Allied Telesis FastPrint Server User manual

User’s
Manual
FastPrint ServerFastPrint Server
Printer Sharing Device

FCC Statement:
This device complies with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of
the FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
This device may not cause harmful interference, and,
This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause
undesired operation.
CE Marking Warning
This is a Class B product. In a domestic environment this product may cause radio
interference in which case the user may be required to take adequate measures.
Copyright 1998 Allied Telesyn International. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Document Version: 1.1
All trademark and trade names are the properties of their respective owners.

♦Important Safety Instructions
1. Unplug this device from its power source before cleaning. Use only a slightly
dampened cloth for cleaning. Do not use liquid or aerosol cleaners.
2. Avoid using this product near water. Exposure to water poses an electric-shock
hazard.
3. Do not place this device on an unstable surface. The device may fall causing serious
damage to the device.
4. This device should only be used with the power supply type specified on the marking
label. If you are not sure of the type of your local power supply, consult your dealer or
local power company.
5. Do not pinch, crimp or otherwise damage the power cord. If exposed to foot traffic,
ensure that the cable is properly shielded and does not pose a tripping hazard.
6. If using an extension cord, make sure the total ampere rating of the products using
the cord does not exceed the extension cord’s ampere rating.
7. Do not attempt to service this device, as opening or removing casing may expose you
to dangerous voltage points or other risks. Refer all servicing to qualified service
personnel.
8. The device should be serviced by qualified service personnel under the following
conditions:
•The power cord is damaged or frayed.
•Liquid has been spilled on the product.
•The product has been exposed to rain or water.
•The product does not operate normally in accordance with the operating
instructions.
•The device has been dropped or the casing has been damaged.

FastPrint Server User’s Guide i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction.............................................................1
1.1. Package contents...........................................................1
1.2. Features..........................................................................2
1.2.1. LED Indicators ...............................................................3
1.2.2. 10/100BaseT Switches ...................................................3
2. LAN Installation.......................................................4
2.1. Installation procedure ...................................................4
3. AppleTalk ................................................................6
3.1. Software requirements..................................................6
3.2. AppleTalk setup .............................................................6
3.3. Printing...........................................................................6
3.4. Advanced setup and management...............................7
3.4.1. Changing the FastPrint configuration..............................7
3.4.1.1. Windows software........................................................7
3.4.1.2. Macintosh software ......................................................7
3.4.2. AppleTalk Settings .........................................................8
4. Novell NetWare .......................................................9
4.1. Configuration overview .................................................9
4.1.1. Requirements ................................................................9
4.1.2. Operating modes...........................................................9
4.1.2.1. Print Server mode ........................................................9
4.1.2.2. Remote printer mode....................................................9
4.1.3. Configuration methods................................................10
4.2. Preparation..................................................................10
4.3. Configuration using Quickset ......................................10
4.3.1. NetWare Print Server mode..........................................10
4.3.1.1. Syntax........................................................................11
4.3.2. Novell Remote Printer Mode.........................................11
4.3.2.1. Syntax........................................................................12
4.4. Using PCONSOLE / PSCONFIG.....................................12
4.4.1. Novell Print Server mode..............................................13
4.4.1.1. Print server mode in NetWare 2.x, 3.x........................ 13
4.4.1.2. Print server mode in NetWare 4.x (bindery emulation)14
4.4.1.3. Printer server mode in NetWare 4.X (NDS mode)......15
4.4.2. Novell remote printer mode .........................................15
4.4.2.1. Remote printer assignments .......................................15
4.4.2.2. Remote printer mode in NetWare 2.x, 3.x ..................16

FastPrint Server User’s Guide ii
4.4.2.3. Remote printer mode in NetWare 4.X (NDS mode)....16
4.5. Printing.........................................................................18
4.6. Configuration Settings .................................................19
4.6.1. General FastPrint Server Settings..................................19
4.6.2. Configuration using PSCONFIG....................................19
4.6.3. NetWare-specific settings.............................................19
4.6.3.1. Novell remote printer mode........................................19
4.6.3.2. Novell Print Server mode ........................................... 20
4.6.3.3. Service additional NetWare bindery file servers.......... 21
4.6.3.4. Attach to more than one NetWare Print Server...........21
4.6.3.5. Logical printers.......................................................... 21
4.6.3.5.1. Configuring NetWare................................21
4.6.3.5.2. Configuring the FastPrint Server ..............22
5. TCP/IP....................................................................23
5.1. Software requirements................................................23
5.2. FastPrint Server configuration.....................................23
5.2.1. IP address configuration...............................................23
5.2.2. FastPrint Server IP address............................................24
5.2.3. Other configuration settings.........................................24
5.2.4. Logical printers............................................................25
5.2.4.1. Logical printer setup ..................................................25
5.3. Unix host configuration................................................25
5.3.1. Static IP address configuration......................................25
5.3.2. Dynamic IP address Configuration................................26
5.3.2.1. Using DHCP ..............................................................26
5.3.2.2. Using BOOTP............................................................ 26
5.3.2.3. Using RARP...............................................................27
5.4. Printing configuration..................................................28
5.4.1. LPD configuration........................................................29
5.4.1.1. LPD on IBM AIX 4.15............................................... 29
5.4.1.2. LPD on System V.......................................................29
5.4.1.2.1. Adding remote printers..............................30
5.4.1.3. LPD on BSD..............................................................31
5.4.2. Printing using LPD........................................................31
5.4.3. Printing using FTP........................................................31
5.4.4. Printing using DSI........................................................32
5.4.5. Printing using PSfilter...................................................32
5.4.5.1. PSfilter Setup............................................................. 32
5.4.5.1.1. Setup instructions......................................32
5.4.5.2. PSfilter printing methods ...........................................33
5.5. Windows NT host configuration...................................33
5.5.1. IP address configuration...............................................33
5.5.2. Preparing for TCP/IP Printing ........................................34

FastPrint Server User’s Guide iii
5.5.2.1. Windows NT 3.51...................................................... 34
5.5.2.2. Windows NT 4.0........................................................34
5.5.3. Adding a TCP/IP remote printer ....................................34
5.5.3.1. Windows 3.51............................................................34
5.5.3.2. Windows NT 4.0........................................................35
5.5.4. Printing with Windows NT ............................................35
5.5.4.1. Windows applications ................................................35
5.5.4.2. Command line............................................................35
6. TCP/IP Features .....................................................36
6.1. FTP ................................................................................36
6.1.1. Using FTP....................................................................36
6.1.1.1. Files...........................................................................36
6.1.1.2. Commands................................................................. 36
6.1.1.3. Example: Initial configuration.................................... 37
6.2. Internet printing ..........................................................38
6.2.1. System requirements....................................................38
6.2.2. Internet mail printing configuration ..............................39
6.2.3. User software..............................................................40
6.2.3.1. Installation................................................................. 40
6.2.3.2. Using the new port..................................................... 41
6.2.3.3. Checking the printer driver ........................................ 42
6.2.4. Printing.......................................................................42
6.2.5. Canceling a print job ...................................................43
6.3. SNMP management.....................................................43
6.3.1. Preparing the FastPrint Server for SNMP........................43
6.3.2. SNMP settings .............................................................43
6.3.2.1. Management station settings ...................................... 44
6.3.2.2. Trap receiving station settings....................................44
6.3.2.3. FastPrint Server MIB .................................................44
7. Windows Peer-to-Peer...........................................45
7.1. Software requirements................................................45
7.2. Configuration requirements........................................45
7.3. Software installation....................................................45
7.3.1. Windows 95 / Windows NT..........................................45
7.3.2. Windows for Workgroups.............................................46
7.4. FastPrint Server configuration.....................................46
7.4.1. NetBEUI......................................................................46
7.4.2. TCP/IP.........................................................................46
7.5. Software configuration ................................................47
7.5.1. Configuration settings..................................................47
7.5.2. Windows 95/NT 4.0.....................................................47
7.5.2.1. First port configuration ..............................................47
7.5.2.2. Configuring additional ports ......................................48

FastPrint Server User’s Guide iv
7.5.3. Windows NT 3.51........................................................50
7.5.3.1. First port configuration ..............................................50
7.5.3.2. Configuring additional ports ......................................51
7.5.4. Windows for Workgroups.............................................52
7.5.4.1. Pserver main screen ...................................................52
7.5.4.2. Pserver icons and commands......................................52
7.5.4.3. Pserver configuration .................................................53
7.5.4.4. Control Panel configuration .......................................53
7.6. Printing.........................................................................54
8. Management Tools ................................................55
8.1. FPSAdmin .....................................................................55
8.1.1. Installation..................................................................55
8.1.2. Main screen ................................................................55
8.1.3. Icons...........................................................................56
8.1.3.1. NetBEUI Settings.......................................................59
8.1.3.2. Printer configuration.................................................. 61
8.1.4. Menu Options .............................................................62
8.1.4.1. InitDevice menu.........................................................62
8.1.4.2. Configuration menu ...................................................62
8.1.4.3. Diagnostics menu.......................................................63
8.1.4.4. Control menu............................................................. 63
8.2. WebAdmin....................................................................63
8.2.1. System requirements....................................................63
8.2.2. Server installation........................................................63
8.2.3. Running the program...................................................64
8.2.3.1. Status.........................................................................65
8.2.3.2. Configuration.............................................................65
8.2.3.3. Diagnostics ................................................................66
8.3. WPCONFIG ...................................................................67
8.3.1. Installation..................................................................67
8.3.2. Using WPCONFIG .......................................................67
8.3.3. Icons...........................................................................68
8.3.4. Menu options..............................................................69
Appendix A. Troubleshooting ....................................70
A.1. Hardware 70
A.2. Printing - General 70
A.3. Printing - AppleTalk 71
A.4. Printing - NetWare 74
A.5. Printing - Unix 77
A.6. Printing - Windows 79
A.7. Internet Printing 80

FastPrint Server User’s Guide v
A.8. WebAdmin 81
Appendix B. Specifications ........................................82
Appendix C. Configuration File Format .....................83
Appendix D. SNMP MIB .............................................87
D.1. PSSystemConfig group 87
D.2. PSLogicalPrinterConfig group 87
D.3. PSNetwareConfig group 88
D.4. PSTcpipConfig group 88
D.5. PSAppleTalkConfig group 88
D.6. PSNetbeuiConfig group 89
D.7. PSStatus group 89
D.8. PSIPXStatistics 89
D.9. PSAppleTalkStatistics 89
D.10. PSTcpipStatistics 90
D.11. PSControl group 90
D.12. Traps 90

FastPrint Server User’s Guide 1
1. Introduction
This chapter provides an overview of your FastPrint Server’s
features.
Congratulations on the purchase of your new FastPrint Server. The FastPrint is designed
to provide a simple and efficient network printing solution. It is packed with features,
including:
ØVersatility. The FastPrint Server supports up to five protocols: NetWare, TCP/IP,
SMB (Service Message Block), AppleTalk (EtherTalk), and NetBEUI. It features
two Ethernet interface ports. Operating system support includes Unix, Linux,
Novell, and Microsoft Windows.
ØEasy Installation. The FastPrint Server makes adding printers or plotters to your
network simple. It supports both 10BaseT and 100BaseT connections. Its LAN
interface auto-sensing feature means that there is no need to set jumpers or perform
software configuration to select the network interface used.
ØCompact Size. The FastPrint can be used even where space is limited.
ØRemote Management Tools. A variety of software tools are provided. In most
environments, both the FastPrint Server and attached bi-directional printers can be
configured remotely.
ØSNMP Support. The FastPrint Server can act as a SNMP agent, with its own MIB.
This allows TCP/IP users to monitor, configure and troubleshoot the FastPrint using
their existing SNMP management tools.
ØInternet Printing. Using TCP/IP, the FastPrint can be configured to allow clients,
suppliers, colleagues and others to print to one of your printers from anywhere on
the Internet.
1.1. Package contents
You should find the following items packaged with your FastPrint Server. If any items
are missing, contact your dealer immediately.
•The FastPrint Server
•Power adapter
•One CD-ROM containing all support programs and this manual

Chapter 1. Introduction
Features
FastPrint Server User’s Guide 2
1.2. Features
The FastPrint Server’s UTP connector supports both 10BaseT and 100BaseT. Its three
bi-directional parallel ports support simultaneous printing.
Figure 1FastPrint Server
ŒReset Button
•10/100BaseT Switches.
(See DIP switch table for details.)
Ž10/100BaseT Link LED
•10/100BaseT Connector
•12V Power port
‘Parallel Port 1
’Parallel Port 2
“Parallel Port 3
”Red Error LED
•Green Link LED

Chapter 1. Introduction
Features
FastPrint Server User’s Guide 3
1.2.1. LED Indicators
There are two LED indicators on the top of the FastPrint Server. The red LED is the
Status/Error indicator. The green LED is the Power/Link indicator. See the previous
figures to locate the LEDs on your model. The LED indicator modes are described in the
following table.
Green LEDGreen LED Red LEDRed LED Status DescriptionStatus Description
Solid Off Solid Off No power.
Solid On Solid On Hardware error.
Solid On Solid Off Normal operation.
Flashing Off Transmitting or receiving
packets from the network.
Table 1: LED Indicators
1.2.2. 10/100BaseT Switches
The FastPrint has 2 DIP switches. See the previous diagrams to locate these switches.
Operation of these switches is described below.
SwitchSwitch DescriptionDescription
1Auto Negotiation Switch.
When ON (UP position), the FastPrint will
select 10BaseT/100BaseT and Full/Half
Duplex as required. The recommended
position is ON; switches 2 & 3 are disabled
when Auto Negotiation is ON.
210/100BaseT Manual Select Switch.
Set UP for 100BaseT or DOWN for 10BaseT.
Switch 1 must be OFF for this switch to
function.
3Full/Half Duplex Switch.
Set UP for Full duplex operation or DOWN for
Half Duplex operation.
Switch 1 must be OFF for this switch to
function.
Table 2: DIP Switches

FastPrint Server User’s Guide 4
2. LAN Installation
This chapter will help you to install the FastPrint Server in your
Local Area Network.
Once installed, the FastPrint Server acts as a node in the local area network with its own
unique network address.
2.1. Installation procedure
1.1. Find the default FastPrint Server nameFind the default FastPrint Server name
The default name is located on a bar code sticker attached to the bottom of the
FastPrint. It will be in the form “SCxxxxxx”.
Note: The default name begins with the letters “SC”, followed by 6 hexadecimal
characters. These characters may include the numbers “0” through “9”
and the letters “A” through “F”.
This name will be needed during configuration.
Note: During configuration you will be able to change the FastPrint Server
name. The new name must not contain any spaces or blanks.
2.2. Connect the printer cablesConnect the printer cables
Connect the printer or plotter cable(s) to the appropriate port(s) on the FastPrint .
Parallel port cables should be less than 3 meters long.
Note: Leave the FastPrint Server powered OFF while connecting it to the
printer(s) and the LAN.
3.3. Connect the network cableConnect the network cable
•Connect the network cable (BNC or UTP) to the proper connector on the
FastPrint Server. The FastPrint Server will automatically recognize whichever
connector is used.
•Set the 10/100BaseT Switches as described in Chapter 1. Whenever possible, use
the auto negotiation setting. If the auto negotiation fails, the 10/100BaseT Link
LED will not light when the FastPrint is powered up. In this case, check the
cable, then press the reset button. If the 10/100BaseT Link LED still does not
light, disable the auto negotiation function and manually set switches 2 and 3.
4.4. Connect the power adapter cableConnect the power adapter cable
Plug in the power adapter cable. Check the Power and Status LED indicators on the
top of the FastPrint. When the Red Status indicator LED goes out and the Green
Power indicator LED remains lit or flashes, the FastPrint is ready.
Warning! Use only the power supply provided with the FastPrint. Other power
supplies may not function correctly, and may void your warranty.

Chapter 2. LAN Installation
Installation procedure
FastPrint Server User’s Guide 5
5.5. Mount the FastPrint ServerMount the FastPrint Server
The FastPrint may be “snapped” on to other members of the LanEdge family to
conserve working space.

FastPrint Server User’s Guide 6
3. AppleTalk
This chapter explains the use of the FastPrint Server in the
AppleTalk environment.
The FastPrint Server supports AppleTalk (EtherTalk), PAP, ATP, NBP, ZIP and DDP
protocols, enabling Macintosh computers on the network to view and use the FastPrint as
a regular AppleTalk printer. Configuring and printing in the EtherTalk environment
operates normally.
The PSTool program has been provided specifically for the Macintosh environment, to
allow easy configuration of your FastPrint.
3.1. Software requirements
•System 7.x OS or newer.
3.2. AppleTalk setup
1. Click the apple icon and choose Control Panel.
2. Click Network.
3. Make sure that EtherTalk is selected under AppleTalk Connection. If it is not
selected, do so now.
4. Click Chooser. The Chooser panel will open.
5. Click on either the LaserWriter 8 icon (recommended) or the LaserWriter 7 icon.
LaserWriter 8 makes use of the fonts installed in the printer itself, so the printing
response time is quicker. LaserWriter 7 uses the fonts installed in the computer,
which increases network traffic and takes more printing time.
Note: Be sure you are using the LaserWriter 8.5.1 driver.
6. Select a FastPrint Server from the printer list by clicking on the appropriate name.
Note: The default FastPrint name begins with the letters “SC”, followed by 6
hexadecimal characters. These characters may include the numbers “0”
through “9” and the letters “A” through “F”.
You can find this name on the bar code label on the bottom of the
FastPrint.
7. Click on the Close box. This closes Chooser and completes the FastPrint setup
process. Printing commands will operate as usual, with output routed to the FastPrint
Server printer.
3.3. Printing
Printing with the FastPrint installed in an AppleTalk network is identical to normal
printing. For example, select a document that you want to print and then select File -
Print. Chose the desired printer.

Chapter 3. AppleTalk
Advanced setup and management
FastPrint Server User’s Guide 7
3.4. Advanced setup and management
This section explains the configuration changes that can be made to your FastPrint.
3.4.1. Changing the FastPrint configuration
3.4.1.1. Windows software
Chapter 8 - Management Tools describes the general-purpose management tools that can
be used to configure and manage your FastPrint. All of these programs require a version
of Microsoft Windows.
The FPSAdmin program, which requires Windows 95 or Windows NT, allows access to
all settings, not just those important in the AppleTalk environment.
3.4.1.2. Macintosh software
In AppleTalk, you can use SimpleText to edit the FastPrint Server’s CONFIG file and
the supplied PSTool program to send it to the FastPrint. The procedure is as follows:
1. Copy the following files from the Utility\Apple folder on the CD-ROM to an
appropriate folder on your hard disk.
PSTool
CONFIG.3p
2. Use Chooser to select the desired FastPrint Server.
3. Double click the CONFIG file, and edit it. The file should look similar to the
example below, although it may vary a bit.
begin CMD
0001 Device Name: SCxxxxxx
3000 Apple Zone : *
3001 Printer Type (P1): LaserWriter
3002 Printer Type (P2) LaserWriter
3004 Printer Type (P3) LaserWriter
3101 AP_PCOMM1: No
3102 AP_PCOMM2: No
3103 AP_PCOMM3: No
3104 AP_PCOMM4: No
9002
The appropriate values for each line are described in the AppleTalk Settings section,
below.
Note: Do not modify the following lines:
beginCMD
9002:
4. Save the file.
5. Double click the icon for PSTool.
6. Click the Printer submenu and choose Download Postscript File. A panel will appear
with a list of files.
7. Click the CONFIG file. Then click Download.

Chapter 3. AppleTalk
Advanced setup and management
FastPrint Server User’s Guide 8
3.4.2. AppleTalk Settings
When editing the CONFIG file, only the parameter should be changed. The parameter is
the last part of the line, after the colon (:). Be sure that you use only valid parameters.
0001 Device name: SCxxxxxx0001 Device name: SCxxxxxx
The default name will be in the form “SCxxxxxx”.
Note: The default FastPrint name begins with the letters “SC”, followed by 6
hexadecimal characters. These characters may include the numbers “0”
through “9” and the letters “A” through “F”.
You can find this name on the bar code label on the bottom of the
FastPrint.
You may change this name if you like. However, the new name must not exceed
19 characters in length.
3000 Apple Zone: *3000 Apple Zone: *
The default value “*” allows all AppleTalk zones to access the FastPrint’s
printers. To restrict access to a particular zone, enter the zone name here.
3001 Printer type (P1): LaserWriter3001 Printer type (P1): LaserWriter
3002 Printer type (P2) LaserWriter3002 Printer type (P2) LaserWriter
3004 Printer type (P3) LaserWriter3004 Printer type (P3) LaserWriter
These are text fields, used to describe the printer driver used for each port. P1, P2
and P3 refer to the specific parallel ports. The name can be up to 19 characters
long.
3101 AP_PCOMM1: No3101 AP_PCOMM1: No
3102 AP_PCOMM2: No3102 AP_PCOMM2: No
3104 AP_PCOMM4: No3104 AP_PCOMM4: No
These settings determine whether the port uses ASCII or binary Communication
Protocol. Enter NO for ASCII or YES for binary. The lines refer to the following
ports.
3101 AP_PCOMM1: Parallel Port 1
3102 AP_PCOMM2: Parallel Port 2
3104 AP_PCOMM4: Parallel Port 3
In choosing which protocol to use, consider the following points.
•Binary communication is twice as fast as ASCII.
•ASCII communication is more reliable.
•The computer, FastPrint Server and printer must all be configured to use the
SAME protocol. Check your printer manual for details of printer
configuration, and use the Print menu to configure your computer, so that they
use the same settings as the FastPrint.

Chapter 4. Novell NetWare
Configuration overview
FastPrint Server User’s Guide 9
4. Novell NetWare
This chapter will help you to configure and use the FastPrint
Server in the Novell NetWare environment.
4.1. Configuration overview
This section outlines the checks and decisions to be made before proceeding with
configuration under NetWare.
4.1.1. Requirements
•NetWare 2.2, NetWare 3.1x or NetWare 4.x.
•NetWare PCONSOLE V1.21 or higher in the file server.
•NetWare Print Server V1.22 or higher (remote printer mode only).
•DOS 3.3 or higher on workstations.
•Hardware installation must be completed.
4.1.2. Operating modes
Two operating modes are possible: Print Server and Remote Printer.
Print Server mode is faster and uses fewer resources than Remote Printer mode.
However, it does occupy a user login slot. Remote Printer mode does not use a login
slot, but it is slower and uses more resources.
Print Server mode should be used if possible.
4.1.2.1. Print Server mode
The FastPrint Server emulates NetWare PSERVER. When activated, the FastPrint
will perform the following operations:
•Login to specified NetWare file server(s).
•Poll the specified print queues.
•If there are print jobs in the print queues, then the FastPrint Server will send them
to the printer(s).
4.1.2.2. Remote printer mode
The FastPrint Server emulates a NetWare remote printer. After the FastPrint is
activated, it will perform the following operations:
•Connect to NetWare PSERVER.
•Receive the print jobs sent by PSERVER.
•Convert the packet format to an acceptable printer format, and send the data to
the printer.

Chapter 4. Novell NetWare
Preparation
FastPrint Server User’s Guide 10
4.1.3. Configuration methods
Either of the following methods can be used to set up the FastPrint Server in the
NetWare environment.
♦Quickset
The QUICKSET program will configure both the FastPrint Server and the current
Novell server in a single operation.
♦PCONSOLE and PSconfig
If you prefer, you may use PCONSOLE to set up the FastPrint configuration in the
NetWare file servers. You will then need to use PSCONFIG to configure the
FastPrint.
4.2. Preparation
Copy all files in the \Utility\Dos directory on the CD-ROM to your workstation’s hard
disk. The QUICKSET and PSCONFIG programs are in this directory.
If you want to install the FastPrint on an NDS network, log in the NDS network as
ADMIN or as a user with Admin rights.
If you want to install the FastPrint on bindery-based file servers, such as NetWare 2.X or
3.X, log in to a bindery-based file server as a SUPERVISOR or as a user with
supervisory rights.
4.3. Configuration using Quickset
This section tells you how to use the Quickset program to configure the Novell server
and the FastPrint Server.
Note: Enter “Quickset /?” to display a help screen.
In the “Syntax” sections, brackets ( ) indicate optional parameters.
To use more than one bindery file server, see Service additional NetWare
bindery file servers on page 21.
4.3.1. NetWare Print Server mode
Quickset uses the following settings in NetWare Print Server mode:
ParameterParameter SettingSetting
Ethernet 802.2 frame type Enable
Ethernet 802.3 frame type Enable
Ethernet SNAP frame type Enable
Ethernet II frame type Enable
Polling NetWare queues interval 1 second
Job notification By login name
Master file server Set this as the specified server (in
bindery based file server environment)
Context name Set this to the current context name (in
NDS environment)