Cochran commander+ User manual

COMMANDER
Owner's Manual
English - Metric
Ver.CMDR+002M

COMMANDER
Owner's Manual
English - Metric
Ver.CMDR+002M

COMMANDER
Owner's Manual
English – Metric
Version 002M
USER INFORMATION
For your records, please fill in the following information.
SERIAL NUMBER OF UNIT: _____________________________
DATE OF PURCHASE:__________________________________
PLACE OF PURCHASE:_________________________________
ADDRESS:____________________________________________

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Product Certifications 3
Limited Warranty and Liability Statement 4
Product Introduction 8
User & Environmental Adaptation 8
Metric & Imperial Modes 11
Low Battery Indications 12
Side Touch Contacts 13
Turning the Product On & Off 13
Oxygen Toxicity Factors 15
Warning Indications 18
PreDive Prediction Mode 19
Surface Mode 22
Subsurface Mode 23
Ascent Rate Bar Graph 24
Decompression Mode 26
PostDive Interval Mode 27
Logbook Mode 28
Gauge Mode 30
Field Programming Mode – Nitrox Enabled 31
Field Programming Mode – Nitrox Disabled 34
Data Storage Types & Capacity 37
User Configurable Options 38
Product Specifications 43
Cleaning the Unit 44
Changing Batteries 44
Product Assistance, Repair, & Maintenance 46

FCC LABEL FCC ID: LYP744556-03
This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the
following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause harmful interference, and
(2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that
may cause undesired operation.
INTERFERENCE STATEMENT
NOTE: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class
B digital device. If not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, it may
cause interference to radio communications. The limits are designed to provide
reasonable protection against such interference in a residential situation. However,
there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this
equipment does cause interference to radio or television reception, which can be
determined by turning the equipment on and off, the user is encouraged to try to correct
the interference by one or more of the following measures:
• Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna of the affected radio or television.
• Increase the separation between the equipment and the affected receiver.
• Connect equipment and the affected receiver to power outlets on separate circuits.
• Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
MODIFICATIONS
Changes or modifications not expressly approved by Cochran Consulting, Inc. could
void the user's authority to operate the equipment.
3

SHIELDED CABLES
This product is designed to be used only with the Analyst® interface cable (RS-232) to
maintain compliance with FCC Regulations.
EUROPEAN ‘CE’ MARK
The COMMANDER+ is considered a “benign device” by European Authorities for
purposes of the EMC Directive and has been thereby approved.
PATENT INFORMATION
Protected under one or more Foreign or US patents. Other patents may be pending.
All specifications subject to change without prior notice. Analyst is a registered
trademark of Cochran Consulting, Inc. Energizer is a registered trademark of the
Eveready Battery Co., St. Louis MO. Copyright 1999 Cochran Consulting Inc.
LIMITED WARRANTY
To the original purchaser ("OWNER") only, Cochran Undersea Technology, a division of
Cochran Consulting, Inc. ("COCHRAN"), represents this Product to be free of defects in
materials and workmanship under normal SCUBA use for 24 months from the date of
shipment from COCHRAN to the Authorized Dealer or Distributor. For purposes of
establishing warranty eligibility, this date of shipment may be noted on the original
Product box, or can be determined by contacting COCHRAN.
Any defective Product, unless cause is specifically excluded in the "Warranty Conditions
and Limitations" section below, will at the sole discretion of COCHRAN, be repaired or
replaced with a new or refurbished unit of comparable or better function and/or
condition. COCHRAN is not responsible for any incidental or secondary damages as a
result of Product malfunction.
4

WARRANTY CONDITIONS and LIMITATIONS
Product must have been obtained from a COCHRAN Authorized Dealer. Contact
COCHRAN for verification of dealer status. This Limited Warranty is not transferable.
The Warranty Registration card must be sent to COCHRAN within 15 days of purchase
in order to validate Limited Warranty.
Failure to provide proper care for this Product will render this Limited Warranty null and
void. Damages or malfunction resulting from accidental or deliberate abuse, tampering,
battery leakage, exceeding maximum intended operating depth or other parameters,
extreme heat or cold, or other conditions which COCHRAN may deem to be outside the
intended scope of this Limited Warranty are not covered. Plastics, O-rings, batteries,
battery life, and flooded battery compartments are NOT covered by this Limited
Warranty.
This Limited Warranty will be rendered null and void if an attempt is made to establish
communications with the computer with any hardware and/or software other than the
Cochran approved ANALYST®Interface.
OWNER is responsible for shipping this Product to COCHRAN for service, and paying
all associated costs, including shipping, insurance, and import duties. OWNER may
take Product to an Authorized Dealer to arrange service under terms of this Limited
Warranty. COCHRAN will return Product to OWNER or Dealer via a method and carrier
of its choosing. Costs for requested expedited return shipping will be the responsibility
of OWNER. Product returned for service under terms of this Limited Warranty must be
accompanied by a photocopy of the original sales receipt in order for warranty repair or
replacement to be performed if the Warranty Registration Card is not on file.
5

STATEMENT of LIMITED LIABILITY
A mathematical model is used by this Product to calculate physiological effects of
SCUBA diving related to use of compressed air or other breathing mixtures while at
depth. Such effects specifically relate to nitrogen absorption into and elimination from
body tissues, as well as effects of oxygen used in Enriched Air Nitrox breathing
mixtures.
However, because of the number of variables and the varying degrees to which they
may affect individuals engaged in SCUBA diving, COCHRAN DOES NOT GUARANTEE
THAT USE OF THIS PRODUCT WILL PREVENT DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS OR
ANY OTHER CONDITION OR INJURY INCURRED WHILE USING THIS PRODUCT.
These influencing variables may include, but are not limited to, dehydration, obesity,
age, old injuries, or other physical conditions on the part of the diver, or environmental
extremes of heat or cold, or poor training, or diving practices, any of which may promote
the onset of decompression sickness or other harmful effects.
This Product is sold and intended to be used only as a guide, providing the TRAINED
and CERTIFIED diver the information needed to make safe diving decisions. It is
expressly understood that by buying and/or using this Product the Diver assumes ALL
RISK as to its operability, reliability, quality, performance, accuracy, and suitability for
his diving style. Furthermore, Diver recognizes that this Product is an electronic
instrument being used in a hostile environment and is subject to failure, which may
manifest itself in a number of ways. COCHRAN and its distributors and retailers will not
be held liable for any personal injuries or other damages resulting from its use, even if
COCHRAN has been advised of such occurrences or damages.
These products must be handled with care and properly maintained to assure the
optimum performance. Users must possess the proper training for SCUBA diving
activities and should be fully educated in the operation of this product. Users are
encouraged to possess and utilize a redundant (backup) computer for their dive
planning and execution. And divers are always encouraged to dive with a buddy at all
times. 6

COCHRAN strongly supports and agrees with maximum depth limits of 50 metres for
recreational SCUBA diving, as established by recognized training and certification
agencies, and in no way encourages diving beyond these or any prudent lesser limits as
may be necessitated by environmental, diver-specific, or other conditions.
THE WARRANTY AND REMEDIES SET FORTH ABOVE ARE EXCLUSIVE AND IN
LIEU OF ALL OTHERS, WHETHER ORAL OR WRITTEN, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED.
COCHRAN UNDERSEA TECHNOLOGY SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL
IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATIONS, WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. No Cochran
Undersea Technology Dealer, agent, or employee is authorized to make any
modification, extension, or Addition to this warranty.
DO NOT ALLOW THE COMMANDER+ TO HAVE LOW OR NO BATTERIES FOR ANY
PERIOD OF TIME! THIS WILL DISCHARGE THE INTERNAL LITHIUM BATTERY
THAT KEEPS THE MEMORY ALIVE!
CAUTION!!! LOSS OF BATTERY POWER WILL CAUSE ALL PREVIOUS DIVE
NITROGEN LOADING TO BE LOST. THIS MAY AFFECT NITROGEN
CALCULATIONS ON NEAR-FUTURE DIVES. AFTER A BATTERY CHANGE,
CONFIRM THAT NO-DECOMPRESSION TIME DATA IS REASONABLE DURING THE
PRE-DIVE PREDICTION MODE. DIVE-OF-DAY NUMBER GOING TO ZERO
IMMEDIATELY AFTER CHANGING BATTERIES IS ANOTHER INDICATION OF A
LOSS OF NITROGEN LOADING.
7

This Manual is intended for use with the COMMANDER+ with and without the
Nitrox functions being enabled. Manual sections that apply to the Nitrox
capabilities are in Italic type.
PRODUCT INTRODUCTION: The COMMANDER+ is quite simple to use and operate,
but underneath that simplicity lies a significant level of sophistication. To get the safest
and most effective use of this instrument, it is important that the user fully understand
the product. Please read and understand this entire manual and know the principles
and practices of safe diving before using this device. If you are using the
COMMANDER+, With the Nitrox functions enabled, the diver specifically acknowledges
that he has been adequately and thoroughly trained and certified to engage in Nitrox
diving by a professional, competent, recognized training agency.
USER & ENVIRONMENTAL ADAPTATION: The COMMANDER+ is one of the new
breed of Dive Computers that adapts its algorithm to the user’s diving environment and
style as originally pioneered by COCHRAN. All of COCHRAN’s newer dive computers
incorporate this capability. The factors that are used for this “Adaptation” in the
COMMANDER+ are:
Water Temperature Salt/Fresh Water Compensation
Microbubble Altitude Acclimatization
User Conservatism Previous Dive Profiles
WATER TEMPERATURE: Diving in cold water can lead to a lower diver core and skin
temperature which can affect the gas exchange rate of the body’s tissues. The
COMMANDER+ progressively makes its nitrogen algorithms more conservative as the
water temperature declines below 25 degrees C. Above this water temperature, there is
no temperature compensation. If the diver is wearing an insulated dry suit and is
relatively warm even in cold water, this temperature compensation factor may be turned
off at the divers discretion using the Analyst® PC software. (See later Analyst®
description.)
8
MICROBUBBLE: There are several theories regarding the exact method by which a

nitrogen bubble forms from a microbubble which was formed from a micronuclei. One
predominant theory states that more rapid ascents accelerate bubble formation. The
COMMANDER+ attempts to compensate, or adapt, for these higher Ascent Rates. For
Ascent Rates less than 9 metres-per-minute (mpm) there is no compensation. As the
Ascent Rate goes progressively higher than 9 mpm the compensation progressively
increases.
USER CONSERVATISM: Current dive computers cannot tell if the diver is dehydrated,
tired, smokes, overweight, or has some other physical issue that may require additional
conservatism in the nitrogen algorithm. The COMMANDER+ allows the diver to input an
added degree of conservatism to the nitrogen algorithm from 0 to 50 percent in one-
percent increments. Field programming is featured.
SALT/FRESH WATER COMPENSATION (High/Low Conductivity): There is
approximately three percent difference in depth readings taken in salt water versus
fresh water. Some dive computers are calibrated in metres of fresh water and some are
calibrated in metres of seawater. Diving in a medium different from what the dive
computer is calibrated will cause apparent depth errors. Only COCHRAN dive
computers, including the COMMANDER+, actually determine the type of diving medium
and compensate the depth reading accordingly. This is accomplished by measuring the
conductivity of the water during a dive. Caution must be taken interpreting readings
since some apparent fresh water is actually high in minerals or contaminants and is
correctly compensated as salt water (High Conductivity). This commonly occurs in
some caves, springs, and lakes.
9
PREVIOUS DIVE PROFILES: Under some circumstances, recent dive activity can have
an effect on nitrogen loading, particularly if the diver engages in inverted profile diving.

This occurs when a deep dive is followed by an even deeper dive. This recent dive
history is used to compensate the nitrogen loading for the current dive.
ALTITUDE ACCLIMATIZATION: Driving or flying to a dive site significantly higher in
altitude requires special modifications to the "sea level" algorithm. The COMMANDER+
regularly samples the ambient barometric pressure to determine these changes in
altitude. Accordingly, the decompression algorithm is changed to reflect these
barometric pressure changes. Note that temperature and weather systems also affect
barometric pressure and hence, apparent altitude. Using the Time-To-Fly digits, the
number of hours required to “adapt” to the new altitude is immediately known to the
diver. If a significant altitude change occurs, a minimum of one hour should pass before
diving to allow the unit to adapt to this new altitude. Rapid changes in altitude should be
avoided. The dive computer may in fact, see particularly rapid changes from a higher to
a lower altitude as a dive. Should this occur, removing the batteries for ten minutes will
reset the computer; however, all tissue nitrogen loading will also be lost.
Should it be desired to initiate a dive PRIOR to completing the adaptation time, the
COMMANDER+ will treat this dive as a repetitive dive in its algorithm, taking into
account the "residual" nitrogen present due to travel to altitude. There are two methods
of compensating for altitude. Via the Analyst® PC Interface, ZONE or SEAMLESS
compensation for altitude may be selected.
10
In ZONE, all altitudes less than 600 metres above sea level use the sea-level algorithm.
At altitudes greater than this, altitude compensation is “seamless”; literally, every small
fraction of gained altitude is considered in adjusting the algorithm. ZONE will reduce the

occurrences of obtaining slightly different altitude readings and corresponding no-
decompression (NDC) limits when diving within a given area. However, ZONE reduces
the accuracy of the altitude compensation for the first 600 metres above sea level, since
all altitudes below 600 metres are treated as sea level. However, the advantage in
ZONE is that changes in apparent altitude due to temperature or weather changes at
sea level will not affect the NDC computations.
In SEAMLESS, the algorithm is adjusted for extremely small changes in altitude.
However, a difference in altitude may be seen from day-to-day at a given dive site due
to temperature or weather systems and their effect on barometric pressures.
SEAMLESS will provide the most accurate altitude compensation algorithm, but normal
variations in atmospheric barometric pressure may affect the no-decompression time
which is more predominantly seen in the Pre-dive Prediction forecast.
METRIC/IMPERIAL MODES: Most dive computers always compute in either Metric or
Imperial units and merely convert the display to the other units. The COMMANDER+
actually computes and displays in the selected units which gives maximum accuracy
and user familiarity. If the computer is computing and displaying in Metric, the
“METRIC” legend will be illuminated when the computer is on. Metric/Imperial selection
is made using the Analyst® software. Changing Modes does not affect any profiles or
data stored in the computer.
11
LOW BATTERY INDICATIONS: Fresh ENERGIZER®brand batteries should read about
3.2 volts on the PreDive Prediction display. When the battery voltage decays to 2.5
volts, the “BATT” legend will be illuminated. It is recommended to change the batteries
at this point, but several dives might still remain possible. When the battery voltage

decays to 2.3 volts, the “BATT” legend will begin to flash on and off. Also, the TACLITE
if on, will be turned off to conserve the remaining battery power even though the unit
may be on a dive. While there should be sufficient battery power to normally complete a
dive, it is not recommended to begin a new dive until fresh ENERGIZER®brand batteries
are installed. After the computer automatically turns itself off 40 minutes after a dive, it
cannot be turned back on if the battery voltage is less than 2.3 volts. Fresh
ENERGIZER®brand batteries must be installed. See the “BATTERY CHANGES”
section of this manual for detailed information on how to change batteries.
CAUTION!!! COMPLETE LOSS OF BATTERY POWER WILL CAUSE ALL PREVIOUS
DIVE NITROGEN LOADING TO BE LOST. THIS WILL AFFECT NITROGEN
CALCULATIONS ON NEAR-FUTURE DIVES. AFTER A BATTERY CHANGE,
CONFIRM THAT NO-DECOMPRESSION TIME DATA IS REASONABLE DURING
PRE-DIVE PREDICTION MODE. DIVE-OF-DAY NUMBER GOING TO ZERO
IMMEDIATELY AFTER CHANGING BATTERIES IS ANOTHER INDICATION OF A
LOSS OF NITROGEN LOADING.
12
SIDE CONTACTS: For identification purposes, put the COMMANDER+ face up in the
orientation that allows the display, display bezel, and product name to be read. There
are three contacts on the right side of the unit. The closest contact toward the bottom of
the display is Contact 1, the middle contact is Contact 2, while the contact farthest away

at the top of the display is Contact 3. Contacts are used to:
• Turn the unit on by sensing wetted Contacts 1 & 2;
• Enter Logbook Mode by sensing wetted Contacts 1 & 2;
• Enter Programming Mode by sensing shorted Contacts 1 & 2;
• Step through Programming functions by sensing shorted Contacts 1 & 2;
• Increment Programmable options by sensing shorted Contacts 2 & 3;
• Determine water conductivity when in a dive via Contacts 1 & 2 & 3;
• Communicate with the Analyst® PC Interface via Contacts 1 & 2 & 3.
It is important that the Contacts be kept clean and dry when the computer is not in use.
Do not use solvents. Use only clean, fresh water.
TURNING ON THE COMMANDER+:Although the COMMANDER+ automatically turns
on when it is submerged in water, it is STRONGLY recommended that the unit be
manually powered up by wetting two fingers and simultaneously touching Contacts 1
and 2 just prior to a dive. This allows the diver to ensure that the unit is operating
correctly and has adequate battery capacity prior to entry. Once activated, the unit will
remain on for 15 minutes. If a dive is not initiated within this 15 minutes, the
COMMANDER+ automatically shuts off. Notice that when Contacts 1 & 2 are first
bridged, a short beep is issued which indicates that the unit is recognizing the touch.
Every time the Contacts 1 & 2 are touched and the short beep is heard, the "on" time is
again extended to 15 minutes.
13
It is recommended that this procedure be followed prior to a dive since this prevents the
unit from "timing out" just as the diver is entering the water. The COMMANDER+ will
not turn on if the altitude is greater than 4.5 km or if the depth is greater than one metre.
Also, the battery voltage must be above 2.3 volts for the unit to turn on.

As the COMMANDER+ first recognizes a turn-on command, it begins a “Diagnostic”
function where many aspects of the system will be exercised and tested. This
procedure takes about three seconds and an audible beep is issued each second as
certain tests are successfully completed. During this time, all of the segments in the
display are turned on so their operability can be confirmed. Should a test indicate a
malfunction or marginal test, the unit will turn back off again. The user should ensure
that all of the display segments are on and operating correctly.
D
I
V
E
BATT METRIC
NDC
DEC
A
S
C
T
N
E
DEPTHMAXBOTTOM
CEILTEMP
WARNING
REMAIN TIME FLY
SURF DEPTH
. .
Figure 1
SELF D IAG NO STICDISPLAY
AllSe gm e nts 1llum inated
14
TURNING OFF THE COMMANDER+:After a dive, the COMMANDER+ remains on for
40 minutes before automatically entering its "Sleep Mode". During the Sleep Mode, all
calculations continue but the display is off. This is a power saving feature of the
COMMANDER+. The unit will continue calculating Surface Interval and compartment

off gassing until all residual nitrogen is eliminated. The current Surface Interval and
PreDive Predictions can be viewed by turning the unit back on.
OXYGEN TOXICITY FACTORS: The COMMANDER+ has the ability to track Oxygen
Toxicity levels for the Central Nervous System (CNS) as well as the Mission Oxygen
Tolerance Units Dose (OTU). In addition, a maximum Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PO2)
warning alarm can also be set. While most other audible alarms of the dive computer
consist of five long beeps, the CNS, OTU, and PO2 have a distinctive audible alarm that
consists of short double-beeps that sound once per second for five seconds.
As long as one or more of these three parameters is outside its limits, the “WARNING”
legend on the display will continue to flash and the audible alarm will be repeated once
per minute.
None of these three functions are active if the NITROX capability is not enabled or has
been disabled via the Analyst® PC Interface (see later description of the Analyst®).
PARTIAL PRESSURE OF OXYGEN (PO2): High PO2 levels can cause severe Oxygen
poisoning. Widely different levels of PO2 can affect individual divers. The user via the
Analyst® can set the PO2 alarm to any level between 0.50 ATA and 1.60 ATA. As
shipped from the factory, this is set to 1.60 ATA.
Should the PO2 be above the alarm set point, the audible alarm will sound and the
“MAX DEPTH” digits will be replaced with a “P” followed by the two-digit PO2 value with
decimal point.
15
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) TOXICITY: Should the CNS Toxicity reach 50%
of the maximum allowable, the audible alarm will sound and the “MAX DEPTH” digits
will be replaced with a “C” followed by the two digit CNS percentage. All three of these
digits on the display will be flashing along with the “WARNING” legend.

By the accepted definition of CNS toxicity, should a PO2 value of greater than 1.6 ATA
be measured, the CNS Toxicity will be 100%. During the Surface Interval, this
percentage will decrease as the CNS declines toward zero. Once this has dropped
below 50%, the MAX DEPTH reading will return. Whatever the current CNS Toxicity
level, it can also be viewed in the Programming Mode.
METRIC
NDC
BOTTOM
TEMP
REMAIN TIME
DEPTH
.
Figure15
SUBSUR FA C E M O D E D ISPLAY
(MaxCNSAlarm)
CurrentC NS 75 %
Rem ainNDC Time 18 min
s
Depth9.1mt
r
B o tto m Time 16 mins
Te m p e rature 9 c
AscentRate 0
Batte ry O K
16
OXYGEN TOLERANCE UNITS (OTU): An issue with long term breathing of higher
partial pressures of Oxygen above 0.5 ATA is Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity or sometimes
called WHOLE BODY which must be tracked properly.
The COMMANDER+ will track the OTU based on Dr. Bill Hamilton’s ‘REPEX’ method of

oxygen exposure management. The OTU Dose is an exponential function of oxygen
partial pressure and time.
The time-dependent limit varies with length of time (days) that the diver continues to
dive without full recovery to zero OTU. The Mission OTU Clock tracks the OTU, which
is a running clock that tracks long-term Oxygen exposure. This clock may run for
several weeks if frequent dives are made using high levels of PO2. The current Mission
Clock, CNS, and OTU can be seen via the Analyst® PC interface.
The recovery portion of the OTU algorithm is a linear reduction of OTU over time. The
Mission OTU clock is reset to 0:00 when the OTU Dose reaches zero.
Should the OTU Dose reach 50% of the maximum allowable, the audible alarm will
sound and the “MAX DEPTH” left digit will be replaced with an “O” followed by the two
digit OTU Dose percentage. All three of these digits and the “WARNING” legend will be
flashing. Symptoms of Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity include burning in the throat and
chest, coughing, and shortness of breath. Discontinue diving and consult a Physician
should any of these, or other, symptoms appear.
17
WARNING INDICATIONS: Failure to observe audible and/or visual warnings and take
corrective action may result in injury or death.
• If the diver is ascending faster than the selected maximum ascent rate, then the
hollow bar of the ascent bargraph will flash and the “WARNING” legend will

illuminate. The unique audible sweep alarm will continue to sound once per
second until the situation is corrected.
• If the diver descends below the user set Depth Alarm, the Depth digits will flash.
The audible alarm will sound once per second for five seconds and will repeat once
per minute. Depth alarm is not active in the Decompression Mode to avoid
confusion with the “Shallower Than Ceiling” alarm.
• If the battery voltage goes below 2.3 volts, the audible alarm will sound once per
second for five seconds and will repeat once per minute.
• For High PO2, see “OXYGEN TOXICITY FACTORS”.
• For High CNS, see “OXYGEN TOXICITY FACTORS”.
• For High OTU, see “OXYGEN TOXICITY FACTORS”.
• If the diver has less than two minutes of No-Decompression Time remaining, an
audible alarm will sound once per second for five seconds and repeat once per
minute. The “WARNING” legend will also flash for as long as the condition exists.
• If the diver enters the Decompression Mode, an audible alarm will sound once per
second for five seconds. The “WARNING” legend on the display will flash for as
long as the Decompression Mode is active.
• If a CEILING of 21 metres or greater is computed, a one-time, five beep audible
alarm will sound and the Ceiling digits will flash once per second.
• During a Decompression dive, if the Depth is less than the CEILING, then the
Depth and Ceiling digits will flash. The unique audible sweep alarm will continue to
sound once per second until the situation is corrected.
• During a Decompression dive, if the CEILING is computed to be greater than 27
metres, the system will immediately enter the Gauge Mode. The audible alarm will
sound once per second for five consecutive seconds.
18
MAIN MODES of the COMMANDER+:
PreDive Prediction Mode
Surface Mode
Subsurface Mode