Aquion Energy S20-008F User manual

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AQ‐OP‐00009_B 
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OperationsManual
BatteryStackModelsS20‐008F,S20‐0080 
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AquionEnergy,Inc.
www.aquionenergy.com

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1AQ‐OP‐00009_B
TableofContents
1.GeneralInformation.................................................................................................................................3
1.1AboutThisManual.............................................................................................................................3
1.2ContactInformation...........................................................................................................................3
2.ProductInformation..................................................................................................................................3
2.1AHI™BatteryTechnology...................................................................................................................3
2.2S20‐0080BatteryStackOverview......................................................................................................3
2.3PhysicalCharacteristics......................................................................................................................3
2.4TerminalOverview.............................................................................................................................3
3.SafetyInformation....................................................................................................................................4
3.1GeneralSafetyInformation................................................................................................................4
3.2ElectricalHazards...............................................................................................................................4
3.3ElectricalSafety..................................................................................................................................4
3.4ChemicalHazards...............................................................................................................................5
3.4.1GasEmissions..............................................................................................................................6
3.5MechanicalHazards...........................................................................................................................6
3.6TransportationHazards......................................................................................................................6
3.7WeightHazards..................................................................................................................................6
3.8EnvironmentalConsiderations...........................................................................................................6
3.9RecyclingandDisposal.......................................................................................................................7
4.ReceiptofEquipment...............................................................................................................................7
4.1DeliveryInspection.............................................................................................................................7
4.2HiddenDamage..................................................................................................................................7
4.3Actions................................................................................................................................................7
5.InstallationProcedures.............................................................................................................................7
5.1Unpacking...........................................................................................................................................7
5.2Installation..........................................................................................................................................7
5.3ElectricalInterfacesandConnections................................................................................................8
5.4WiringDiagrams.................................................................................................................................8
5.5VentilationGuidelines........................................................................................................................9
6.Operation..................................................................................................................................................9
6.1ConfigurationandOperationRequirements.....................................................................................9
6.2InitialCharge....................................................................................................................................10
6.3Discharge/ChargeCycles..................................................................................................................10
6.4StateofCharge.................................................................................................................................13

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6.5RecordKeeping................................................................................................................................13
6.6OperationalRecords........................................................................................................................14
6.7Long‐TermStorage...........................................................................................................................14
6.8DischargeLoadVoltagefrom100%SOC..........................................................................................15
6.9EnergyEfficiency..............................................................................................................................16
7.Warranty.................................................................................................................................................18
8.TechnicalSupportandTroubleshooting.................................................................................................18
9.Disclaimers..............................................................................................................................................18
AppendixA:FrequentlyAskedQuestions...................................................................................................19
AppendixB:OperationalSettingsforOff‐GridPowerControlElectronics.................................................21
B.1OperationalSettingsforOff‐GridPowerControlElectronics..........................................................21
B.1.1Definitions.................................................................................................................................21
B.1.2VoltageLimitsvs.Temperature................................................................................................21
B.1.3HowtoChargeAquionBatteries..............................................................................................21
B.1.4TemperatureCompensation.....................................................................................................22
B.2Off‐GridDevice‐SpecificSettingsbyManufacturer.........................................................................22
B.2.1Morningstar..............................................................................................................................22
B.2.2MidniteClassic..........................................................................................................................24
B.2.3Outback.....................................................................................................................................24
B.2.4SMASunnyIsland......................................................................................................................25
B.2.5SchneiderConextXW+.............................................................................................................26
B.3Grid‐Tied/UPSDevice‐SpecificSettingsbyManufacturer...............................................................26
B.3.1MidniteClassic.........................................................................................................................26
B.3.2Outback....................................................................................................................................26
B.3.3SMASunnyIsland.....................................................................................................................28
B.3.4SchneiderConextXW+.............................................................................................................28
B.3.5AbsorptionVoltagevs.ChargeCurrent,30°C...........................................................................29
B.4ReferenceCyclesforLabUse..........................................................................................................29
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3AQ‐OP‐00009_B 
1.GeneralInformation
1.1AboutThisManual
Thismanualisintendedtoprovidetechnicalinformationandsafepracticesregardingreceiving,
installing,operating,andservicingtheAquionEnergyS20‐0080andS20‐008FBatteryStacks.For
completesafetyinformation,refertotheSafetyDataSheet(SDS)includedwithyourproductshipment.
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NOTICE:Failuretofollowtheinstructionsinthisdocumentcouldresultinfire,electricshock,
and/orotherinjuryordamage.
1.2ContactInformation
AquionEnergy,Inc.
3239thStreet
Pittsburgh,PA15201
412.904.6400
www.aquionenergy.com
2.ProductInformation
2.1AHI™BatteryTechnology
AquionEnergy’sAqueousHybridIon(AHI™)batteriesareoptimizedforstationaryapplicationswith
charge/dischargeratesgreaterthan4hours.Thebatteriesaredesignedtohaveextremelylongcyclelife
atfulldepthofdischargewithminimaldegradation,theabilitytostandatpartialstateofchargewith
minimalself‐dischargeorlossinfunction,andextensivefaulttolerance.
2.2S20‐0080BatteryStackOverview
TheS20‐0080andS20‐008FBatteryStack(hereafter“BatteryStack”)isthebasecomponentofAquion
Energy’sscalableenergysolutions.TheBatteryStackiscomposedofeightB20batteriesconnectedin
series,builttobevoltage‐optimizedforsafetyandsystemarchitecture.TheS20‐008Fincludesanin‐line
15‐ampere(A)fuse.BatteryStackscanbescaledinseriesorparallelforawiderangeofstationary
systemrequirements.Fordetailedspecifications,pleaseseethelatestProductSpecificationSheet,
availableontheAquionEnergyCustomerPortalathttp://info.aquionenergy.com/customer‐portal.
2.3PhysicalCharacteristics
Forproductphysicalcharacteristicsandmeasurements,pleaseseethelatestProductSpecification
Sheet(visithttp://info.aquionenergy.com/customer‐portal).
2.4TerminalOverview
TheterminalofeachBatteryStackusesstandardAmphenolHeliosH4connectors(male/positive,Part
No.H4CMC4DI,female/negative,PartNo.H4CFC4DI,andavailableasamatedpair,PartNo.H4CPC4DI)
and12AWGwire.

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3.SafetyInformation
3.1GeneralSafetyInformation
Onlyqualifiedindividualsaretoservicebatterysystems.
TheBatteryStackisdesignedtobeULrecognized.
TheULrecognitionisinprogress.Certificationtestsinclude:
oUL1973‐23Vibration
oUL1973‐24Shock
oUL1973‐25Crush
oUL1973‐26StaticForce
oUL1973‐27Impact
oUL1973‐35SaltFog
oUL1973‐36ExternalFireExposure
3.2ElectricalHazards
Neverplaceforeignobjectsortoolsinorontheunitasthemetalpartsofthebatteryterminalsare
alwayslive.
Electricalhazardsexistinthevoltageandcurrentrangesthatarefoundinbatterysystemsand
associatedelectronics.
WARNING:ConnectingBatteryStacksinseriescanleadtodangerouslyhighvoltages.
WhenconnectingS20‐0080Stacksinparallel,15Abranchfusesarerecommendedandshouldbe
placedasclosetotheBatteryStackpositive(recommended)ornegativeterminalaspossible.
3.3ElectricalSafety
AquionrecommendsfusingS20‐0080stringswitha1,000V,15Afuseatthepositive(+)leadof
eachstringofBatteryStacks(oroneachindividualBatteryStackiftheyareallconnectedin
parallel).
TheS20‐008Falreadycontainsanin‐linefuse,andadditionalfusingateachStackisnotnecessary.
Intheseriesconfiguration,theBatteryStacksshouldbegroundedbyusingatierod.
Thefollowingpartsandtoolsarerequired:
oRingTerminal(MorrisProducts11072)
oNut(McMaster93839A835)
o12AWGwire
ostandardwirecrimper
AttachtheringterminalstotheBatteryStacks,andthengroundtheBatteryStacks.

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TimeCurrentCurve(15–30A)forLittelfuseSPFSeriesSolarFuses1
3.4ChemicalHazards
AHIbatterymaterialsarenon‐toxicandcontainnochemicalhazards.
ElectrolytespillageisnotaconcernwithAHIbatteries.Theelectrolyteissodium‐sulfate‐based
saltwaterwithaneutralpH.Intheunlikelyeventthatelectrolytecomesincontactwitheyesorskin,
thoroughlywashoutwithwater.Electrolyteresidueonthebatteryterminalcanbewipedawaywith
acloth.AcollectionpanundertheStackisnotneededastheelectrolytewillnotleakduringnormal
operation,andanyleakedelectrolytewillnotdamagebatterysurfacesorequipment.Refertothe
SDSforadditionalinformation.

1ImageadaptedfromLittelfuse®,POWR‐GARD®FuseDatasheet:SPFSeriesSolarFuses.See
http://www.littelfuse.com/~/media/electrical/datasheets/fuses/solar‐
fuses/littelfuse_fuse_solar_spf_datasheet.pdf.

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3.4.1GasEmissions
ThebatterymayemittraceamountsofgasH2,O2,CO2,andCOduringnormaloperation.
Thesegassesarenotaccumulatedinhazardousquantitiesifthebatteriesareventilatedaccordingto
theventilationguidelinesstipulatedinthismanual(seeSection5.5).ThebatteryhaspassedUL
overchargetesting,whichincludesmonitoringfortoxicvaporsandcombustiblevaporconcentrations.
Overchargingthebatterywillresultinventingofnon‐hazardousgas,primarilycomposedofH2,O2,
CO2,andCO,throughthepressurereliefvalve.
3.5MechanicalHazards
AHIBatteryStacksarecompressedanddesignednevertobedismantled.
WARNING:DoNOTattempttodisassembleBatteryStacks.DoNOTremovethenutonthe
compressionfixtureontopoftheStack.BatteryStackshavebeencompressedtooptimizebattery
performance.Releasingthisloadcouldresultinpoorbatteryperformance,permanentdamageto
Stackcomponents,and/orinjury.
TheBatteryStackcasesareintentionallyflexibletoaccommodatecompressionoftheelectrode
stackandnormalvariationsininternalpressureduringoperation.
AslightconcavedeformationinthesidewalloftheBatteryStackcaseisnotunusual,especiallyinnew
batteries,anddoesnotpresentanunsafecondition.Aconvexdeformation,orbulge,projectingno
morethan10mmfromthesidewallofthebatteryisalsonotunusualanddoesnotpresentanunsafe
condition.Ifabulgeprojectsmorethan10mm,theaffectedBatteryStackshouldberemovedfrom
service,andAquionEnergy'stechnicalsupportshouldbecontacted.
3.6TransportationHazards
AHIbatteryproductshavenohazardousclassificationsandcanbeshippedasstandardgoods.
TheAHIbatteryhasalsoundergoneInternationalSafeTransitAssociationTestingforshock,vibration,
thermalshock,andaltitude.
BatteryStacksshallnotexceedfifteen(15)degreesoftiltangleduringtransportationand
placement.
3.7WeightHazards
TheBatteryStackweighs113kg(249lbs)andmustbetransportedandhandledwithappropriate
precautions.
AfurnituredollywithanappropriateweightratingmaybeusefulfortransportingtheStack,though
careshouldbetakennottotilttheStackmorethanfifteen(15)degrees.
3.8EnvironmentalConsiderations
Undernormalconditions,AHImaterialsarecontainedandposenoknownrisktopersonsorthe
surroundingenvironment.
Theproductisnotclassifiedasenvironmentallyhazardous.

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7AQ‐OP‐00009_B
3.9RecyclingandDisposal
AHIbatteriesarenon‐toxic,non‐corrosive,andcanbedisposedofasordinarytrashorthrough
properrecyclingchannels.
Followalllocallawsandregulationsregardingdisposal.RefertoAquionEnergy’swebsiteat
http://www.aquionenergy.com/collection‐recycling‐waste‐batteriesforadditionalinformation.
4.ReceiptofEquipment
4.1DeliveryInspection
Immediatelyupondelivery,inspectallhardgoodsforsignsofdamageortippingduringtransit.
Thismaybeevidencedbydamagedpalletsorpackaging.ImmediatelychecktheTip‐N‐Tellindicator,if
oneisincludedontheshippingcontainer,andalertthecarrieriftheindicatorhasregistered
tip.Thoroughlydocumentallinstancesofproductdamageortipping,andmakeaclaimwiththe
carrierassoonaspossible.ContactAquionEnergyforfurthersupport.
4.2HiddenDamage
Within10daysofreceipt,avisualinspectionmustbeperformed.
Ifanydamageisfound,requestaninspectionbythecarrierandfileahiddendamageclaim.Donot
delayvisualinspection.Delayingthisstepmayresultinalossofrightofreimbursementforhidden
damages.
4.3Actions
If,upondelivery,equipmentappearstohavebeendamagedortipped,donotaccepttheshipment.
Ifyouhaveacceptedshipmentandequipmentintheshipmentappearstohavebeentippedor
damaged,pleasecontactyourappropriatesupportrepresentative.Fortechnicalsupportcontact
information,pleaseseeSection8,TechnicalSupportandTroubleshooting.
5.InstallationProcedures
5.1Unpacking
Unpackallitemscarefullyandnotequantitiesreceived.
BatteryStacksareshippedonpallets.Allaccessoriesneededforinstallationandusearepackedin
boxesandsecuredtothepallet.ContactAquionEnergyifanyitemsaremissingordamaged.
5.2Installation
EnsurethattheinstallationlocationislevelbeforemovingandinstallinganyS‐Lineproduct.
TheS‐Lineproducthasbeendesignedtobemovedandinstalledinanuprightposition(lessthan
fifteen(15)degreesoftilt).
UseproperliftingproceduresandpersonalprotectiveequipmentwhenmovingtheS‐Lineproduct.
TheS‐Lineproductisheavy.Failuretofollowappropriateliftingproceduresorusepersonalprotective
equipmentmaycauseseriousinjury.


8AQ‐OP‐00009_B 
TheS‐Lineproducthasbeendesignedtobemovedusingtheliftingeyeandmetaltie‐rodthatruns
verticallythroughthecenteroftheStack.EachshipmentofsixS‐lineStacksincludesoneliftingeye.
TheliftingeyescrewsontothetierodandcanbeusedtomoveoneStackatatime.
Acrane,hoist,orsimilardeviceofappropriateload‐bearingcapacitycanbeusedtolifttheS‐Line
productverticallybytheliftingeyethreadedontothetie‐rod.NEVERLIFTS‐LINEPRODUCTSBYTHE
TERMINALSORANYPARTOTHERTHANTHESUPPLIEDLIFTINGEYETHREADEDONTOTHETIE‐RODAS
THISWILLVOIDTHEWARRANTYANDMAYCAUSEDAMAGETOTHEPRODUCTAND/ORSIGNIFICANT
INJURY.NoothercomponentoftheS‐Lineproductisdesignedtosupporttheweightoftheproduct.
Alternatively,anappropriatelysizedhandtruckcanbeusedtomoveS‐Lineproduct(s),solongasthe
productisnottiltedmorethanfifteen(15)degrees.
BatteryStacksshouldbepositionedonflat,levelsurfacesappropriatelyratedfortheweightofthe
Stacks.
DonotstackBatteryStacksontopofeachother.
5.3ElectricalInterfacesandConnections
Theconnectors,foundatthetopoftheBatteryStack,areasfollows:
oNegative(Black):FemaleHeliosH4Connector(H4CFC4DI)
oPositive(Red):MaleHeliosH4Connector(H4CMC4DI)
Thematingconnectors(notsuppliedbyAquion)canbeorderedasamatedpair(H4CPC4DI).
Thebattery‐to‐batteryjumpersuse12AWGwire.
CrimpingtheHeliosH4connectorsrequirestheH4CrimpTool,ifcrimpingtheconnectorsyourself,
andtheH4UniversalUnlockingTooltodisconnecttheconnectors.
5.4WiringDiagrams

The12AWGjumpersare180mmcableswithAEH4connectorsorderedfromAquionEnergy(P/N:
410‐0000001‐001).


9AQ‐OP‐00009_B
5.5VentilationGuidelines
PerIBCandNFPA1guidelines,installationsinenclosedspacesrequireventilationequaltoeither
six(6)airchangesperhourorventilationat1cubicfootperminute(CFM)persquarefootofroom
size.
6.Operation
6.1ConfigurationandOperationRequirements
Thefollowingsystemdesignconfigurationsmustbefollowed.ContactAquionbeforeattemptingto
installasystemoutsideoftheseparameters.
BatteryStacksmustbeinstalledinadryenvironment.
TheS20‐0080andS20‐008FStacksareIP22rated.Directexposuretowatermaycauseshorting.
Theunitmaybeinstalledincoastalregionswithatmosphericsalt.
BatteryStacksmustnotbeoperatedorstoredunderdirectexposuretosunlight.
Prolongedexposuretoultravioletlightmaydamagethebatterycasingandreduceproductlifetime.
BatteryStacksmaybestoredat0%–100%stateofcharge(SOC)withoutsignificantperformance
loss.
Forbestresultsoverlong‐termstorage,Aquionrecommendskeepingthebatteryat≤50%SOC(<48V)
and≤40°C.
BatteryStacksmustbeoperatedintemperaturesbetween‐5°Cand40°Cona24‐houraverage.
Operationaboveorbelowtheselimitswillcauseadvanceddegradationofthebatterychemistry.
BatteryStacksmustbestoredintemperaturesbetween‐10°Cand40°C.
StorageaboveorbelowtheselimitsmaycausepermanentdamagetotheBatteryStacks.
BatteryStacksmustbekeptbetween30and59Vdcafterinitialcharge.
Operationorstorageaboveorbelowthesevoltagelimitswillcausedamagetothebatterychemistry.
BatteryStacksmustbechargedordischargedwithlessthanorequalto15Aofcurrent.
Thereisa15Afuseconnectedin‐lineintheS20‐008FStack.
BatteryStacksmaybeoperatedinsystemsupto1,000Vdc.
BatteryStacksmaybewiredtogetherinPARALLELconfigurationsofupto144Stacksperinverteror
powercontrolsystem.
WhenconnectingtogetherS‐Lineproductsinparallel,itisimportanttodesignthesystemsothatthe
maximumcurrentperStackislowerthanthefusedlimitof15A.Aquionrecommendsthatinsystems
with12ormoreS‐Lineproductsconnectedtogetherinparallel,theoverallsystembedesignedforno
morethan12AperStackasthemaximumexpectedchargeordischargecurrent.Thebufferof3Aper
Stackwillallowforsystembalancingtooccurovertheproduct’slife.Aquionalsorecommendsthat
forsystemswith12ormoreS‐LineStacksconnectedtogetherinparallel,thesystembesizedto
accountforasmall,yetconservative,energyderatingfactorof5%.Deratingtheoverallexpected


10AQ‐OP‐00009_B
energyfromthesystembythisamountwillaccountforthelossesthatwilloccurinthesystem’s
multipleconnections.
IfwiringBatteryStacksinseries,thevoltageofeachStackmustbemonitoredtoensurethat
voltagelimitationsarefollowed.
6.2InitialCharge
TheBatteryStackshouldarrivewithaninitialvoltagegreaterthan32Vdc.
Iftheinitialvoltageisinsufficientforchargingpowerelectronics,theBatteryStackcanbecharged
usingabatterychargingdevicesettotheoperatinglimitsoftheStacksasdefinedthelatestProduct
SpecificationSheet,availableontheAquionEnergyCustomerPortalat
http://info.aquionenergy.com/customer‐portal.
Useonlypowersuppliesdesignedtochargebatteries.
MostDCpowersuppliesarenotdesignedtochargebatteriesandlacksufficientreversecurrent
protection.
IftheStacksaretobeinstalledinaseriesconfiguration,itisimportanttomatchtheirstatesof
chargetobewithin5%ofeachother.
Ideally,beforeStacksareconnectedinseriestheyshouldbetakentofulldischarge,40±1Vatopen
circuit.
IfStacksorseriesstringsofStacksaretobewiredinparallel,itisimportanttomatchthestring
voltagestowithin5Vdc.
ThehighimpedanceoftheAHIbatterylimitstheshort‐circuitcurrentofthebattery.
Caremuststillbetaken,however,when“liveparallelbussing”batterieswithunequalopencircuit
voltages.Thecurrentcreatedinthissituationmaystillbesufficienttocauseanarcorcauseafuseto
blow.
Duringitsinitialchargecycles,itisnormalforthebatterytoacceptmoreenergybeforeitreaches
itsmaxvoltage.
Thisisthenormalconditioningprocessthatoccursinthebattery.Aspecificconditioningprocedure
doesnotneedtobeused.
6.3Discharge/ChargeCycles
TheAHIbatterychemistryallowsforlongcyclelifeathighdepthofdischarge.
BasedonthecurrentresultsofAquion’songoing,real‐timetestofproductionbatteries,Aquionis
targetingacyclelifeof3,000cyclesat100%depthofdischargeto80%retainedcapacityonall
commercialbatteryproducts.
TheAHIbatterychemistrycanacceptanychargeordischargeprofileoralgorithmthatrespectsthe
operatinglimitsdefinedintheProductSpecificationSheet,availableontheAquionEnergyCustomer
Portalathttp://info.aquionenergy.com/customer‐portal.Forexample,thebatterycanaccept
charginguptotherecommendedcurrentlimitaslongastheuppervoltagelimitisnotexceeded.


11AQ‐OP‐00009_B 


Aquionbatteriescanbechargedusingthesametypeofthree‐stageprofileusedforleadacid
batteries.
ThoughnotstrictlycorrectfortheAHIchemistry,theleadacidterminology(bulk,absorption,float)is
includedforclarity.Unlikeleadacid,AHIbatteriesdonotrequireafloatvoltage,butoneisincluded
tomaintainafullstateofcharge.
Aquionbatteriesshouldbechargedusingthefollowingsetpoints:
MaxCurrent..................................................12A/StackforStacksinparallel,15AforindividualStacks
Max(Absorption)Voltage................59Vat5Aand30°Caveragecharge,orusetableinSectionB.1.2
(Absorption)TimeatMaxV............................................................................................................1hour
FloatVoltage......................................................54.4V,or52.8Vifholdingfor>4hours(UPS/grid‐tied)


12AQ‐OP‐00009_B 

Recommendedchargeprofile
Chargingthebatteryto100%SOCdailyorperiodicallyisnotrequiredtomaintainbatterylife.
TheAHIbatterychemistrycanbemaintainedatapartialorlowstateofchargeindefinitely.
TheStackcanbedischargedwithinitsoperatinglimitsaswell,asdefinedintheProduct
SpecificationSheet,availableontheAquionEnergyCustomerPortalat
http://info.aquionenergy.com/customer‐portal.
TheAHIbatteryisdesignedforlongdurationchargeanddischarge.Thebattery’shighimpedance
causesitsvoltageresponsetohighcurrentlevelstobehigherthanleadacidorlithiumionbattery
solutionsofequivalentcapacity.Thesupplementalchargersettings(i.e.,generator‐orgrid‐tie)may
needtobeadjustedsothatatlowbatterystateofcharge,highinrushloadswillnottriggeralow
batteryfaultconditioninthepowerelectronics.



13AQ‐OP‐00009_B 
 
PeakPower
6.4StateofCharge

6.5RecordKeeping
AquionEnergyrecommendsmaintainingpropersystemdocumentationrecords.
Theseincludeasinglelinediagramofthecompletesystemandalogdocumentingsystemsettings
(inverter,chargecontroller,chargevoltages,etc.).
RecordDescriptionFrequency
singlelinesystemdiagramcompleteACandDCsystemdiagramatinstallationoruponchange
systemcomponentsettingschargevoltageandcurrentsettingsatinstallationoruponchange


14AQ‐OP‐00009_B 
6.6OperationalRecords
AquionEnergyrecommendsmaintainingproperandregularoperatingrecords.
Theseincludebatterytemperatures,maximumandminimumoperatingvoltages,andmaximum
currents.Module‐basedsystemsthatincludetheoptionalAquionEnergyBatteryMonitoringSystem
(BMS)logthisdataautomatically.
MeasurementDescriptionFrequency
averagebatterytemperaturedailyaveragetemperatureloggedevery24hours
minimumbatteryvoltagedailyminimumvoltageloggedevery24hours
maximumbatteryvoltagedailymaximumvoltageloggedevery24hours
maximumbatterycurrentdailymaximumcurrentloggedevery24hours
6.7Long‐TermStorage
IftheBatteryStackistobestoredforanextendedperiodoftime,removeallsignalandpower
connectionstopreventunintendedself‐dischargeandundetectedgroundfaults.
Keepanygroundinginplace.





15AQ‐OP‐00009_B
6.8DischargeLoadVoltagefrom100%SOC

LoadVoltagevs.StateofCharge
SOC(%)
DischargeCurrent
2A4A6A8A9.9A
030.00V30.00V30.00V30.00V30.00V
543.04V39.40V36.42V34.40V33.28V
1044.92V41.52V38.67V36.61V35.28V
1545.64V42.50V39.85V37.89V36.54V
2046.19V43.16V40.64V38.74V37.41V
2546.66V43.67V41.24V39.38V38.04V
3047.10V44.23V41.73V39.91V38.40V
3547.49V44.65V42.17V40.35V38.85V
4047.85V45.03V42.56V40.74V39.22V
4548.17V45.38V42.90V41.08V39.57V
5048.47V45.70V43.24V41.41V39.89V
5548.74V46.01V43.55V41.70V40.20V
6048.99V46.30V43.83V42.00V40.49V
6549.22V46.58V44.12V42.29V40.78V
7049.46V46.86V44.42V42.60V41.10V
7549.73V47.18V44.73V42.92V41.41V
8050.09V47.54V45.08V43.28V41.81V
8550.60V48.03V45.53V43.72V42.27V
9051.27V48.67V46.08V44.28V42.81V
9552.11V49.46V46.81V45.00V43.48V
10055.99V53.85V51.40V49.50V48.22V


16AQ‐OP‐00009_B 
6.9EnergyEfficiency
Energyefficiencyisdeterminedbyrunningasymmetriccharge‐dischargecycle,boundedbytimeor
voltage,andusingtheequation
    ∗ 100%
⁄
Thus,foragivenrateandtemperature:
    ∗ 
or
   ∗ 

EnergyEfficiencyvs.ChargeRate
Ambient
Temperature
Current
2A4A6A8A9.9A
10°C89.70%81.04%73.30%66.46%61.00%
30°C90.50%82.48%75.02%67.78%62.35%
40°C90.06%81.74%74.06%67.03%61.15%


17AQ‐OP‐00009_B 
TheenergyefficiencyofAquionEnergy’sAHIbatterydoesnotsignificantlychangewithstateof
charge.


EnergyEfficiencyvs.Condition
Condition
Current
2A4A6A8A9.9A
10°C,20%SOC89%80%73%66%60%
10°C,40%SOC90%81%73%66%61%
10°C,60%SOC90%81%74%67% ‐‐
10°C,80%SOC89%80%72% ‐‐ ‐‐
30°C,20%SOC90%82%74%67%62%
30°C,40%SOC91%82%75%68%62%
30°C,60%SOC91%83%75%68%63%
30°C,80%SOC91%83%75%69% ‐‐
40°C,20%SOC90%81%74%67%60%
40°C,40%SOC90%82%74%67%61%
40°C,60%SOC91%82%74%67% ‐‐
40°C,80%SOC91%82%75%68% ‐‐


18AQ‐OP‐00009_B
Apulsetestasdefinedbelowcanalsoprovideareliableapproximationofroundtripefficiency
fromVmintoVmaxateachrate.

Intheenergyefficiencytestshownabove,stateofchargeissetbyafixedampere‐hour(Ah)charge
determinedasaspecifiedpercentageofthebattery’snominalcapacity.Asymmetricchargeand
dischargepulsewasthenrunforafixedtime(20minutes)ateachrate.Athigherstateofcharge,the
pulsetimemaybelimitedbyVmax.
7.Warranty
PleaseseetheTermsandConditionsand/orseparatewarrantydocumentationforwarranty
information.
8.TechnicalSupportandTroubleshooting
Fortechnicalsupportandtroubleshooting,contactyoursalesrepresentative.Youmayalsocontactour
supportrepresentative:
412.904.6400ext.2000
support@aquion‐energy.com
9.Disclaimers
Theinformationinthisdocumentissubjecttoperiodicupdatesandchanges.Uponanyupdatesor
changestotheabove‐describedmaterial,AquionEnergywillprovidenewdrawingsand/orassociated
documentationthatwillsupersedethosecontainedinthisdocument.Contentsaresubjecttochange
withoutnotice.

30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
0 102030405060
Voltage(V)
Voltage(V)
TestTime(h)
‐10
‐5
0
5
10
0 102030405060
Current(A)
Current(A)
TestTime(h)


19AQ‐OP‐00009_B
AppendixA:FrequentlyAskedQuestions
WhatconnectorsareneededfortheS20BatteryStack?
ThefollowingstandardsolarconnectorsarerequiredtomakeconnectionstotheS20BatteryStack.
AquionEnergydoesnotsupplytheseparts.
QuantityPartNamePartNumber
1SolarConnector,MaleH4CMC4DI
1SolarConnector,FemaleH4CFC4DI
OR
1SolarConnector,MatedPairH4CPC4DI
Thenegative(black)andpositive(red)leadsonthetopoftheBatteryStackaretheAmphenolH4CPC4DI
(HeliosH4),12AWG,male(positive)andfemale(negative)connectors.
MatingconnectorscanbepurchasedthroughAmphenoldistributorsworldwide.Findyournearest
authorizeddistributorhere:http://www.sineco.com/Distributors_ep_255.html
FulldetailsregardingelectricalconnectionsarelistedinSections2.4and5.3ofthismanual.
Whatsub‐stringbalancingissues,ifany,mustbemanagedwhenusingAHIbatteries?
Becauseotherbatterychemistriesrequirebatteryequalization,theyneedaBMSorstringsize
limitations.TheAHIchemistrydoesnotrequirebalancingandisconsideredtobeself‐balancing.Though
AquionEnergyoffersaBMSforcertainapplications,AHIbatteriesdonotrequireatraditionalBMS.
TherearenopassiveoractivebalancingelectronicsintheAquionEnergyequipment.Inproductsthat
doemployaBMS,AquionEnergy’sBMSservesasamonitoringandcommunicationdevice.
Whatdowerequireforconditioning‐basedmonitoringtoensurethattheindividualcells,batteries,
Stacks,andModulesarefunctioningproperly?
Duetothenatureoftheirchemistry,AHIbatteriesdonotrequiremaintenancecyclingorconditioning.
Thebestwaytoverifyproperfunctionalityistomonitorthebatterycapacityduringoperation.Please
refertotheProductSpecificationSheet,availableontheAquionEnergyCustomerPortalat
http://info.aquionenergy.com/customer‐portal,forexpectedenergybasedonthechargeanddischarge
duration.
Athighvoltages,whatoperationalissuescanbeexpectedwithregardtotheproperfunctioningof
cellsandbatteries?Canyoudestroyanindividualcellorbattery?Ifso,whatistheeffectonthe
string?
Theamountofvoltageisnotanissueaslongasthesystemissizedproperly.Withrespecttovoltage,
thefailuremodetobemindfulofisovercharge.Thevoltagerangeofyourproductisspecifiedinthe
ProductSpecificationSheet,availableontheAquionEnergyCustomerPortalat
http://info.aquionenergy.com/customer‐portal.AHIbatteriescanbesizedtomeetmostvoltageneeds
aslongastheprovidedvoltagewindowisfollowed.Excessiveoverchargecandestroyabatteryand
invalidateitswarranty.Dependingonthesystemconfiguration,doingsocouldeitherresultintheloss
ofaportionofthecompletesystem’scapacityorevenrendertheentiresystemuseless.