Control Data Corporation 3300 User manual

COMPUTER SYSTEMS
USASI COBOL/
MASTER
REFERENCE MANUAL
CONTROL DATA
CORPORATION

60229400
REVISION
REVISION
(2-6-69\
Original printing.
Additional copies of this manual may be
obtained from the nearest Control Data
Corporation sales office.
Pub. No. 60229400
February 1969
:91969 Control Data Corporation
Printed in the enited States of America
RECORD
NOTES
Address comments concerning this
manual to:
Control Data Corporation
Software Documentation
4201 North Lexington Avenue
St. Paul, ~,1innesota 55112
or USE:' Comment Sheet h the back of
this manual.

PREFACE
The features of USASI COBOL/MASTER specified in ihis manual conform to the United States of
America Standards Institute (USASI) COBOL Standard. The USASI specifications define a Nucleus
for internal processing and eight functional processing modules: Table Handling, Sequential Access,
Random Access, Random Processing, Sort, Report Writer, Segmentation, and Library. The
Nucleus is divided into two levels, low and high.
USASI COBOL/MASTER is implemented at the high level of the Nucleus. Of the modules, only
Random Processing and Segmentation are not implemented. All other modules are implemented
at the high level. The Report Writer module can be omitted from the COBOL library. USASI
COBOL/MASTER runs under control of the :MASTER operating system.
Additional features of COBOL are implemented in USASI COBOL/MASTER to facilitate operating and
to support system interfaces. The inclusion of COBOL features over and above the USASI standard
is not prohibited by the standard; however, an installation option is available to diagnose all non-
USASI features as errors at compile time.
The Business Data Processing Unit (3312) must be present to compile and execute USASI COBOL/
MASTER programs on a CONTROL DATA® 3300 computer. The CONTROL DATA® 3500 computer
comes equipped with the Business Data Processing hardware.
This manual is organized in the traditional manner of Identification, Environment, Data, and Pro-
cedure Divisions with the exception of the Report Writer and Library modules which are described
in separate chapters.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
COBOL is an industry language and is not the property of any company or group of companies, or of
any organization or group of organizations.
No warranty, expressed or implied, is made by any contributor or by the COBOL Committee as to
the accuracy and functioning of the programming system and language. Moreover, no responsibility
is assumed by any contributor, or by the committee, in connection therewith.
Procedures have been established for the maintenance of COBOL. Inquiries concerning the procedures
for proposing changes should be directed to the Executive Committee of the Conference on Data
System s Languages.
The authors and copyright holders of the copyrighted material used herein:
FLOW-IV1ATIe (Trademark of Sperry Rand Corporation), Programming for the Univac (R) I and
II, Data Automation Systems copyrighted 1958, 1959, by Sperry Rand Corporation
IBM Commercial Translator Form No. F 28-8013, copyrighted 1959 by IBM
FACT, DSI 27A5260-2760, copyrighted 1960 by Minneapolis-Honeywell
have specifically authorized the use of this material in whole or in part, in the COBOL specifications.
Such authorization extends to the reproduction and use of COBOL specifications in programming
manuals or similar publications.
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO COBOL
COBOL (Common
Business Oriented Language) is a programming language which uses English terms
to simplify the programming of business data processing problems. This manual presents the details
and rules for writing a program in USASI COBOL/MASTER for the CONTROL DATA® 3300 and 3500
computers. Familiarity with basic COBOL is desirable, but not essential. This introduction con-
tains a brief outline of the COBOL language elements, program structure and content. Used in
conjunction with the rest of the manual, it provides the new user with an introduction to the funda-
mentals of COBOL programming.
LANGUAGE ELEMENTS
The COBOL language is made up of the following elements:
COBOL reserved words
User-defined words
Literals
Level numbers
Symbols
Pictures
The user composes user-defined words, literals, and pictures according to rules that govern the
choice and arrangement of characters. Within the limits imposed by the rules, it is virtually
possible to compose an infinite number of words, literals, and pictures.
The COBOL' reserved words, symbols, and level numbers are presented in fixed sets from which the
user selects what he needs. He cannot invent new reserved words, symbols, or level numbers and
must use these elements according to the rules of the language.
The sample COBOL source program entry below shows all six elements:
f
level
number
,DATA-f
AME-l, PICTURE T
YjUE, ~
user-defined ~ picture liter~Symbol
word \
COBOL reserved
words
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COBOL Reserved Words
Over 250 English words and abbreviations have been set aside as COBOL reserved words. (Appendix
C
contains a complete list of these reserved words.) Special meanings have been assigned to these
words; the user
• Does not define reserved words
• Cannot change the meaning of a reserved word
• Cannot add words to the reserved word list
• Cannot substitute other words for those on the list
• Must not alter or misspell reserved words
• May use reserved words only for specified purposes
The reserved words have various purposes as defined in the reference formats. They may identify
program units,such as SECTION, PROCEDURE, WORKING-STORAGE. They may identify parts of
entries, such as VALUE, PICTURE, USAGE. They may specify actions like WRITE, PERFORM,
DIVIDE. They may have specific functional meanings such as NEGATIVE, COMPUTATIONAL,
EQUAL. As figurative constants, they can represent specific data values: ZERO, SPACES, LOW-
V
ALUE. (A complete list of figurative constants is given in appendix B.)
User-Defined Words
The user must supply words that name data items, data conditions, and procedures. These words
have no preassigned meaning, but they must be defined within the program in which they are used.
The formation of these words is governed by the following rules:
• A word may be up to 30 characters long.
• It may contain letters (A through Z), digits (0 through 9) and the hyphen (-).
• Only procedure names may be entirely numeric; all other words must contain at
least one letter.
• A word may neither begin nor end with a hyphen.
• Spaces (blanks) must not appear in a word.
• It must not be spelled exactly like a reserved word.
The example below contains user-defined words as well as reserved words and symbols.
ADD-DEDUCTIONS. reserved words
l\nD 'HOSP-INS~STATE-lNE~
TOT-DED .
user-defined
words
viii
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Appendix B contains a detailed description of the formation of different types of user-defined words
such as data-names, condition-names, procedure-names, and so forth.
Literals
Literals
are a special case of user-defined words. They are actual values used in the program and
as such are self-defining. Literals may be numeric or non-numeric.
A numeric literal is a string of digits that may include a plus or minus sign, and a decimal point.
Its value is the quantity represented by the characters in the literal. Every numeric literal is
classed as a numeric item.
A non-numeric literal is a string of one to 120 characters enclosed in quotation marks from the
computer's character set (appendix B). It may contain reserved words and spaces but not the
quotation mark. The value of a non-numeric literal is the string of characters excluding the quota-
tion marks. Non-numeric literals are classed as alphanumeric items.
Rules governing the formation of literals are given in appendix B.
The following examples show the use of literals in an entry:
DIVIDE ~TO CONVERTED-TEMPl GIVING TEMP-2.
numeric literal
77 HEADING-A PICTURE X(lO) VALUE IS :'COBOL ~
Level Numbers
non-numeric literal
Level numbers (01 through 49, 66, 77, and 88) are used in entries that assign names to data items
and data values. They deSignate the level of the entries relative to each other.
Numbers 01 through 49 designate the hierarchy of data entries within records. 01 is always assigned
to the record itself; 02 through 49 are assigned to items within the record. Level numbers need not
be consecutive but must be ordered so that the higher the number, the lower the entry in the
hierarchy.
Level number 66 deSignates an entry that renames a previously defined entry. It is always used with
the reserved word RENAMES.
Level number 77 deSignates an independent data item, one that is not part of a record.
Level number 88 is used with entries that assign condition names to specific values a data item may
assume.
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Whenever a level number is used, it is the first element in the entry.
The entries below show how level numbers are used:
£
77 ITEM-A PICTURE:XX VALUE Ol.
~
UPDATE-RECORD.
~
RECORD-ID.
p4. CODE-NUMBER PICTURE X.
level> _&.§ NEW-CODE VALUE "A".
numbers I ,88. OLD-CODE VALUE "B".
~
~ ACCOUNT-NUMBER PICTURE 999.
~ CUSTOMER-IDENTIFICATION.
6
RETAIL-ID RENAMES CUSTOMER-IDENTIFICATION.
Symbols
Symbols are special characters which have specific meanings for the compiler. Symbols are used
in punctuation, as operators in arithmetic expressions, as relational operators in conditions, and
as editing symbols in pictures. The COBOL Character Set in appendix B lists all the symbols
available to the COBOL programmer. Punctuation rules are given in appendix B, the rules for
arithmetic and conditional operators in chapter 4, and picture symbols in chapter 3.
Pictures
Pictures describe such characteristics of data items as:
• Size of item
• Class of item: numeric, alphabetic, or alphanumeric
• Whether the item is signed
• Position of an assumed decimal point
• Editing (deletion, insertion, or replacement of characters) to be performed on the item
Each picture is a string of from 1 to 30 characters. Pictures are composed of the characters listed
under PICTURE in chapter 3. In general, the number of characters defines the size of the item and
the character itself defines the class: X=alphanumeric, 9=numeric, A=alphabetic. A picture may be
abbreviated by enclosing an integer in parentheses to show the size immediately after the character
defining the class. For instance, X(20) means the same as 20 X's in a row; both mean that the item
consists of 20 alphanumeric characters.
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