive feedback through U7 to minimize the effect of electrode
and cable capacitance on recording and impedance measuring modes. The
differential output signal of U11 passes through the High Pass Filter U1, the
Notch Filter U5 if activated, and the Low Pass filter U3, in that order. Finally the
signal passes through the High Gain amplifier (U2), offering x1, x2, x10, x20,
x100, or x200 additional gain.
Stimulus Mode
In Stimulus Mode, the differential
inputs of the Probe amplifier U11 are
switched by K2 (in the on position) so
that they are across a 100Ωresistor
that is in series with PROBE-, the
indifferent electrode lead. At the same
time, relay K1 to connect the stimulus
source at the STIMULUS INPUT connector to the electrode leads. A stimulus current
from an isolated source passes through the PROBE+ lead to the active electrode,
returning through the PROBE- lead and the 100Ωresistor. The current creates a
voltage across the 100Ω resistor which is amplified by the differential amplifier U11
and passes through the rest of the recording circuit with including the adjustable gain
amplifier U2.
Impedance Mode
When in record Mode and the Impedance switch is
set to ON, the differential amplifier U11 is switched
across the two electrode leads by K2 (in the off
position). At the same time, relay K1 is on such
that the internal current source is connected to the
electrode leads. The current source generates a
2nA, 100 Hz square wave that passes through the electrodes, and the voltage that
develops is a measure of the electrode impedance. The output of is fed through the
recording circuitry including the adjustable gain stage U2.
The current source consists of several parts. A square wave is applied to an active
current source, which converts the square wave voltage to a square wave current of
2nA p-p at 100 Hz. The calibrated current source is connected to the electrode leads.
Probe +
Probe -
Output
Probe +
Probe -
Output
Stim +
Stim -
Output
2
nA square wave
Probe +
Probe -

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Specifications
Record Mode
Gain settings available (x50, x100, x500, x1000, x5000,
or x10000) ± 5%
Noise 2.0µV rms (10Hz to 10kHz)
0.3µV rms (0.1Hz to 10Hz)
Current Noise 0.1fA/ √ Hz (1kHz)
Offset Voltage adjustable to zero
Input Offset Adjust Range ± 250mV
Capacity Compensation -4pF to +50pF
Maximum input Voltage
Zero Stability
10V/Gain ± 250mV input offset adjust
Stability versus temperature 50µV/ºC
Stability versus time
Stimulus Mode
1mV/12hours
Output current ratio 5V/mA, 10V/mA, 50mV/µA, 0.1V/µA,
0.2V/µA, 1V/µA,
Maximum output current reading ± 10V or ± 2mA
Maximum stimulus current
Maximum stimulus voltage 10mA
+ Diff ± 100V
- Diff
Impedance Input
± 15V
Output impedance ratio (2nA source) 0.1Vp-p/MΩ, 0.2Vp-p/MΩ, 1Vp-p/MΩ,
2Vp-p/MΩ, 10Vp-p/MΩ, 20Vp-p/MΩ
Maximum output impedance reading 40MΩ
General Electrical
Input impedance >1015 MΩ|| 0.2pF differential
>1015 MΩ|| 7pF common-mode
Input bias current 100fA, maximum, 1fA typical
Output Impedance 100Ω
Common mode rejection 90dB
Notch Filter Better than -50dB at 60Hz;
Better than -45dB at 50Hz

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Output dynamic range ± 10V, minimum
High Pass filter settings DC, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 300 Hz ± 15%
High Pass filter gain -40dB / decade
Low Pass filter settings 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 20 kHz ±15%
Low Pass filter gain
Power
-40dB / decade
REMOTE AC Power source 100-240 VAC, 50 or 60 Hz
DC voltage into the amplifier for use inside of faraday cage
Physical Dimensions
Width 8.5 inches (21.6 cm)
Height 4 inches (10.2 cm)
Depth 3.5 inches (8.9 cm)
Weight 5 pounds

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Warranty and Service
LIMITED WARRANTY
What does this warranty cover?
A-M Systems, LLC (hereinafter, “A-M Systems”) warrants to the Purchaser that the Instruments manufactured by A-
M Systems (hereinafter the “hardware”), and sold after January 1, 2020, is free from defects in workmanship or
material under normal use and service for the lifetime of the hardware. Headstages manufactured by A-M Systems
and sold after January 1, 2020, will be repaired under warranty only once per year. This warranty commences on the
date of delivery of the hardware to the Purchaser. “Lifetime” is defined as the time all components in the instrument
can still be purchased from mainstream, common, electronic component distributors such as Digi-Key Electronics,
Newark, or Mouser Electronics.
For hardware sold prior to January 1, 2020, the warranty in effect at time of purchase applies, with the maximum
warranty period of three (3) years for new purchases, and one (1) year for those that have been repaired by A-M
Systems. For headstages manufactured by A-M Systems and sold prior to January 1, 2020, the maximum warranty
period is one (1) year.
What are the obligations of A-M Systems under this warranty?
During the warranty period, A-M Systems agrees to repair or replace, at its sole option, without charge to the
Purchaser, any defective component part of the hardware. To obtain warranty service, the Purchaser must return the
hardware to A-M Systems or an authorized A-M Systems distributor in an adequate shipping container. Any postage,
shipping and insurance charges incurred in shipping the hardware to A-M Systems must be prepaid by the Purchaser,
and all risk for the hardware shall remain with Purchaser until A-M Systems takes receipt of the hardware. Upon
receipt, A-M Systems will promptly repair or replace the defective unit and then return the hardware (or its
replacement) to the Purchaser with postage, shipping, and insurance prepaid by the Purchaser. A-M Systems may use
reconditioned or like-new parts or units at its sole option, when repairing any hardware. Repaired products shall carry
the same amount of outstanding warranty as from original purchase. Any claim under the warranty must include a
dated proof of purchase of the hardware covered by this warranty. In any event, A-M Systems liability for defective
hardware is limited to repairing or replacing the hardware.
What is not covered by this warranty?
This warranty is contingent upon proper use and maintenance of the hardware by the Purchaser and does not cover
batteries. Neglect, misuse whether intentional or otherwise, tampering with or altering the hardware, damage caused

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LIMITED WARRANTY, cont
by accident, damage caused by unusual physical, electrical, chemical, or electromechanical stress, damage caused by
failure of electrical power, or damage caused during transportation are not covered by this warranty. Further, no
guarantee is made regarding software compatibility with future updated operating systems.Products may not be
returned to A-M Systems for service, whether under warranty or otherwise, which are contaminated by infectious
agents, radioactive compounds or other materials constituting a health hazard to employees of A-M Systems
What are the limits of liability for A-M Systems under this warranty?
A-M Systems shall not be liable for loss of data, lost profits or savings, or any special, incidental, consequential, indirect
or other similar damages, whether arising from breach of contract, negligence, or other legal action, even if the company
or its agent has been advised of the possibility of such damages, or for any claim brought against you by another party.
THIS EQUIPMENT IS NOT INTENDED FOR CLINICAL MEASUREMENTS USING HUMAN SUBJECTS.
A-M SYSTEMS DOES NOT ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY FOR INJURY OR DAMAGE DUE TO MISUSE OF
THIS EQUIPMENT.
Jurisdictions vary with regard to the enforceability of provisions excluding or limiting liability for incidental or
consequential damages. Check the provision of your local jurisdiction to find out whether the above exclusion applies
to you.
This warranty allocates risks of product failure between the Purchaser and A-M Systems. A-M Systems hardware
pricing reflects this allocation of risk and the limitations of liability contained in this warranty. The agents, employees,
distributors, and dealers of A-M Systems are not authorized to make modifications to this warranty, or additional
warranties binding on the company. Accordingly, additional statements such as dealer advertising or presentations,
whether oral or written, do not constitute warranties by A-M Systems and should not be relied upon. This warranty
gives you specific legal rights. You may also have other rights which vary from one jurisdiction to another.
THE WARRANTY AND REMEDY PROVIDED ABOVE IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER
WARRANTIES AND REMEDIES, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. A-M SYSTEMS
DISCLAIMS THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR USE, WITHOUT LIMITATION.

A-M Systems 3000 Manual DRW-5027901 rev 7
Approved:
Revision History
Rev Date Description
26/30/06 Initial Document Control release
34/28/10 DCR201200 Warranty and Company info
411/20/15 DCR 202472, 202512. Correct for x10Hs
52/27/17 DCR 202739. Correct Rev Numbering
61/18/19 DCR 202615. Review content, add content rev control
73/19/20 DCR 203316. Update Warramty
8
Table of contents
Other A-MSystems Amplifier manuals