Beko 42" User manual

ìîþÐÔßÍÓßÌÛÔÛÊ×Í×ÑÒ
Í»®ª·½»Ó¿²«¿´
Ðßݸ¿--·-
Ê»®-·±²ïòð

CONTENTS PAGE
Contents1
SafetyPrecautions2
Importentnotesonsafety3-4
ProductIntroductionand
TechnicalSpecification5-6
Instructionsmanual7-
23
Display ModuleBlockDiagram and
Specification24-33
Functionof Display Boards34
PanelRepairProcess 35
Waveform of X-B’s,Y-B’s36-37
PanelTroubleshooting38-43
AV3BoardblockDiagram 44
ConnectionDiagram 45
ServiceMode46
Explodedviews47-49
SparePartsList50-51
CircuitDiagrams(AV3Boards)Attached
-1-

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Many electrical and mechanical parts in this chassis have special safety-related characteristics. These parts are identified by in
the Schematic Diagram and Replacement Parts List.
It is essential that these special safety parts should be replaced with the same components as recommended in this manual to
prevent X-RADIATION, Shock, Fire, or other Hazards.
Do not modify the original design without permission of manufacturer.
General Guidance
An lsolation Transformer should always be used during
the servicing of a receiver whose chassis is not isolated from
the AC power line. Use a transformer of adequate power rating
as this protects the technician from accidents resulting in
personal injury from electrical shocks.
It will also protect the receiver and it's components from being
damaged by accidental shorts of the circuitary that may be
inadvertently introduced during the service operation.
If any fuse (or Fusible Resistor) in this monitor is blown, replace
it with the specified.
When replacing a high wattage resistor (Oxide Metal Film
Resistor, over 1W), keep the resistor 10mm away from PCB.
Keep wires away from high voltage or high temperature parts.
.
X-RAY Radiation
Leakage Current Cold Check(Antenna Cold Check)
With the instrument AC plug removed from AC source,
connect an electrical jumper across the two AC plug prongs.
Place the AC switch in the on positioin, connect one lead of
ohm-meter to the AC plug prongs tied together and touch other
ohm-meter lead in turn to each exposed metallic parts such as
antenna terminals, phone jacks, etc.
If the exposed metallic part has a return path to the chassis, the
measured resistance should be between 1MΩ and 5.2MΩ.
When the exposed metal has no return path to the chassis the
reading must be infinite.
An other abnormality exists that must be corrected before the
receiver is returned to the customer.
Leakage Current Hot Check (See below Figure)
Plug the AC cord directly into the AC outlet.
Do not use a line Isolation Transformer during this check.
Connect 1.5K/10watt resistor in parallel with a 0.15uF capacitor
between a known good earth ground (Water Pipe, Conduit, etc.)
and the exposed metallic parts.
Measure the AC voltage across the resistor using AC
voltmeter with 1000 ohms/volt or more sensitivity.
Reverse plug the AC cord into the AC outlet and repeat AC
voltage measurements for each esposed metallic part. Any
voltage measured must not exceed 0.75 volt RMS which is
corresponds to 0.5mA.
In case any measurement is out of the limits sepcified, there is
possibility of shock hazard and the set must be checked and
repaired before it is returned to the customer.
Leakage Current Hot Check circuit
1.5 Kohm/10W
To Instrument's
exposed
METALLIC PARTS
Good Earth Ground
such as WATER PIPE,
CONDUIT etc.
AC Volt-meter
IMPORTANT SAFETY NOTICE
0.15uF
-2-

̸» °´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§ ¿¬¸¿²¼ ·-¿² ·²º±®³¿¬·±²
¬»½¸²±´±¹§¼»ª·½»ò
̸»°´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§ ½±³°´·»-©·¬¸¬¸»º±´´±©·²¹
¹«·¼»´·²»-¿²¼ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-æ
{èçñííêñÝÛÛ º®±³íÓ¿§ïçèç©·¬¸-«¾-»¯«»²¬
³±¼·º·½¿¬·±²-øÜ·®»½¬·ª»çîñíïñÝÛÛ º®±³ß°®·´
ïççî ¿²¼Ü·®»½¬·ª»çíñêèñÝÛÛ º®±³ îîÖ«´§ïççí÷
{éíñîíñÝÛÛ º®±³ ïç Ú»¾®«¿®§ ïçéí ©·¬¸-«¾-»¯«»²¬
³±¼·º·½¿¬·±²-øÜ·®»½¬·ª»çíñêèñÝÛÛ º®±³îîÖ«´§
ïççí÷
{ÛÒëëðîîô ÛÒëëðîìô ÛÒêïðððóíóîñóí
øÛ´»½¬®±³¿¹²»¬·½Ý±³°¿¬·¾·´·¬§÷
{ÛÒêðçëðøÍ¿º»¬§ λ¯«·®»³»²¬-÷
̸»½±²º±®³·¬§ ©·¬¸¬¸»®»¯«·®»³»²¬- ·- ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·-»¼
¾§ ¬¸»ÝÛ-§³¾±´¿¬¬¿½¸»¼¬±¬¸»°®±¼«½¬ò
ÎÛÚÛÎÛÒÝÛæ
̸·-·-¿Ý´¿-- ß¼»ª·½»ò̸·-¼»ª·½»½¿² ½¿«-»®¿¼·±
¼·-¬«®¾¿²½»-·²¬¸»´·ª·²¹ ¿®»¿å ·²¬¸·- ½¿-»¬¸»±°»®¿¬±®
½¿² ¾»®»¯«·®»¼¬±·³°´»³»²¬¿°°®±°®·¿¬»³»¿-«®»-ò
Í«·¬¿¾´»³»¿-«®»-½±«´¼¾»æ
{ײ ¬¸»»ª»²¬±º¼·-¬«®¾¿²½»-ô ½±²²»½¬¬¸»¼»ª·½»
©·¬¸¿¼·ºº»®»²¬-±½µ»¬
{ß´·¹² ¬¸»¿²¬»²²¿ ±º¿¼·-¬«®¾»¼®¿¼·±®»½»·ª»®
¼·ºº»®»²¬´§
{ײ½®»¿-»¬¸»¼·-¬¿²½»¾»¬©»»²¬¸»¼·-¬«®¾»¼¼»ª·½»
¿²¼ ¬¸·- °®±¼«½¬
̸»³¿²«º¿½¬«®»®½¿²²±¬¾»¸»´¼´·¿¾´»º±®±°»®¿¬·±²
¾»§±²¼¬¸»±°»®¿¬·²¹½±²¼·¬·±²-¿-¼»-½®·¾»¼·²¬¸»
³¿²«¿´ò ײ¿¼¼·¬·±²ô§±«®°®±¼«½¬´·¿¾·´·¬§¿²¼
©¿®®¿²¬§½´¿·³-»¨°·®»¿-¿®»-«´¬±º-«½¸¿½¬·±²ò
ͬ¿²¼¿®¼-
ÉßÎÒ×ÒÙ
ÿ
׳°±®¬¿²¬²±¬»-±² -¿º»¬§ÿ
λ¿¼ ¿²¼ ¸»»¼¬¸»²±¬»-±²-¿º»¬§-±¬¸¿¬²±¸¿¦¿®¼¬±§±«®¸»¿´¬¸¿®·-»-¼«®·²¹½±²¬®¿½¬«¿´«-»òÛ®®±®-¼«®·²¹
·²-¬¿´´¿¬·±²¿²¼ ½±²²»½¬·±²½¿² ¼¿³¿¹»¬¸»¼»ª·½»±®-«¾-»¯«»²¬´§ ®»´¿¬»¼¼»ª·½»-ò
ß´©¿§-µ»»°¬¸»±°»®¿¬·²¹ ·²-¬®«½¬·±²-©·¬¸·²®»¿½¸ò Ø»»¼¬¸»©¿®²·²¹-±²¬¸»¼»ª·½»¿²¼ ·²¬¸»±°»®¿¬·²¹
·²-¬®«½¬·±²-ò
{ Ù»²»®¿´®»º»®»²½»
Þ»º±®»§±«½±²²»½¬¬¸»°´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§ô °´»¿-»
½¿®»º«´´§ ®»¿¼ ¬¸®±«¹¸¬¸»¹»²»®¿´²±¬»-±²-¿º»¬§
¿²¼¬¸»±°»®¿¬·²¹ ·²-¬®«½¬·±²-òѲ´§ ·²¬¸·- ³¿²²»®
½¿²§±««¬·´·-»¿´´ º«²½¬·±²--¿º»´§¿²¼ ®»´·¿¾´§ò
ß-º¿®¿-°±--·¾´»ôµ»»°¬¸»±°»®¿¬·²¹·²-¬®«½¬·±²-
¬±¹»¬¸»® ©·¬¸¬¸»¼»ª·½»-±¬¸¿¬§±«½¿² «-»·¬¬±
´±±µ«°·²º±®³¿¬·±²ò
Ø»»¼¬¸»©¿®²·²¹-±²¬¸»¼»ª·½»¿²¼ ·²¬¸»
±°»®¿¬·²¹ ·²-¬®«½¬·±²-ò
Ò»ª»®¿´´±©½¸·´¼®»²¬±«¬·´·-»»´»½¬®·½¿´¼»ª·½»-
©·¬¸±«¬-«°»®ª·-·±²ò
{ Ñ°»®¿¬·±²
̸»°´¿-³¿ÌÊ¿½¯«·®»¼¾§ §±«ô³»»¬-¬¸»¸·¹¸»-¬
¯«¿´·¬§ ½±¼»-¿²¼ -¬¿²¼¿®¼-¬±¾»º±«²¼ ·²¬¸·-
¾«-·²»-- -»¹³»²¬ò ß°´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§½±²-·-¬-±º¿
³«´¬·¬«¼»±º-±½¿´´»¼°·¨»´-ò Ѳ»°·¨»´½±²-·-¬-
±ºí »´»³»²¬-ø®»¼ô ¹®»»²¿²¼ ¾´«»÷ò Ûª»²«-·²¹
¬¸»¸·¹¸»-¬¯«¿´·¬§ ½±²¬®±´°®¿½¬·½»-¼«®·²¹¬¸»
³¿²«º¿½¬«®»±º¬¸»¼·-°´¿§-ô ·¬½¿² ²±¬¾»ïððû
»¨½´«¼»¼¬¸¿¬-±³»°·¨»´-±®°·¨»´»´»³»²¬-©·´´
¾»¼»º»½¬·ª»ò ̸»-»¼»º»½¬-³¿§ ¿°°»¿®¿-
°»®³¿²»²¬·´´«³·²¿¬»¼°·¨»´-ô ²±²·´´«³·²¿¬·²¹
°·¨»´- ±®«²-¬¿¾´»°·¨»´- øº´·½µ»®·²¹÷ ®»-°»½¬·ª»´§ò
É»¬¸»®»º±®»¿-µº±®§±«® «²¼»®-¬¿²¼·²¹ ©¸»²
©»¼»½´¿®»¬¸¿¬¬¸»-»¼»º»½¬-¿®»²±¬½±ª»®»¼
«²¼»®¬¸»©¿®®¿²¬§´·¿¾·´·¬§ò ̸·-·- ª¿´·¼·²-±º¿®
¬¸¿¬¬¸»-«³±º¿´´ ¼»º»½¬·ª»°·¨»´- ±®°·¨»´ »´»³»²¬-
¼±»-²±¬»¨½»»¼ðôðï û±º¬¸»¬±¬¿´¿³±«²¬ò
̸» ¾®·¹¸¬²»-- ¿²¼ ½±²¬®¿-¬±º°´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§-
¼»½®»¿-»-©·¬¸¬·³»ò
д¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§-¿®»°¸±-°¸±® ¾¿-»¼¿²¼ «²¼»®
½»®¬¿·²±°»®¿¬·²¹ ½±²¼·¬·±²-ô ¿-±ó½¿´´»¼=Þ«®²ó
ײN»ºº»½¬³¿§ ±½½«®ò ̸·-·- ·²º¿½¬¿¼»¹®·¹¿¬·±²
±º¬¸»°¸±-°¸±®¿²¼·- ¿²¿¬«®¿´°®±½»-- ·²°´¿-³¿
¬»½¸²±´±¹§ò
Í«½¸±°»®¿¬·²¹ ½±²¼·¬·±²-¿®»æ
ó-¬¿¬·½·³¿¹»-¾»·²¹ ¼·-°´¿§»¼º±®´±²¹ °»®·±¼-
ó½±²¬·²«»-¼·-°´¿§ ±º¬¸»-¿³»¾¿½µ¹®±«²¼
ó«-»±º¿²±²º«´´ -½®»»²º±®³¿¬ø»ò¹ò ìæí÷ º±®¿
´±²¹°»®·±¼-ò
Ѳ½»Þ«®²óײ ¸¿-±½½«®®»¼·¬·- ²±®³¿´´§
·®®»ª»®-·¾´»ò
̱¿ª±·¼±®¬±®»¼«½»¬¸»Þ«®²óײ »ºº»½¬ô°´»¿-»
º±´´±©¬¸»´·-¬»¼®»½±³³»²¼¿¬·±²-æ
ó°´»¿-»«-»³±ª·²¹·³¿¹»- ±® ½±²¬·²«±«- ³±ª·²¹
-¬¿¬·½·³¿¹»-·²º«´´-½®»»²º±®³¿¬ø-´·¼»-¸±©÷
¼«®·²¹ ¬¸»º·®-¬ïð𸱫®-±º±°»®¿¬·±²
ó°´»¿-»«-»§±«® °´¿-³¿ÌÊ·²¿º«´´ -½®»»²º±®³¿¬
øïêæç÷
ó·²½¿-»¬¸»°´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§·- «-»¼¿-¿ÐÝ
³±²·¬±®ô °´»¿-»¿½¬·ª¿¬»¬¸»-½®»»²-¿ª»®
ó·º°±--·¾´»°´»¿-»«-»³±ª·²¹ ·³¿¹»-
ó¿´©¿§--©·¬½¸¬¸»-½®»»²±ººô ·º·¬·- ²±¬·²«-»
ó¼»½®»¿-»½±²¬®¿-¬¿²¼ ¾®·¹¸¬²»-- ¿-³«½¸¿-
°±--·¾´»
ó·º°±--·¾´»¼·-°´¿§ ·³¿¹»- ©·¬¸³¿¨·³«³½±´±«®
¼»°¬¸¿²¼ -½¿´»
Ý»®¬¿·²½±²¼·¬·±²-³¿§½¿«-»¿¸«³³·²¹ ²±·-»
·²¬¸»¼·-°´¿§-»´»½¬®±²·½-ò̸·- ·- «-«¿´´§½¿«-»¼
¾§ ¬¸»³¿·²- °±©»® -«°°´§¸¿ª·²¹ ¼·ºº»®»²¬¹®±«²¼
©·®»-ò Ѳ»®»³»¼§º±®-±´ª·²¹ ¬¸·- °®±¾´»³·-¬±
·²-»®¬¿º·´¬»® ¾»¬©»»²¿²¬»²²¿½¿¾´»¿²¼¿²¬»²²¿
·²°«¬ò ̸»-»º·´¬»®- ¿®»¿ª¿·´¿¾´»¿¬¿´´ -°»½·¿´·-»¼
¬®¿¼»±«¬´»¬-ò
׺¬¸»°´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§ ·- ½±²²»½¬»¼¬±¿² »¨¬»®²¿´
¿²¬»²²¿ô·¬¸¿-¬±¾»¹®±«²¼»¼¬±°®±¬»½¬¿¹¿·²-¬
»´»½¬®·½¿´¸¿¦¿®¼-¿²¼ -¬¿¬·½¼·-½¸¿®¹»-ò̸»
¹®±«²¼·²¹ ³«-¬½±²º±®³¿²¼ ¾»·²¿½½±®¼¿²½»
©·¬¸¬¸»¿½¬«¿´®»¹«´¿¬·±²-·²º±®½»ò
-3-

׳°±®¬¿²¬²±¬»-±² -¿º»¬§ÿ
{Û²ª·®±²³»²¬¿´½±²¼·¬·±²-
Ò»ª»®±°»®¿¬»¬¸»°´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§ «²¼»®
»²ª·®±²³»²¬¿´½±²¼·¬·±²-©¸·½¸¼·ºº»®º®±³ ¬¸±-»
±º¬¸»¬»½¸²·½¿´¼¿¬¿ò Ü·ª»®¹»²¬½±²¼·¬·±²-½¿²
´»¿¼ ¬±»²¼¿²¹»®³»²¬ô º·®»±®¾®»¿µ¼±©² ±º¬¸»
¼»ª·½»ò
Ю±¬»½¬¬¸»°´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§ ¿¹¿·²-¬³±·-¬«®»ò̸·-
°»®¬¿·²-¬±°»®³¿²»²¬¸·¹¸ ¸«³·¼·¬§ô¬¸»°®±¨·³·¬§
¬±©¿¬»®ô ©¿¬»®¼®±°-¿²¼©¿¬»®-°´¿-¸»-¿-©»´´
¿-®¿·²òܱ²±¬°´¿½»¿²§©¿¬»®óº·´´»¼½±²¬¿·²»®-
ø»ò¹ò ª¿-»-÷ ±²¬¸»¼»ª·½»ò
Ю±¬»½¬¬¸»¼»ª·½»¿¹¿·²-¬¸»¿¬òߪ±·¼¬¸»°®±¨·³·¬§
¬±º·®»ô¸»¿¬·²¹ ¼»ª·½»-ô ±ª»²-±®°»®³¿²»²¬
»¨°±-«®»¬±¼·®»½¬-«²´·¹¸¬ò
Ю±¬»½¬¬¸»¼·-°´¿§ ¿¹¿·²-¬¸»¿¬¿½½«³«´¿¬·±²òܱ
²±¬½±ª»® ¬¸»ª»²¬·´¿¬·±²-´±¬-òÓ¿·²¬¿·²¿¼·-¬¿²½»
±º¿¬´»¿-¬ïð ½³¿¾±ª»¿²¼¾»´±©¬¸»ª»²¬·´¿¬·±²
º®±³-·¼»-ì½³º®±³®»¿®ì½³-´±¬-¿-©»´´¿-
´¿¬»®¿´´§ ¬±º«®²·¬«®»¿²¼¬±¬¸»½»·´·²¹ò ܱ²±¬
º«®²·-¸¬¸»¼»ª·½»©·¬¸½«®¬¿·²-ò
̸»¼·-°´¿§·-¼»-·¹²»¼º±® ³±«²¬·²¹·²´¿²¼-½¿°»
º±®³¿¬±²©¿´´- ±®·²-¬¿´´¿¬·±²-ò
{Ó¿·²-½±²²»½¬·±²
̸»³¿·²-·²°«¬¿²¼ ¬¸»³¿·²- -©·¬½¸¿®»´±½¿¬»¼
±²¬¸»®»¿®-·¼»ò̸»³¿·²- ·²°«¬·- ´±½¿¬»¼±²¬¸»
«°°»®®·¹¸¬¿²¼¬¸»³¿·²--©·¬½¸·-°´¿½»¼·²¬¸»
«°°»® ³·¼¼´»òÚ±® -¿º»¼·-½±²²»½¬·±²±º¬¸»¼·-°´¿§
º®±³ ¬¸»³¿·²-ª±´¬¿¹»ô ¬¸»³¿·²--©·¬½¸·-¬±¾»
¬«®²»¼±ºº ¿²¼ ¬¸»³¿·²-½¿¾´»·- ¬±¾»®»³±ª»¼
º®±³¬¸»³¿·²-·²°«¬³±¼«´»ò
ݱ²²»½¬¬¸»°´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§ ±²´§¬±¿-±½µ»¬©·¬¸
»¿®¬¸·²¹ ½±²¬¿½¬-·²-¬¿´´»¼¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬±®»¹«´¿¬·±²-ô
¿²¼ ©¸±-»³¿·²ª±´¬¿¹»½±²º±®³-©·¬¸¬¸»¼»ª·½»K-
¬»½¸²·½¿´¼¿¬¿ò Í»»¬±·¬¬¸¿¬¬¸»³¿·²-°´«¹¿²¼
¬¸»-±½µ»¬¿®»¿½½»--·¾´»¿¬¿´´ ¬·³»-ò ײ-¬¿´´ ¬¸»
³¿·²-½¿¾´»·²-«½¸¿º¿-¸·±²¬¸¿¬²±¾±¼§½¿²
¹»¬½¿«¹¸¬·²·¬òË-»±²´§ ¬¸»-«°°´·»¼³¿·²- ½¿¾´»ò
Ю±¬»½¬·¬¿¹¿·²-¬¼¿³¿¹»-ô ¿²¼ ¼±²±¬³¿µ»¿²§
¿´¬»®¿¬·±²- ¬±·¬ò Ò»ª»® «-»¿¼¿³¿¹»¼ ³¿·²- ½¿¾´»ò
{Í·¹²¿´·²°«¬-
ß´©¿§-¬«®²¬¸»°´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§ ¿²¼ ¬¸»-·¹²¿´
-±«®½»±ºº¾»º±®»§±«»-¬¿¾´·-¸¿½±²²»½¬·±²
¾»¬©»»²¾±¬¸¼»ª·½»-ò
{Ü·-¬«®¾¿²½»-
ײ¬¸»»ª»²¬±º¼¿³¿¹»-¬±¬¸»³¿·²-½¿¾´»±®¬¸»
¼»ª·½»ô ·³³»¼·¿¬»´§ °«´´ ¬¸»³¿·²-°´«¹º®±³¬¸»
-±½µ»¬ò
˲¼»®²±½·®½«³-¬¿²½»--¸±«´¼§±«¿¬¬»³°¬¬±
±°»²¿²¼ñ±® ¬±®»°¿·® ¬¸»¼»ª·½»§±«®-»´ºò ײ-¬»¿¼ô
½±²¬¿½¬±«®Í»®ª·½»Ø±¬´·²»±®¿²±¬¸»®-«·¬¿¾´»
°®±º»--·±²¿´©±®µ-¸±°ò
{ Þ¿¬¬»®·»-
Þ¿¬¬»®·»- ½¿²¾»´·º»ó¬¸®»¿¬»²·²¹ ©¸»²-©¿´´±©»¼ò
̸¿¬K-©¸§ §±«-¸±«´¼-¿º»¹«¿®¼¾¿¬¬»®·»-º®±³
¬¸»®»¿½¸±º-³¿´´½¸·´¼®»²ò׳³»¼·¿¬»³»¼·½¿´
¿--·-¬¿²½»-¸±«´¼¾»«¬·´·-»¼·º¿¾¿¬¬»®§¸¿-¾»»²
-©¿´´±©»¼ò
ß´©¿§-¬¿µ»¬¸»»¨¸¿«-¬»¼¾¿¬¬»®·»-±«¬±º¬¸»
®»³±¬»½±²¬®±´·³³»¼·¿¬»´§ô -·²½»¬¸»-»´»¿µ¿²¼
½¿²½¿«-»¼¿³¿¹»¿-¿®»-«´¬ò
̸» »²½´±-»¼¾¿¬¬»®·»-³¿§ ²±¬¾»½¸¿®¹»¼±®
®»¿½¬·ª¿¬»¼¾§ ±¬¸»®³»¿²-ô ²±¬¬¿µ»²¿°¿®¬ô
¬¸®±©² ·²º·®»±®-¸±®¬ó½·®½«·¬»¼ò
ÌÑ ÚËÔÔÇÜ×ÍÝÑÒÒÛÝÌ ÌØÛÌÊ ÍÉ×ÌÝØ
ÑÚÚ ÌØÛÓß×ÒÍÍÑÝÕÛÌßÒÜ ÎÛÓÑÊÛ
ÌØÛÐÑÉÛÎ ÐÔËÙò
׳°±®¬¿²¬²±¬»-±² -¿º»¬§ÿ
Û¨¸¿«-¬»¼¾¿¬¬»®·»-¼±²±¬¾»´±²¹·²¸±«-»¸±´¼
©¿-¬»ò ̸» ¾¿¬¬»®·»-³«-¬¾»¼·-°±-»¼±º¿¬¬¸»
½±´´»½¬·±²°±·²¬-°®±ª·¼»¼º±®¬¸·- °«®°±-»ò
{Ý´»¿²·²¹¿²¼³¿·²¬»²¿²½»
Þ»º±®»½´»¿²·²¹ô¬«®²¬¸»¼»ª·½»±ººô ¿²¼ °«´´¬¸»
³¿·²-°´«¹º®±³¬¸»-±½µ»¬ò É¿·¬¿º»©³·²«¬»-
-±¬¸¿¬¬¸»½¿°¿½·¬±®-·²¬¸»¼»ª·½»½¿²¾»
½±³°´»¬»´§ ¼·-½¸¿®¹»¼ò
Ë-»±²´§¿-´·¹¸¬´§ ¼¿³°»²»¼ô -±º¬½´±¬¸º±®
½´»¿²·²¹ò DZ«-¸±«´¼¿ª±·¼½¸»³·½¿´-±´ª»²¬- ¿²¼
½´»¿²·²¹ ¿¹»²¬-ô ¾»½¿«-»¬¸»-»½¿² ¼¿³¿¹»¬¸»
-«®º¿½»-ò
{̸» °´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§¹»²»®¿¬»-¸·¹¸ ª±´¬¿¹» ·²¬»®²¿´´§
º±®¬¸»¹¿-¼·-½¸¿®¹»òÌ«®²¬¸»¼»ª·½»±ºº ¿²¼ °«´´
¬¸»³¿·²-°´«¹º®±³ ¬¸»-±½µ»¬¼«®·²¹·²-¬¿´´¿¬·±²ô
³¿·²¬»²¿²½»¿²¼®»°¿·®-òÉ¿·¬¿º»©³·²«¬»--±
¬¸¿¬¬¸»½¿°¿½·¬±®- ·²¬¸»¼»ª·½»½¿² ¾»½±³°´»¬»´§
¼·-½¸¿®¹»¼ò
{ײ ½¿-»º±®»·¹² »´»³»²¬--«½¸¿-©¿¬»®ô ´·¯«·¼-ô
³»¬¿´°¿®¬-ô »¬½ò ¹»¬·²¬±¬¸»°´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§ô °«´´
¬¸»³¿·²-°´«¹±«¬·³³»¼·¿¬»´§ò Ò»ª»®¿¬¬»³°¬
¬±¬±«½¸¿²§¬¸·²¹·²-·¼»¬¸»¼»ª·½»©·¬¸¿²§µ·²¼
±º±¾¶»½¬-ò ̸»¼¿²¹»®±º¿² »´»½¬®·½-¸±½µ±®
¿½½·¼»²¬»¨·-¬-ò
{Ы´´ ±«¬¬¸»³¿·²-°´«¹·³³»¼·¿¬»´§ ·º-³±µ»ô
«²°´»¿-¿²¬±¼±«® ±® «²«-«¿´²±·-»-¿®»»³·¬¬»¼
º®±³ ¬¸»¼»ª·½»òß´-±°®±½»»¼·²¬¸»-¿³»³¿²²»®
·º¬¸»¼·-°´¿§ ·- ²±´±²¹»® ¿¾´»¬±°®»-»²¬¿²·³¿¹»
¿º¬»®¾»·²¹ ¬«®²»¼±²±® ¼«®·²¹ ±°»®¿¬·±²ò Ò»ª»®
¿¬¬»³°¬¬±½±²¬·²«»±°»®¿¬·²¹ ¬¸»¼·-°´¿§ ·²¬¸·-
½±²¼·¬·±²ò
{ײ ¬¸»»ª»²¬±º´»²¹¬¸§ ¿¾-»²½»±®¼«®·²¹
¬¸«²¼»®-¬±®³-ô °«´´ ¬¸»³¿·²-°´«¹º®±³ ¬¸»-±½µ»¬ô
¿²¼ °«´´¬¸»¸±«-»¿²¬»²²¿ -±½µ»¬º®±³¬¸»
¿²¬»²²¿ ¶¿½µò
{Ò»ª»® °´«¹ó·²±® °«´´ó±«¬¬¸»³¿·²- °´«¹©·¬¸©»¬
¸¿²¼-òÒ»ª»®±°»®¿¬»¬¸»³¿·²--©·¬½¸©·¬¸©»¬
¸¿²¼-ò
{ˬ·´·-»±²´§ ¬¸»-«°°´·»¼³¿·²-½¿¾´»ò Ю±¬»½¬·¬
¿¹¿·²-¬¼¿³¿¹»-ô¿²¼¼±²±¬³¿µ»¿²§¿´¬»®¿¬·±²-
¬±·¬ò Ò»ª»®«-»¿¼¿³¿¹»¼³¿·²-½¿¾´»ò
{̸»°´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§ ¸¿-¿¹´¿-- -«®º¿½»ò͸±«´¼¬¸»
¼»ª·½»¾»-«¾¶»½¬»¼¬±»¨½»--·ª»´±¿¼·²¹ ø»ò¹ò
¬¸®±«¹¸-¸±½µôª·¾®¿¬·±²ô ¾»²¼·²¹ ¿²¼ ¸»¿¬-¸±½µ÷ô
¬¸»¹´¿-- -«®º¿½»½¿²¾®»¿µòܱ²±¬-«¾¶»½¬¬¸»
¹´¿---«®º¿½»¬±¿²§°®»--«®»±®-¸±½µò͸±«´¼¬¸»
¹´¿--¾»¾®±µ»²ô ·³³»¼·¿¬»´§ °«´´ ¬¸»³¿·²-°´«¹
¿²¼ ¼±²±¬¬±«½¸¬¸»¾®±µ»²¹´¿-- ©·¬¸¾¿®»¸¿²¼-ò
{ɸ»²¬¸»°´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§ ¸¿-¾»»²-©·¬½¸»¼¬±
¬¸»-¬¿²¼ó¾§ ³±¼»·¬·- -¬·´´½±²²»½¬»¼¬±¬¸»
³¿·²-òDZ«³«-¬-©·¬½¸¬¸»³¿·²- -©·¬½¸·²¬±¬¸»
ð°±-·¬·±²±®°«´´ ¬¸»³¿·²-°´«¹º®±³¬¸»-±½µ»¬
º±®½±³°´»¬»¼·-½±²²»½¬·±²ò
{Ú±®»®¹±²±³·½®»¿-±²- ·¬·- ®»½±³³»²¼»¼¬±¿ª±·¼
«-·²¹ ®»¼¿²¼ ¾´«»º±²¬-±®-§³¾±´- ±²¼¿®µ
¾¿½µ¹®±«²¼-ò Í«½¸¿¼·-°´¿§½¿«-»-°±±®®»¿¼¿¾·´·¬§
¼«»¬±¬¸»´±©»®½±²¬®¿-¬ô¿²¼°®»³¿¬«®»´§º¿¬·¹«»-
¬¸»»§»-ò ̸»®»º±®»ô °´»¿-»«-»¸·¹¸ó½±²¬®¿-¬
¼·-°´¿§-¿-³«½¸¿-°±--·¾´»ô »ò¹ò ¾´¿½µº±²¬±²¿
©¸·¬»¾¿½µ¹®±«²¼ò
{Ü«®·²¹¬¸»½±²²»½¬·±²±º»¨¬»®²¿´´±«¼-°»¿µ»®-ô
°¿§¿¬¬»²¬·±²¬±¬¸»´±«¼-°»¿µ»® ±«¬°«¬¬»½¸²·½¿´
¼¿¬¿òײ ¬¸»»ª»²¬±º·²-«ºº·½·»²¬¼·³»²-·±²·²¹±º
¬¸»´±«¼-°»¿µ»®ô ¬¸»´±«¼-°»¿µ»® ¿²¼ñ±® ¬¸»¾«·´¬ó
·²¿³°´·º·»®½¿² ¾»¼¿³¿¹»¼ò
{п½µ¿¹·²¹¿²¼ °¿½µ·²¹ ®»-±«®½»-©¸·½¸¿®»²±
´±²¹»® ²»»¼»¼¿®»¿¾´»¬±¾»®»½§½´»¼ô ¿²¼-¸±«´¼
¿´©¿§-¾»¬«®²»¼·²º±®®»½§½´·²¹ò
-4-

Ю±¼«½¬ ײ¬®±¼«½¬·±²
ͬ¿¬»±º¬¸»¿®¬-·¹²¿´°®±½»--·²¹ô ¿º´¿¬ïêæç°´¿-³¿
¼·-°´¿§ ©·¬¸ïðê ½³-½®»»²¼·¿¹±²¿´ô ¿²¼ ¿²¿¬¬®¿½¬·ª»
¸±«-·²¹ ©¸·½¸º»¿¬«®»-´»--»® ³±¼«´¿®¼»°¬¸·²
½±³¾·²¿¬·±²©·¬¸¿«-»®óº®·»²¼´§ô ·²¬»®¿½¬·ª»®»³±¬»
½±²¬®±´°®»-»²¬¿²»©¹»²»®¿¬·±²±º·²º±®³¿¬·±²
°®»-»²¬¿¬·±²ò
̸» «¬·´·-¿¬·±²±º¬¸»²»©»-¬°´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§ ¹»²»®¿¬·±²
¹«¿®¿²¬»»-¸·¹¸ó½±²¬®¿-¬ô¾®·´´·¿²¬ª·¼»±·³¿¹»-¿-
©»´´¿- ½±³°«¬»® ¼·-°´¿§- ¿²¼°®»-»²¬¿¬·±²-ò ߪ¿®·»¬§
±º·²¬»®½±²²»½¬·±²±°¬·±²-º¿½·´·¬¿¬»·²¬»¹®¿¬·±²·²¬±
»¨·-¬·²¹ ¿²¼ ²»©-§-¬»³-±ºª·-«¿´·-¿¬·±²ò
{Ü·-°´¿§æ º´¿¬ ó´¿®¹»ó-´·³
̸» ²»©°´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§±ºº»®-èëî¨ìèð°·¨»´
®»-±´«¬·±²±²¿-½®»»²-«®º¿½»±ºçî𳳨ëïî³³ò
ïêòé³·´´·±²½±´±«®- ©·¬¸îëê ÎÙÞ¹®¿¼¿¬·±²-
øè¾·¬®»-±´«¬·±²÷ ±ºº»®«²´·³·¬»¼½±´±«® ¼·-°´¿§
¿²¼ ¬®«»ó¬±ó¼»¬¿·´ ·³¿¹»°´¿§¾¿½µò Û²¶±§ ª·¼»±
¿²¼ ¼¿¬¿·³¿¹»-±²¿ïðê½³-½®»»²¼·¿¹±²¿´ô
¿²¼ ¾»·³°®»--»¼¾§ ¬¸»-´·¹¸¬¼»°¬¸±º±²´§
ïîç³³ò
{Ï«·»¬
ß²»©¬§°»±º½±±´·²¹ -§-¬»³»²¿¾´»-¬¸»±°»®¿¬·±²
±º¬¸»°´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§©·¬¸±«¬¼·-¬«®¾·²¹ º¿² ²±·-»-ò
Ï«·»¬´·µ»¿½±²ª»²¬·±²¿´¬»´»ª·-·±²ô¬¸»°´¿-³¿
¼·-°´¿§ °®±ª·¼»-¬¸»²»©-¬¿²¼¿®¼º±®¬¸»´·ª·²¹
®±±³¿²¼ º±®¬¸»½±²º»®»²½»®±±³ò
ß®»³¿·²·²¹ ¿«¼·±²±·-»´»ª»´±º¿°°®±¨òîë¼Þß
·²½±²-»¯«»²½»±º°´¿-³¿¬»½¸²±´±¹§ ½±®®»-°±²¼-
¬±¬¸»½«®®»²¬-¬¿¬»±º¬¸»¿®¬ò
{Ûª»®§¬¸·²¹·²±²»¸±«-·²¹
Ü·-°´¿§ô°±©»®-«°°´§¿²¼ ·³¿¹»ú-±«²¼-·¹²¿´
°®±½»--·²¹ ¿®»¿½½±³³±¼¿¬»¼·²±²»¸±«-·²¹ò ̸·-
º¿½·´·¬¿¬»-³±«²¬·²¹ ±²¬¸»©¿´´ò Ø¿²¹·²¹ ±²¿
©¿´´´·µ»¿°¿·²¬·²¹ô ¿´´ -·¹²¿´·²°«¬-¿²¼ ±«¬°«¬-
¿®»»¿-·´§¿½½»--·¾´»ò Þ±¬¸»±º¬¸»´±«¼-°»¿µ»®
¶¿½µ-±ºº»®©»´´ó¾¿´¿²½»¼´·-¬»²·²¹ °´»¿-«®»·²
½±²²»½¬·±²©·¬¸»¨¬»®²¿´´±«¼-°»¿µ»®-ò
{Ê·¼»±ñݱ³°«¬»®ÊÙßñß«¼·±
̸» ¾®±¿¼ ½±²²»½¬·±²½¿°¿¾·´·¬§°®±ª·¼»-¬¸»
ÐßÔñÒÌÍÝñÍÛÝßÓª·¼»±-¬¿²¼¿®¼- øÝÊÞÍôÎÙÞ¿²¼
ÇñÝ÷ô³«´¬·-¬¿²¼¿®¼Ìʬ«²»®ø©¸·½¸±ºº»®-«°¬±
ççÌʽ¸¿²²»´-©·¬¸¿«¬±³¿¬·½¿²¼ ³¿²«¿´
°®±¹®¿³³·²¹÷ô ÊÙßñÍÊÙßô ¿²¼»ª»²·²½´«¼»-¿
ïêæçÊÙߺ±®³¿¬©·¬¸èìè ¨ìèð °·¨»´®»-±´«¬·±²ò
{Ë-»®·²¬»®º¿½»
×ή»³±¬»½±²¬®±´¿²¼ Ѳóͽ®»»²óÜ·-°´¿§ øÑÍÜ÷
³¿µ»±°»®¿¬·±²¿³¿¬¬»®±º½¸·´¼K-°´¿§ò ̸»ÑÍÜ
±ºº»®- ½´»¿®´§ -¬®«½¬«®»¼³»²«- º±®¬¸»-»´»½¬·±²
±º-·¹²¿´-±«®½»-ô ·³¿¹» ¿²¼ -±«²¼ò
{Ü·¹·¬¿´-·¹²¿´°®±½»--·²¹
̸» °´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§ ·-»¯«·°°»¼©·¬¸¬¸»´¿¬»-¬
-¬¿²¼¿®¼±º¼·¹·¬¿´-·¹²¿´°®±½»--·²¹ ·²èó¾·¬
¬»½¸²±´±¹§ò ׬±ºº»®- P¬±²¿³»¶«-¬¿º»©¬¸·²¹-
P½¸¿®¿½¬»®·-¬·½--«½¸¿-»ºº·½·»²¬¿´¹±®·¬¸³-·²
±®¼»® ¬±°®»-»²¬ìæí ª·¼»±¿²¼¼¿¬¿·³¿¹»-·²¸·¹¸
¯«¿´·¬§ ©¸·´»º·´´·²¹ ¬¸»-½®»»²±²¿ïêæç¼·-°´¿§ò
{
¿´´½·®½«³-¬¿²½»-
ײ ±®¼»®¬±³¿·²¬¿·²¬¸»¸·¹¸ ½±²¬®¿-¬®¿¬·±¿²¼
¬¸»±«¬-¬¿²¼·²¹ ®»¿¼¿¾·´·¬§ »ª»²«²¼»®½®·¬·½¿´
´·¹¸¬·²¹ ½±²¼·¬·±²-ô ¬¸»²»©º®±²¬¹´¿-- °¿²»·-
°®±ª·¼»¼©·¬¸º·²»»¬½¸·²¹ ±²¬¸»º®±²¬-·¼»ò
{ײ-¬¿´´¿¬·±²æÍ·³°´»¿²¼º¿-¬
Ê¿®·±«- ¿¬¬¿½¸³»²¬¼»ª·½»-¿®»°®±ª·¼»¼¬±§±«
º±®·²-¬¿´´¿¬·±²O ²±³¿¬¬»®©¸»¬¸»®¬¸»¼·-°´¿§
·- ¿¬¬¿½¸»¼¬±¬¸»©¿´´ô ±®»ª»²·²-¬¿´´»¼±²¬¸»
º´±±®±® ¿¬¿¾´»ò
{ß¼ª¿²¬¿¹»-±º¼·¹·¬¿´¬»½¸²·¯«»
Ü·¹·¬¿´¹®¿°¸·½-½¿®¼-±ºº»®-«°»®·±®·³¿¹·²¹
°»®º±®³¿²½»-òÉ·¬¸¬¸»¼·¹·¬¿´ ÜÊ×½±²²»½¬·±²¬¸»
°´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§ ±ºº»®-½±²ª·²½·²¹ °»®º±®³¿²½»-ô
¿²¼ ®»³¿·²-¼±©²©¿®¼´§ ½±³°¿¬·¾´»¬±»¨·-¬·²¹
¿²¿´±¹«»¹®¿°¸·½-½¿®¼-ò
{Ü·¹·¬¿´²±·-» -«°°®»--·±²
°»®ÑÍÜô¿²¼ ¿´·¹² ¬¸»¯«¿´·¬§±º¬¸»·³¿¹»³¿¬»®·¿´
¿½½±®¼·²¹¿´§ò ̸» ¿«¬±³¿¬·½®»¼«½¬·±²±º²±·-»
-«°°®»--·±²»²-«®»-¿®¬»º¿½¬óº®»»®»°®±¼«½¬·±²±º
®¿°·¼´§ ³±ª·²¹ ·³¿¹»½±³°±²»²¬-ò
{Û¨¿½¬¿²¼½±²-¬¿²¬½±´±«®®»²¼·¬·±²
̸» -«°»®·±®ô º·²»´§ó²«¿²½»¼½±´±«®®»²¼·¬·±²·-
-«°°´»³»²¬»¼¾§¬¸»°±--·¾·´·¬§ ±º¹¿³³¿
¿¼¶«-¬³»²¬ò DZ«½¿² ³¿µ»¬¸»±°¬·³¿´¹¿³³¿ô
½±´±«® ¬»³°»®¿¬«®»ô ½±²¬®¿-¬¿²¼ ¾®·¹¸¬²»--
¿¼¶«-¬³»²¬º±®»ª»®§·²°«¬°»®ÑÍÜò
ÐÝ ÚÑÎÓßÌÍ ÜÑÍ Ó±¼»-êìð¨ìð𿲼 éîð ¨ìðð
ÊÙßøêìð ¨ìèð÷ àëðئPçðئ®»°»¬·¬·±²®¿¬»
ÍÊÙßøèðð¨êðð÷ àëðئPçðئ®»°»¬·¬·±²®¿¬»
ÉÊÙßøèìè¨ìèð÷ àëðئPçðئ®»°»¬·¬·±²®¿¬»
ÈÙßøïðîì¨éêè÷ àëðئPçðئ®»°»¬·¬·±²®¿¬»
×ÓßÙÛ ÚÑÎÓßÌÍ ìæíô ïêæçô ¦±±³ô«-»®¦±±³ô-½®»»²óº·´´·²¹ô ¿«¬±³¿¬·½²±²ó´·²»¿®
×ÒÐËÌÍñÊ×ÜÛÑ Ó·²·Ü×Òò ò ò òò ò òÇñÝñ Ø·èøÐßÔô ÍÛÝßÓô ÒÌÍÝ÷
Ý·²½¸ò ò òò òò ò ò ò òÝÊÞÍÊ·¼»±×²øÐßÔô ÍÛÝßÓôÒÌÍÝ÷
ÍÝßÎÌïò ò òò ò ò ò ÝÊÞÍôÎÙÞøÐßÔô ÍÛÝßÓôÒÌÍÝ÷ô
ÝÊÞÍ ±«¬°«¬
ÍÝßÎÌî ò ò ò ò ò ò òÝÊÞÍøÐßÔôÍÛÝßÓô ÒÌÍÝ÷ô
ÎÚÌ«²»®ò ò òò ò ò ò ÊØÚñËØÚñØÇÐÛÎÞßÒܺ±®¬»®®»-¬®·¿´
¿²¬»²²¿-±®½¿¾´»²»¬©±®µ-øìéÓئ¬±èêïÓئ÷
øÐßÔñÍÛÝßÓ÷
ÐÝ ÜÊ×ø×÷ òò ò òò òò ò òÊÙßñÍÊÙßñÉÊÙßñÈÙß
ß²¿´±¹«»¿²¼ ¼·¹·¬¿´øÜÊ×÷
ßËÜ×Ñ×ÒÐËÌÍ ÇñÝøÍóÊ·¼»±÷
ÝÊÞÍ
ÍÝßÎÌï
ÍÝßÎÌî
ÐÝ
ÑËÌÐËÌÍ ß«¼·±Ô·²»Ñ«¬ò ò¿¼¶«-¬¿¾´»
´±«¼-°»¿µ»®ò ò ò òî ¨éÉ-·²»àìÉ
ÝÑÒÌÎÑÔ Ñ²óͽ®»»²Ü·-°´¿§ Ó»²«òò ò òê´¿²¹«¿¹»-øÜô ÙÞôÚô ×ôÛô ÒÔ÷
×ή»³±¬»½±²¬®±´ÝÓÓí
Ê×ÜÛÑÌÛÈÌ ÌÑÐÚÔÑÚ ò ò ò ò òò òîëê °¿¹»-±º³»³±®§
½±²¬®±´©·¬¸-°»½·¿´µ»§-±²¬¸»®»³±¬»½±²¬®±´
ÊÑÔÌßÙÛ îîðÊPîìðÊ ßÝ¿´¬»®²¿¬·²¹ ª±´¬¿¹»
ëðئñêðئ
ÝËÎÎÛÒÌ ïôèß
-5-

ÍÝÎÛÛÒ
{Í·¦»æ
ìîMóïðê½³
{Ú±®³¿¬æ
ïêæç
{Ю»-»²¬¿¾´»·³¿¹»-·¦»æ
çîð³³ø¸±®·¦±²¬¿´÷ ¨ëïè³³ øª»®¬·½¿´÷
{Û´·³·²¿¬·±²±º®»º´»½¬·±²-æ
Ú·²»´§ »¬½¸»¼º·´¬»®-½®»»²-
{Ì®¿²-³·--·±²æ
ëîû
{ß²¹´»±ºª·»©·²¹æ
âïêðp
{ݱ²¬®¿-¬®¿¬·±æ
êððæ ïø¼¿®µ®±±³÷ ¬§°ò
{λ-±´«¬·±²æ
èëî¨ìèð °·¨»´-
{ݱ´±«®¼·-°´¿§æ
ïêòé ³·´´·±²-·³«´¬¿²»±«-½±´±«®-
{ݱ²¬®±´»´»³»²¬-æ
Ó¿·²- -©·¬½¸ô×ή»³±¬»½±²¬®±´ô Ѳóͽ®»»²ó
Ü·-°´¿§ô ¿«¬±³¿¬·½¿²¼ ³¿²«¿´¬«²·²¹ -§-¬»³
©·¬¸¿«¬±³¿¬·½½¸¿²²»´-¬±®¿¹»ôçç ½¸¿²²»´
-´±¬-
{ر®·¦±²¬¿´íð µØ¦PèðµØ¦
ª»®¬·½¿´ëðئPçð ئ
½´±½µº®»¯«»²½§ çëÓئ³¿¨ò
{ÜÑÍ êìð¨ìð𿲼 éîð¨ìðð
ÊÙßøêìð ¨ìèð÷àëðئóçðئ®»°»¿¬®¿¬»
ÍÊÙßøèðð ¨êðð÷àëðئ óçðئ ®»°»¿¬®¿¬»
ÉÊÙßøèìè ¨ìèð÷àëðئ óçðئ ®»°»¿¬®¿¬»
ÈÙß øïðîì¨éêè÷àëðئ óçðئ ®»°»¿¬®¿¬»
{Ú±®³¿¬°®»-»²¬¿¬·±²
ÐÝïæïô Ú±®³¿¬óº·´´·²¹ô Ë-»®Æ±±³
øìðûóïìðû÷ô Ú·¬ó¬±óͽ®»»²
ÎÙÞ¿²¿´±¹«»¿²¼¿«¬±³¿¬·½-§²½®»½±¹²·¬·±²
{Ô»ª»´æ ðòéÊ--õñPí¼ÞàéëÉ
{ͧ²½¬§°»-æͧ²½ó±²óÙ®»»²øͱÙ÷ôݱ³°±-·¬»ô
Í»°¿®¿¬»
{Ô»ª»´æ ÌÌÔ
{ÊÛÍßÜÜÝæÊ»®-·±²îÞ½±³°¿¬·¾´»
{Ý·²½¸øÎÝß°´«¹÷¿²¼ÍÝßÎÌôïÊ®³-²±³·²¿´
{Ê·¼»±æÐßÔñÍÛÝßÓñÒÌÍÝ
{Ìʬ«²»®æ ÐßÔñÍÛÝßÓ
{ìé Óئ¬±èêïÓئæ ÊØÚñËØÚñØÇÐÛÎÞßÒÜ
º±®¬»®®»-¬®·¿´¿²¬»²²¿-±®½¿¾´»²»¬©±®µ-
{ÐßÔ°´«-ô Ý·²»-½±°»æ ß«¬±³¿¬·½º±®³¿¬
®»½±¹²·¬·±²
{Ú±®³¿¬°®»-»²¬¿¬·±²-æ ìæíô ïêæçô Ʊ±³ô
Ë-»®Æ±±³øìðûóïìðû÷ô Ú·¬ó¬±óͽ®»»²ô
Ò±²Ô·²»¿®ô ß«¬±
{Ó¿·²-½±²²»½¬·±²æ ×ÛÝ°´«¹ó¿²¼ó-±½µ»¬
½±²²»½¬±®
{Ìʬ«²»®·²°«¬æ ×ÛÝ°´«¹ó¿²¼ó-±½µ»¬
½±²²»½¬±®ô éëÉ·²°«¬®»-·-¬¿²½»
{ÍÝßÎÌ·²°«¬-æÎÙÞøï÷ô ÝÊÞÍ NѲMô ÝÊÞÍ
NѺºMô ß«¼·±Ñ²ñѺº
{ÝÊÞÍ ·²°«¬æÝ·²½¸øÎÝß°´«¹÷ ïÊ--
àéë É·²°«¬®»-·-¬¿²½»
{ÇñÝøÍóÊ·¼»±÷ ·²°«¬æÓ·²·Ü×ÒøØÑÍ×ÜÛÒ÷
Çæ ïÊ-- àéëÉ·²°«¬®»-·-¬¿²½»
ÝæðòíÊ--øÐßÔ÷ô ðòîèêÊ-- øÍÛÝßÓ÷ àéëÉ
·²°«¬®»-·-¬¿²½»
{ÊÙßñÍÊÙßñÉÊÙßñÈÙßæ ÜÊ×ó×øÜÜÉÙ÷
{ͬ»®»±·²°«¬-æ í¨Ý·²½¸ôïÊ®³-øÝÊÞÍô ÇñÝô
ÐÝ÷
{ͬ»®»±·²°«¬-æ î¨ÍÝßÎÌôïÊ®³-
{ͬ»®»±´·²»±«¬°«¬æ ï¨Ý·²½¸ô ¿¼¶«-¬¿¾´»
{ͬ»®»±Ôͱ«¬°«¬æ
ï¨Ý·²½¸ôî ¨é É-·²»àìÉô
îðئPîðµØ¦
{Ì»³°»®¿¬«®»®¿²¹»ø±°»®¿¬·±²÷æ
õëpݬ±õíëpÝ
{Ì»³°»®¿¬«®»®¿²¹»ø-¬±®¿¹»÷æ
Pîðpݬ±õêðpÝ
{Ø«³·¼·¬§ ø²±²ó½±²¼»²-·²¹÷æ
ïðû ¬±èëû
{ß´¬·¬«¼»æ³¿¨ò îôððð³ø½¿òéôðððº¬÷
{ʱ´¬¿¹»-«°°´§æ ßÝîîðóîìðÊ
{Ò»¬©±®µº®»¯«»²½§æ ëðئñêðئoïðû
{б©»® ½±²-«³°¬·±²æ ïòèßîèðɬ§°·½¿´å
ëÉøÎÓÍ÷ ͬ¿²¼ó¾§ ³±¼»
ÎÛÍÑÔËÌ×ÑÒ
ÝÑÔÑËÎÜ×ÍÐÔßÇ
ÑÐÛÎßÌ×ÑÒ
ÐÝÚÎÛÏËÛÒÝÇÎßÒÙÛ
Ê×ÜÛÑÍÌßÒÜßÎÜÍ
Ê×ÜÛÑñÍÇÒÝØÎÑÒ×ÍßÌ×ÑÒ
Ê×ÜÛÑñÐÝ×ÒÐËÌÍ
ßËÜ×Ñ
ÑÐÛÎßÌ×ÒÙÝÑÒÜ×Ì×ÑÒÍ
{ÛÓÝæ ÛÒëëðîîô ÛÒëëðîìô
ÛÒêïðððóíóîñóí
{Í¿º»¬§æ ÛÒêðçëðô ÝÛ
{بɨÜæ
¿°°®±¨òêéð¨ïðéî¨ççôê³³
{É»·¹¸¬æ
¿°°®±¨ò ìëôêµ¹
{ÝÓÓí
{ο²¹»æ ¿°°®±¨òé³
{Ú«²½¬·±²¿´¿²¹´»æõñPíðp
{ݱ¼»æ ÎÛÝÍèð
Ü×ÓÛÒÍ×ÑÒÍúÉÛ×ÙØÌ
ÝÑÒÚÑÎÓ×Ì×ÛÍ
-6-

DZ«®°´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§ ¸¿-¾»»²¬»-¬»¼©·¬¸¹®»¿¬½¿®»
¿²¼ °¿½µ»¼¾»º±®»¼»´·ª»®§ò ׬·- ¿ª¿·´¿¾´»º±®«-»
·³³»¼·¿¬»´§ ¿º¬»®«²°¿½µ·²¹ò ߺ¬»®«²°¿½µ·²¹¬¸»
¼·-°´¿§ô °´»¿-»½¸»½µº±®°±--·¾´»¬®¿²-°±®¬¼¿³¿¹»-
¿²¼½±³°´»¬»²»-- ±º¼»´·ª»®§ò ײ¬¸»»ª»²¬±º¬®¿²-°±®¬
¼¿³¿¹»-ô ¬¸»-«°°´·»®½¿² ±²´§ ¿´´±©§±«® ½´¿·³-·º
§±«·²º±®³¬¸»³¿¾±«¬¬¸·- ¾»º±®»¬¸»·²·¬·¿´-¬¿®¬ó
«°ò׺¿°¿®¬±º¬¸»-½±°»±º¼»´·ª»®§·-³·--·²¹ô °´»¿-»
½±²¬¿½¬¬¸»Í»®ª·½»Ø±¬´·²»ò ̸» ³·--·²¹ ½±³°±²»²¬
©·´´ ¾»-»²¬¬±§±«·³³»¼·¿¬»´§ ©·¬¸±«¬½¸¿®¹»ò д»¿-»
¿´©¿§-µ»»°¬¸·- ±°»®¿¬±®K-³¿²«¿´·²¬¸»ª·½·²·¬§±º
¬¸»·²-¬¿´´¿¬·±²-·¬»-±¬¸¿¬·¬·- ¿ª¿·´¿¾´»¿¬§±«® -·¼»
º±®-«°°±®¬¿¬¿´´ ¬·³»-ò
ײ-¬¿´´¿¬·±² ¿²¼Í¬¿®¬ó«°
ݸ»½µ·²¹¬¸»Í½±°»±ºÜ»´·ª»®§
ͽ±°»±º¼»´·ª»®§æ
ïòд¿-³¿Ü·-°´¿§
îòλ³±¬»½±²¬®±´
íòî¨ÔÎðí ¾¿¬¬»®·»-
ìòÓ¿·²-½¿¾´»
ëòÑ°»®¿¬±®K-³¿²«¿´
êòÉ¿®®¿²¬§ ½¿®¼
п½µ·²¹
п½µ·²¹ ¼·³»²-·±²-بɨÜæ ¿°°®±¨ò èíç¨ïîêì¨îèè³³
ÌÑÐ ÌÑÐ
ÎÛßÎ
ÚÎÑÒÌ
ÑÐÛÒ×ÒÙ ÛÜÙÛ
Í»´»½¬¬¸»·²-¬¿´´¿¬·±²-·¬»¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬±¬¸»º±´´±©·²¹ ½®·¬»®·¿æ
ïòÔ·²»±ºª·-·±²
Ü»-°·¬»·¬-ª»®§ ´¿®¹» ´·²»±ºª·-·±²ô ¬¸»°´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§ °®±ª·¼»-¬¸»¾»-¬°»®º±®³¿²½»·²¿¼·®»½¬´§ª»®¬·½¿´´·²»
±ºª·-·±²ò ß´·¹² ¬¸»¼·-°´¿§¿´±²¹ ¬¸»¿¨·- ±º¬¸»³±-¬º®»¯«»²¬´§ «¬·´·-»¼´·²»±ºª·-·±²ò
îòײ-¬¿´´¿¬·±² -·¬»
ß-«·¬¿¾´»·²-¬¿´´¿¬·±²-·¬»-¸±«´¼½±³°´§ ©·¬¸¬¸»º±´´±©·²¹½®·¬»®·¿æ
{Ô·¹¸¬®»º´»½¬·±²- ߪ±·¼·²-¬¿´´¿¬·±²±°°±-·¬»©·²¼±©-±®±¬¸»®´·¹¸¬-±«®½»-ò
{ß½½»-- ¬±³¿·²-·²°«¬ ̸»³¿·²-·²°«¬¿²¼ ³¿·²--©·¬½¸-¸±«´¼¾»»¿-·´§¿½½»--·¾´»¿¬¿´´¬·³»-ò
{Ê»²¬·´¿¬·±² Ó¿·²¬¿·²¿¼·-¬¿²½»±º¿¬´»¿-¬ïð ½³¿¾±ª»¿²¼ ¾»²»¿¬¸¬¸»ª»²¬·´¿¬·±²
-´±¬-¬±º«®²·-¸·²¹-±®¬±¬¸»½»·´·²¹ò
{ß³¾·»²¬¬»³°»®¿¬«®» ׬³«-¬´·»¾»¬©»»²ëp¿²¼ íëpݺ±®-¿º»¿²¼ ®»´·¿¾´»±°»®¿¬·±²ò
Ú±®Ç±«®×²º±®³¿¬·±²¿²¼Í¿º»¬§
ײ-¬¿´´¿¬·±²®»º»®»²½»-
{д¿½»¬¸»½¿®¬±²«°®·¹¸¬©·¬¸¬¸»«²¼»®-·¼»±²
º·®³¹®±«²¼ò DZ«©·´´ ®»½±¹²·-»¬¸»¬±°-·¼»¾§
¬¸»¼·®»½¬·±²±º¬¸»¿®®±©¸»¿¼-±²¬¸»´±²¹·¬«¼·²¿´
-·¼»ò
{Ñ°»²¬¸»°¿½µ¿¹·²¹ ¬¿°»±²¬¸»±°»²·²¹ »¼¹»ô
¿²¼ º±´¼¾¿½µ¾±¬¸´·¼-±«¬©¿®¼´§ò
{λ³±ª»¾±¬¸±º¬¸»°¿½µ·²¹ »´»³»²¬-©¸·½¸¿®»
´§·²¹±²¬¸»¬±°ô ¿-©»´´ ¿-¬¸»°¿½µ·²¹ »´»³»²¬
©¸·½¸·- ´±½¿¬»¼±²¬¸»¾¿½µ-·¼»±º¬¸»¼»ª·½»ò
{Ò±©®»³±ª»¬¸»½¿®¬±²ô ¿´±²¹©·¬¸¬¸»¿½½»--±®§
°¿®¬-©¸·½¸¿®»´±½¿¬»¼±²¬¸»¾¿½µ-·¼»ôº®±³
¬¸»°¿½µ¿¹·²¹ò
{λ³±ª»¬¸»©¿´´ ¾®¿½µ»¬º®±³ ¬¸»¾¿½µ-·¼»±º
¬¸»¼»ª·½»òÚ±®¬¸·- °«®°±-»ô °´»¿-»-´·¹¸¬´§ ¬·´¬
¬¸»¼·-°´¿§ º±®©¿®¼¿¬º·®-¬ô ¿²¼°«´´ ±«¬¬¸»
ͬ§®±º±¿³¾´±½µ©¸·½¸·--·¬«¿¬»¼¾»¬©»»²¬¸»
¾¿½µ-·¼»±º¬¸»¼»ª·½»¿²¼¬¸»©¿´´¾®¿½µ»¬òߺ¬»®
¬¸¿¬§±«½¿² °«´´±«¬ø«°©¿®¼´§÷ ¬¸»©¿´´¾®¿½µ»¬
º®±³¬¸»°¿½µ¿¹·²¹ò
{Ü»°»²¼·²¹ ±²§±«®½¸±·½»ô §±«½¿²»·¬¸»®³±«²¬
¬¸»©¿´´¾®¿½µ»¬±²¬¸»³±«²¬·²¹ -·¬»ô ±®°´¿½»
¬¸»-¬¿²¼·²¹ °»¼»-¬¿´±²¿-»½«®»¾¿-»-«®º¿½»ò
{ߺ¬»® ³±«²¬·²¹¬¸»©¿´´¾®¿½µ»¬±®¬¸»¬¿¾´»¾¿-»ô
®»³±ª»¬¸»°®±¬»½¬·ª»º±·´ ±²¬¸»«°°»®-·¼»±º
¬¸»¼·-°´¿§ -±¬¸¿¬§±«½¿² ®»³±ª»¬¸»¼·-°´¿§
º®±³¬¸»°¿½µ¿¹·²¹ò
{ß´©¿§-®»³±ª»¬¸»¼·-°´¿§ º®±³ ¬¸»°¿½µ¿¹·²¹
±²´§ ©·¬¸¬©±°»±°´»ò Ì®§·²¹ ¬±®»³±ª»¬¸»¼·-°´¿§
¾§ §±«®-»´º·- ¸¿¦¿®¼±«-¬±§±«®¸»¿´¬¸ò
{Ø¿²¹¬¸»®»³±ª»¼¼·-°´¿§ »·¬¸»®·²¬¸»©¿´´
³±«²¬·²¹¾®¿½µ»¬«²·¬±® °´¿½»¬¸»¼·-°´¿§±²¬¸»
-¬¿²¼·²¹ ¾¿-»ò
{д»¿-»°¿§¿¬¬»²¬·±²¬¸¿¬§±«¼±²±¬°´¿½»¬¸»
¼·-°´¿§ ±²·¬-«²¼»®-·¼»ô ¾»½¿«-»¬¸»·²º®¿®»¼
-»²-±®·- ´±½¿¬»¼¬¸»®»ò
-7-

λº»®»²½» ø·²-¬®«½¬·±²-÷º±®É¿´´ Ó±«²¬·²¹
{̸» °´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§ ³¿§ ±²´§ ¾»³±«²¬»¼±²
ª»®¬·½¿´ø°´«³¾÷ ©¿´´- ¾§³»¿²-±º¬¸»©¿´´
³±«²¬·²¹ «²·¬ò
{Þ»º±®»¾»¹·²²·²¹ ¬¸»³±«²¬·²¹ô ³¿µ»-«®»¬¸¿¬
¬¸»¼·-°´¿§ ·- ¬«®²»¼±ºº ¿²¼¬¸»³¿·²-½¿¾´»¿²¼
-·¹²¿´½¿¾´»¿®»«²°´«¹¹»¼ò
{̸»¾¿½µ¹®±«²¼ ¸¿-¬±¾»º·®³¿²¼ -¬®«½¬«®¿´´§
¿¾´»¬±½¿®®§ ¿´±¿¼ò
{ß°°®±°®·¿¬»³¿¬»®·¿´- ¿®»¬±¾»«¬·´·-»¼º±® ª¿®§·²¹
©¿´´-«°»®-¬®«½¬«®»-ô -«½¸¿-©±±¼»²©¿´´-±®
¸±´´±©ó-°¿½»©¿´´-ò ׺¬¸»®»K-¿²§¼±«¾¬ô ½±²¬¿½¬
§±«®®»-°±²-·¾´»-¿´»-±®-»®ª·½»¼»°¿®¬³»²¬ò
ÝßËÌ×ÑÒ
ÿ
̸» ©¿´´ ³±«²¬·²¹«²·¬·- ´±½¿¬»¼±²¬¸»¾¿½µ-·¼»±º¬¸»¼»ª·½»ò ׬½±²-·-¬-±º¬©±ª»®¬·½¿´¾®¿½µ»¬-©¸·½¸¿®»
½±²²»½¬»¼©·¬¸½®±-- -¬«¼-ò ײ ¬¸»°¿½µ¿¹·²¹ §±«©·´´ º·²¼¿¬»³°´¿¬»©¸·½¸©·´´ º¿½·´·¬¿¬»¬¸»³±«²¬·²¹±²
¬¸»©¿´´ò
̸» ©¿´´ ³±«²¬·²¹«²·¬º«²½¬·±²-¿-¿¬§°»±º·²¬»®º¿½»¾»¬©»»²¬¸»¼·-°´¿§¿²¼ ¬¸»©¿´´ò ̸» ½±²½»°¬½±²-·-¬-
±º¿¬¬¿½¸·²¹ ¬¸»³±«²¬·²¹ «²·¬¬±¬¸»©¿´´ ©·¬¸¬¸»¸»´°±º¬¸»¬»³°´¿¬»·²¬¸»º·®-¬°¸¿-»ô ¿²¼ ¬¸»®»¿º¬»®
¸¿²¹·²¹ ¬¸»¼·-°´¿§ ·²¬¸»³±«²¬·²¹ «²·¬ò
̸» ³¿²«º¿½¬«®»®®»½±³³»²¼-«-·²¹ Óè¼±©»´-ò
{̸» ¿¬¬¿½¸³»²¬°±·²¬-¿®»-·¬«¿¬»¼¸±®·¦±²¬¿´´§ ¿¬¿-°¿½·²¹ ±ºéìê ³³¿²¼ª»®¬·½¿´´§¿¬¿-°¿½·²¹ ±º
íèð ³³ò̸»-°¿½·²¹ ¾»¬©»»²¬¸»«°°»® »¼¹»¿²¼ ¬¸»«°°»® ¿¬¬¿½¸³»²¬°±·²¬¿³±«²¬- ¬±êëòë ³³ô·²½´«¼·²¹
¬¸»°´¿-¬·½½±ª»®·²¹ò
{̸» ½»²¬®»±º»¿½¸±º¬¸»¿¬¬¿½¸³»²¬°±·²¬-·- -¸·º¬»¼ïë³³·²©¿®¼-·²®»º»®»²½»¬±¬¸»ª»®¬·½¿´»¼¹» ±º
¬¸»©¿´´ ³±«²¬·²¹ «²·¬ò
{̸» ¸±´»-º±®¬¸»-½®»©-¸¿ª»¿¼·¿³»¬»®±ºèôë ³³ò
{д»¿-»-»» ¬±·¬¬¸¿¬¬¸»¼·-°´¿§·- ¿¾±«¬ïîêôîë ³³ ´±©»®¬¸¿² ¬¸»¿¬¬¿½¸³»²¬°±·²¬-±²¬¸»©¿´´ ¿º¬»®¾»·²¹
³±«²¬»¼ò
{Ó±«²¬¬¸»¼·-°´¿§©·¬¸¬¸»°·²-±²¬¸»¾¿½µ-·¼»·²¬¸»´¿®¹»®±°»²·²¹-±º¬¸»©¿´´ ³±«²¬·²¹ «²·¬ô ¿²¼
-´±©´§ ´±©»®·¬·²¬±¬¸»Ëó-¸¿°»¼½«¬ó±«¬ò
λº»®»²½» ø·²-¬®«½¬·±²-÷º±®Ì¿¾´»Ó±«²¬·²¹
{ײ-»®¬¬¸»¬©±Ôó-¸¿°»¼º»»¬º®±³ ¾»´±©·²¬±¬¸»
ª»®¬·½¿´¾®¿½µ»¬±º¬¸»©¿´´³±«²¬·²¹ «²·¬ò
{ͽ®»©·²»¿½¸º±±¬¾¿-»¿²¼ ©¿´´³±«²¬·²¹ «²·¬
©·¬¸¬¸»»²½´±-»¼¿¬¬¿½¸³»²¬³¿¬»®·¿´øî-½®»©-
»¿½¸º±® ´¿¬»®¿´¿¬¬¿½¸³»²¬¿²¼·²¬¸»®»¿®¿¬¬¸»
¿¬¬¿½¸³»²¬°±·²¬-÷ò ̸»-½®»©¬§°»·- Óè ¸»¨¿¹±²
-±½µ»¬©·¬¸-°¿²²»®©®»²½¸-·¦»ëò
{д¿½»¬¸»¬¿¾´»¾¿-»±²¿-¬¿¾´»¿²¼ ¸±®·¦±²¬¿´
¾¿-»-«®º¿½»ò
{Ó±«²¬¬¸»¼·-°´¿§©·¬¸¬¸»°·²-±²¬¸»¾¿½µ-·¼»
·²¬±¬¸»´¿®¹»®±°»²·²¹-±º¬¸»©¿´´ ³±«²¬·²¹
«²·¬ô ¿²¼ -´±©´§ ´±©»®·¬·²¬±¬¸»Ëó-¸¿°»¼½«¬ó
񮪕
̸» ¬¿¾´»¾¿-»·-´±½¿¬»¼·²¬¸»¿½½»--±®·»-½¿®¬±²ò ׬½±²-·-¬-±º¬¸»©¿´´³±«²¬·²¹ «²·¬¿²¼ ¬¸»¬©±Ôó-¸¿°»¼
º»»¬©¸·½¸¿®»½±²²»½¬»¼©·¬¸±²»¿²±¬¸»®¿-¿¬¿¾´»¾¿-»ò
-8-

ͬ¿®¬ó«°
̸»®»¿®»¿º»©¬¿-µ-¬±¬¿µ»½¿®»±º¾»º±®»§±«¬«®²
±²§±«®°´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§ º±® ¬¸»º·®-¬¬·³»ò
{Ì«®²§±«® °´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§±ºº ¼«®·²¹¿´´ ¬¿-µ-
º±®-¬¿®¬ó«°ô ¿²¼°«´´ ¬¸»³¿·²-°´«¹º®±³
¬¸»-±½µ»¬ò
ïò ݱ²²»½¬·±²±º-·¹²¿´-±«®½»-æ ÌÊôÊ×ÜÛÑôÐÝ
îò ݱ²²»½¬·±²±º-±«²¼ °´¿§¾¿½µ
íò ײ-¬¿´´ ¬¸»¾¿¬¬»®·»-·²¬¸»®»³±¬»½±²¬®±´
ìò ݱ²²»½¬¬¸»³¿·²-½¿¾´»
ëò Ì«®²±²¬¸»°´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§
ݱ²²»½¬¬¸»½¿¾´»- ±º§±«® -·¹²¿´-±«®½»-¿¬¬¸»·²°«¬
°¿²»´±º¬¸»°´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§ò
DZ«²»»¼¿² ¿²¬»²²¿ ½¿¾´»º±®¬¸»¾«·´¬ó·²Ìʬ«²»®ô
¿²¼ ¿-«·¬¿¾´»½·²½¸½¿¾´»º±®»¨¬»®²¿´¿«¼·±-·¹²¿´
-±«®½»-ò
Ý¿¾´»- º±®½±²²»½¬·²¹ÐÝ-·¹²¿´-±«®½»-¿®»°®±ª·¼»¼ò
{ß´©¿§-¬«®²¬¸»¼»ª·½»±ºº ¾»º±®»½±²²»½¬·²¹
¿-·¹²¿´-±«®½»¬±§±«®°´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§ò
DZ«® °´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§ ¸¿-ª¿®·±«- ¿«¼·±±«¬°«¬-´±½¿¬»¼
±²¬¸»·²°«¬°¿²»´ º±® -±«²¼°´¿§¾¿½µò ̸»½±²²»½¬·±²
±º§±«® ¸·óº·±®Ü±´¾§ Í«®®±«²¼-§-¬»³·- ¿´-±°±--·¾´»ô
¿-©»´´¿-¬¸»½±²²»½¬·±²±º»¨¬»®²¿´´±«¼-°»¿µ»®-¬±
§±«®¾«·´¬ó·²¿³°´·º·»®ò
{Ì«®²§±«®°´¿-³¿¼·-°´¿§ ±ºº ¾»º±®»§±«
½±²²»½¬»¨¬»®²¿´´±«¼-°»¿µ»®-ò Ò±¬»¬¸»
¬»½¸²·½¿´¼¿¬¿±º¬¸»´±«¼-°»¿µ»®±«¬°«¬ô
¿²¼ °¿§ ¿¬¬»²¬·±²¬±-«ºº·½·»²¬¼·³»²-·±²·²¹
±º¬¸»´±«¼-°»¿µ»®ò
{ß´©¿§-¬«®²¬¸»¼»ª·½»±ºº¾»º±®»§±«
»-¬¿¾´·-¸¿½±²²»½¬·±²¾»¬©»»²§±«® ¸·óº·
±®Ü±´¾§ Í«®®±«²¼ -§-¬»³¿²¼ §±«®°´¿-³¿
¼·-°´¿§ò
̸» º±´´±©·²¹ ·-¬±¾»¸»»¼»¼¼«®·²¹¬¸»½±²²»½¬·±²
¿²¼ ·²-¬¿´´¿¬·±²±º¬¸»³¿·²-½¿¾´»¿²¼ ¬¸»ª·¼»±
½¿¾´»ø»ò¹òÍÝßÎÌô ÇñÝòò ò÷æ
{д»¿-»´»¿¼ ¬¸»½±²²»½¬·²¹ ´·²»-¬±¬¸»®»¿®ò
д»¿-»°¿§ ¿¬¬»²¬·±²¬¸¿¬¬¸»-·¹²¿´´·²»-¿®»²±¬
°´¿½»¼¼·®»½¬´§ ¿´±²¹ ¬¸»¼·-°´¿§ -«®º¿½»ò
{ײ ¬¸»·²¬»®»-¬±º¹±±¼·³¿¹»¯«¿´·¬§ô«¬·´·-»±²´§
-¸·»´¼»¼ô ¸·¹¸ó¯«¿´·¬§-·¹²¿´½¿¾´»ò߸·¹¸ó¯«¿´·¬§
éëɽ±¿¨·¿´½¿¾´»-¸±«´¼¾»«¬·´·-»¼º±®½±²²»½¬·²¹
¬¸»ª·¼»±-·¹²¿´ò б±®¯«¿´·¬§ -·¹²¿´½¿¾´»½¿²
®»-«´¬·²-¬®±²¹ ¼·-¬«®¾¿²½»-¿²¼ º±®³¿¬·±²±º
-¸¿¼±©-·²¬¸»¼·-°´¿§»¼·³¿¹»ô¿-©»´´¿-
»¨½»»¼·²¹ ¬¸»°»®³·--·¾´»ÛÓÝ´»ª»´ò̸»
³»½¸¿²·½¿´·²¬»®´±½µ-±º¬¸»·²¼·ª·¼«¿´°´«¹ó¿²¼ó
-±½µ»¬½±²²»½¬±®- ¿®»²»½»--¿®§ º±®°»®º»½¬¿²¼
-¿º»±°»®¿¬·±²±º¬¸»¼»ª·½»ò
{DZ«-¸±«´¼¿´-±¿ª±·¼°´¿½·²¹ -·¹²¿´-±«®½»--«½¸
¿-¿Ðݱ®¿ª·¼»±®»½±®¼»®·²º®±²¬±º¬¸»¼·-°´¿§ò
д»¿-»°´¿½»¬¸»-»-·¹²¿´-±«®½»-±²¬¸»-·¼»±®
¾»¸·²¼±º¬¸»¼·-°´¿§ò
ײ-¬¿´´¿¬·±² ±ºÝ±²²»½¬·²¹ Ô·²»
ݱ²²»½¬·±² ±º Í·¹²¿´Í±«®½»-
îòéòîݱ²²»½¬·±² ±ºÍ±«²¼ø°´¿§¾¿½µ÷
-9-