D.W. Fearn VLC User manual

HAZELRIGG
INDUSTRIES
VLC
Vacuum Tube
Preamplifier/EQ/DI
Operating Instructions
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How to Contact us:
Telephone:
567-DW FEARN
(567-393-3276)
Shipping Address:
124 Tartan Terrace
Chalfont, PA 18914
U.S.A.
e-mail: [email protected]
www.dwfearn.com

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HAND-CRAFTED PROFESSIONAL RECORDING EQUIPMENT
HAZELRIGG INDUSTRIES
124 Tartan Terrace
Chalfont, PA, U.S.A.
Tel: [phone]
Certificate of RoHS Compliance
D.W. Fearn / Hazelrigg Industries is committed to manufacturing products that are fully-
compliant with the EU RoHS Directive.
The following products are compliant:
VT-1, VT-2, VT-24, VLC(-1)
VT-3, VT-I/F, VDI
VT-4, VT-5
VT-7
VT-15
LP-1
PDB
This declaration is based on our understanding of the current RoHS Directive and from
information provided by the supplier material declarations with regard to materials
contained in the component that make up our products.
Douglas W. Fearn
President

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VLC Vacuum Tube Microphone Preamplifier
Final Test Report
Serial Number Mains Voltage: VAC
Date Tested by .
THD+Noise:
20 cps %
200 cps %
2 kc/s %
20 kc/s %
Operational Tests:
+48V .
-20 pad .
Phase Reverse .
EQ In .
Line Input .
Instrument Input .
Equalizer:
LF Cut .
LF Boost .
HF Boost .
HF Cut .
Listening Test .
.

VLC Microphone Preamplifier/EQ/DI HAZELRIGG INDUSTRIES
Table of Contents
Warranty....................................................................................................6
Specifications............................................................................................7
Description................................................................................................8
Installation.................................................................................................9
Operation..................................................................................................12
Theory......................................................................................................18
Maintenance ............................................................................................20
List of Illustrations
Rear Panel Connections............................................................................11
Front Panel Controls and Connections.....................................................13

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Limited 7-Year Warranty
During the warranty period, D.W. Fearn / Hazelrigg Industries will, at no additional charge,
repair or replace defective parts with new parts.
This warranty does not extend to any VLC that has been damaged or rendered defective as a
result of accident, misuse, or abuse; by the use of parts not manufactured or supplied by D.W.
Fearn / Hazelrigg Industries; or by unauthorized modification of the VLC. Vacuum tubes are
excepted from the 7-year warranty, but are warranted for 90 days from date of purchase.
Except as expressly set forth in this Warranty, D.W. Fearn / Hazelrigg Industries makes no other
warranties, express or implied, including any implied warranty of merchantability and fit- ness
for a particular purpose.
D.W. Fearn / Hazelrigg Industries shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions
in this manual, nor for incidental or consequential damages resulting from the use of this material.
This instruction manual contains information protected by copyright. No part of this manual may
be photocopied or reproduced in any form without prior written consent from D.W. Fearn /
Hazelrigg Industries.
Copyriht ©1995-2020 D.W. Fearn / Hazelrigg Industries LLC

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SPECIFICATION
Input 1.5k ohms
Input Load Impedance 150 ohms
Minimum Input Level -65 dBm nominal
Maximum Input Level -30 dBm without pad
-5 dBm with 20 dB pad
Instrument Input Impedance 1 Megohm
Line Input Load Impedance 40k ohms
Gain 55 dB minimum
Frequency Response ± 0.5 dB 20 cps to 20 kc
THD + Noise <0.35% 20 cps to 20 kc
Intermodulation Distortion SMPTE: <0.80%
Signal to Noise Ratio 72 dB typical operation
Equivalent Input Noise -124 dbm maximum
Output low-Z, transformer balanced
Maximum Output Level +22 dBm unterminated
Power Requirements 120 or 220 VAC 50/60Hz, 25 W
Dimensions 19” (48.26cm) W
3.5” (13.34cm) H
14” (22.86cm) D
Weight 12.5 lbs. (5.66 kg)

VLC Microphone Preamplifier/EQ/DI HAZELRIGG INDUSTRIES
Description
The VLC Vacuum Tube Microphone Preamplifier/EQ/DI is designed to provide recording
professionals with a sonically superior input device. It is typically used in sound recording studios
for recording individual tracks. A quality microphone is connected to a VLC input, and the VLC
provides a line-level output. In most situations, the VLC will feed directly to the input of the
recorder.
The VLC is an adaptation of the D.W. Fearn VT-15 channel strip. Because of the unique qualities
of vacuum tubes, the VLC has a clarity, transparency, and warmth that solid state preamps lack.
Its modern design and construction allows the VLC to exceed the performance of vintage vacuum
tube preamps.
It is designed for use in the professional recording environment. It accepts all low impedance
balanced microphones. It features a regulated +48 volt supply for phantom powering condenser
microphones, a switchable 20 dB input pad, and phase (polarity) reversal switch. It is built to
sound great for a long time, with top quality parts used throughout.
All three power supplies (filament, phantom power, and B+) are solid state and fully regulated.
The Attenuation control potentiometer is a conductive plastic type for long, noise-free operation.
The VLC is not mass-produced. Each one is hand-made and meticulously tested and listened to
before shipment to the customer.

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Installation
The VLC is carefully packed for shipment and should survive all but the most brutal handling. If
there is any damage, keep the shipping material for use during any claim for damage with the
shipper.
Included in the box:
1) The VLC Instrument Interface
2) Line cord
3) This instruction manual
Mounting
The VLC is designed for installation in a standard 19 inch rack. It requires 3.5 inches of vertical
space, but additional spacing between it and adjacent equipment is recommended for adequate
cooling. Ideally, a ventilated panel at least 1 rack unit high (1.25 inches) should be installed
above and below the VLC (and around any other heat producing equipment for that matter). Be
sure the bottom vent slots are not blocked. Equipment that runs cool can last for a very long time.
In tight equipment enclosures, be sure there is adequate air flow. Forced air cooling will benefit
all your equipment.
The VLC can also be used without a rack, placed on a table, counter, or even on the floor.
Optional rubber feet are available, when requested at the time of the order.
Moderate electrical and magnetic fields in the vicinity of the VLC should not cause any
degradation in noise performance, due to the well-shielded construction, but proximity to devices
with motors or large power transformers (i.e. tape machines or power amps) should be avoided.
Although the vacuum tubes in the VLC are selected for minimum microphonic response, it is a
good practice to avoid mounting locations that subject the VLC to very high sound or vibration
levels.
Power
The VLC is designed to operate from 120 or 220-240 volt, 50/60 Hz power. The unit will be
shipped wired for the voltage specified in the order, but may be changed in the field if necessary
(Call the factory for detailed instructions). The ground pin of the power cord is internally
connected to the chassis. This configuration is standard in professional equipment and is required
by most electrical codes. A grounding screw is provided on the back panel for installations that

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use separate chassis grounding. If ground loop hum is detected, a careful check of the studio
grounding scheme is needed. The VLC is less susceptible to grounding problems than many
studio devices.
Connections (see Figure 1)
The INPUT connectors are XLR-3 females wired with pin 1 ground, pin 2 “+” or “high,” and pin
3 “-” or “low.” The ‘MICROPHONE INPUT’ matches 150 ohm (nominal) microphones and is
transformer balanced. ‘LINE INPUT’ is for 600 ohm line-level signals.
The OUTPUT connector is XLR-3 male wired with pin 1 ground, pin 2 “+” or “high,” and pin 3
“-” or “low.” The VLC is optimized for feeding balanced bridging inputs (Virtually all modern
audio equipment has bridging inputs). The output is transformer-balanced.
The “GND” terminal is for use when an external grounding scheme is utilized.
The Fuse is a 5mm x 20mm 1 amp for 115 VAC operation, and 0.5 amp for 220-240 volts.
The AC input connector is used with the mating line cord (supplied). For 115 VAC operation, this
cord is a Belden 17250 or equivalent.
The unit does not utilize any RFI filtering, and no RFI has been experienced, even when the VLC
is operated in close proximity to AM, FM, and TV broadcast transmitters.
Input and Output Connections
See Figure 1. Gold-plated XLR connectors are used for inputs and outputs. The input connectors
are female and the outputs male.

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Figure 1. The VLC rear panel connectors
All connectors are wired according to AES standard: pin 1 is ground (shield), pin 2 is “high” or
“+,” and pin 3 is “low” or “-.” A positive voltage on pin 2 of the input will result in a positive
voltage on pin 2 of the output (with the Phase Reverse switch set to Normal).
Grounding and Shields
A full discussion of proper studio wiring schemes is beyond the scope of this manual, but, in
general, the Input-mating XLR connector must have the cable shield connected to pin 1. With
most microphones, this shield must also be connected to pin 1 at the microphone end of the cable.
Whether the shield is connected to pin 1 of the output connector depends on the standard in your
studio. The shield should be connected to ground at only one end of the output cable; however,
although not recommended, the shields can often be connected at both ends without a problem.

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OPERATION
Input
Since the input cable will be carrying very low level audio, it is important that a well-shielded
cable is used. There should be no additional connectors, patch jacks, switches, etc. between the
microphone and the VLC input. This can be achieved with a dedicated line from an XLR
connector in the studio to each VLC in the control room. Although long input cable runs have
little effect on the performance of the VLC, it is preferable to keep the input line as short as
possible.
One successful method is to place the VLC in the studio with only a short cable to the
microphone. Line level from the VLC output is then fed back to the control room. Avoid locating
the VLC where it will be subjected to high sound levels or excessive vibration (such as on a drum
riser).
Output
The output of the VLC is line level, transformer balanced. Note that vacuum tube equipment is
more sensitive to load impedance than solid state units. The VLC design is optimized for feeding
a balanced bridging input (20k ohms or greater). When feeding a 600 ohm load, there may be a
slight degradation of some of the specifications. In modern studio equipment, bridging line inputs
are universal. If the device being fed by the VLC has an input termination switch, that switch
should be in the “off” position.
The VLC can feed balanced or unbalanced inputs with no need for any modification in output
wiring. Either pin 2 or 3 can be grounded, although pin 2 is normally used as the ”hot” and pin 3
as ground unbalanced configurations.

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Figure 2. VLC front panel controls and indicators
CONTROLS (see Figure 2.)
Gain (1)
The Gain control (1) is between the second and third amplification stages of the VLC. It should
be adjusted to provide the desired output level to the console or recorder.
In some situations, the Gain control can have an effect on VLC distortion, but at +4 dBm output
the input stages will overload before the output. If you find that you need to run the Gain control
near the bottom of its range, the input level may be too high and you might want to experiment
with the microphone pad (if it has one), the VLC -20 switch position, or both. Let your ears be the
judge. Slight to moderate overdriving of the VLC often adds “edge,” “power,” or “excitement” to
the sound.
If it is necessary to operate the Gain control near the top of its range, the input level is too low
and any padding at the mic or on the VLC should be reduced or removed.
Input switch (2)
The input switch selects between 3 inputs: microphone, line and direct (1/4”). When recording
with a microphone, the selector should be in the ‘MIC’ position. When using the VLC as a
hardware processor, choose the ‘LINE’ position. If you are using the VLC with a bass, guitar or
any instrument that has a ¼” output use the ‘INST’ position in conjunction with the input on the
front panel.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
11
10
12

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Front panel XLR / ¼” combo (3)
The front combo jack adds convenient access to patch in a microphone for quick setup. It also
contains the ¼” input.
+48 Volt (4)
The +48 switch is actuated by first pulling out, then moving to the upper position.
Solid-state condenser microphones in professional environments are usually phantom powered;
the microphone electronics are DC powered through the audio cable. This is accomplished by
feeding the positive side of a 48 volt power supply to both pin 2 and 3 of the input connector
(through precision matched resistors), and the negative to pin 1 (ground). The DC voltage is
recovered at the microphone with negligible effect on the audio signal.
Vacuum tube condenser mics and dynamic microphones do not require this power and the +48
switch (4) should be turned off when using non-phantom powered mics. Although leaving the
+48 on will not damage any properly wired balanced mic, some ribbon mics have reportedly been
damaged when connected or disconnected from phantom powering. Also, some engineers feel
that the performance of some dynamic mics may be subtly degraded with the phantom power on.
The phantom power circuit used in the VLC is suitable for use with all Neumann micro- phones,
AKG 12 and 48 volt microphones, B&K phantom powered mics, all Schoeps mics, Shure SM81
and 85 mics, Crown PZM mics, and virtually all other phantom-powered mics that require any
voltage between 12 and 48 volts.
When turned off, the phantom-power resistors are completely disconnected from the circuit in the
VLC.
-20 (5)
In the “-20” position, a pad is inserted between the input connector and the input transformer.
This position would be used when the level is too high. On condenser microphones that have a
switchable pad, it will usually be necessary to use a -10 or -20 dB pad in the mic when recording
very high sound levels to prevent overload of the microphone electronics. Whether this is used in

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conjunction with or as a substitute for the VLC pad should be determined by experimentation. For
the cleanest sound it is generally preferable to pad at the microphone first, then at the VLC if
necessary. The sound of some microphones will change slightly with the -20 position. This is a
function of the interaction between the microphone transformer and the VLC input transformer.
POL (6)
This switch reverses the polarity of the output of the VLC.
Even when there is only one microphone being recorded, it may be useful to try the up position of
the polarity control. Although there is supposed to be standardization in polarity throughout the
professional audio equipment industry, it is possible that a wiring error or the use of vintage
equipment built before standardization may reverse the polarity in the recording/monitoring
chain. The effect of reversed absolute polarity is usually subtle, but can be significant with some
sounds. If the reverse position sounds better, use it.
With more than one microphone on the same sound source (or picking up leakage from another
sound source), the POL switch may have a profound effect on the audio quality. Whichever
position sounds best is correct. A check of monaural compatibility (by summing the various mics)
should also be performed.
EQ In (7)
This engages the equalizer into the audio path. When the EQ is not engaged the audio goes
through a pad that mimics the overall audio loss of the EQ.
Output Signal Indicator (8)
The bi-color LED (8) displays output directly from the secondary of the output transformer,
through an isolation amplifier. Ideally, the indicator should show green while re-recording signal.
The LED is calibrated to turn red when nearing the upper input level of most digital audio
convertors.

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Boost and Cut (9)
The VLC contains a passive-style equalizer. The boost circuit employs an inductor in conjunction
with a capacitor to achieve the desired boost frequencies. The boost and cut pots adjust the levels
of equalization.
Frequency selection (10)
The frequencies for each boost and cut can be selected independently. In the upper position the
frequency selection is harmonically higher; in the lower position the selection is harmonically
lower.
Power switch and indicator (12 & 11)
Primary power is applied to the VLC circuits when the Power switch (12) is in the up position.
The red pilot lamp (11) indicates that the unit is on. It take about twenty seconds for the preamp
to start working, but it is suggested that you turn on the power at least five minutes prior to use.
The tubes are often noisy until all the internal elements reach a stable operating temperature.
Initial Set-Up
The VLC should be installed as detailed in the Installation section. With the outputs connected to
an appropriate destination (typically to audio recorder inputs), configure the studio to monitor the
VLC output. Apply power and wait about twenty seconds for the tube filaments to get up to
temperature. Check for hum, buzz, or other noise. For the first few minutes after a cold start it is
not unusual for the VLC to produce hiss, pops, and microphonic “clanks” as the internal elements
of the tubes expand from the heat. Correct any ground loop problems before proceeding.
The controls should be set as follows. The numbers refer to Figure 2 on page 14.
• Power(12).........................On
• Input Selector(2).............MIC
• Gain(1).............................Mid-point
• POL(6).............................Normal
• EQ In(7)..........................Down
• +48 (4)..............................as required for mic

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If necessary, use the POL reverse switch. The +48 switch should be off except when needed for
phantom powered microphones.
The best indication of proper operation of the VLC is how it sounds. This preamplifier has a wide
operating range and quite often the exact position of the controls is relatively non-critical.
Be certain that the output level of the VLC is appropriate for the device connected to the output.
+4 dBm is the accepted standard level for all professional recording equipment. Some older
equipment may be designed for 0 dBm or +8 dBm, either of which can be easily accommodated
by the VLC.
SUGGESTIONS:
You have chosen to use the VLC because of the superior sound it provides. To gain the maximum
benefit from your investment, it is important that you hook up the VLC so that other factors do
not adversely affect the sound quality.
1. The VLC can be located in the studio or in the control room, but use the shortest
possible cable between the mic and the VLC.
2. Use the best quality mic cable you can. We don’t believe you have to use esoteric wire,
but do use a good cable designed for low impedance microphones. A quality cable with
gold-contact connectors is best.
3. There should be no additional cables, connectors, junction boxes, patch jacks, etc.
between the mic and the VLC input.
4. The output of the VLC should be fed directly to the recorder through the shortest
practical length of quality cable. Avoid additional cables, connectors, junction boxes,
punch blocks, or patch jacks. Use gold contact connectors if possible. Do not go through
the mixing console unless you absolutely need its features for the track you are cutting.
5. In general, for superior sound, we recommend recording directly to the recorder with no
processing. Any processing can be added in the mix, if necessary. You may find that far
less processing is required when using the VLC. If processing is required while
recording the track, insert the processing device after the VLC and before the recorder.

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THEORY OF OPERATION
Input section
The first stage is a selected 6072 tube configured as a Class A voltage amplifier with a gain of
approximately 30. Negative feedback from the plate of the second stage reduces distortion,
flattens the frequency response, and makes the gain of the first two stages less dependent on
individual vacuum tube characteristics.
Second stage
The output of the first stage is coupled to the grid of the second stage through a polystyrene
capacitor. This stage operates as a Class A voltage amplifier with a gain of approximately 30. The
plate is coupled through a polypropylene capacitor to the top of a conductive plastic rotary
potentiometer (Gain).
Third Stage
The arm of the Attenuation potentiometer feeds the grid of the third stage (a 6072A), which also
operates Class A with a gain of approximately 30. This stage is capacitively-coupled to the grid
of the output stage through a polystyrene capacitor.
Output Stage
The output stage operates as a cathode follower, presenting a comparatively low output
impedance (approximately 800 ohms).
Equalization Section
The passive LC (inductor/capacitor) equalization is inserted at the mic preamp output.

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Line Amp Section
The EQ output feeds a 6072 line amp stage. The cathode output of the final stage is coupled
through a proprietary polypropylene capacitor to the primary of the output transformer.
Power Supplies
Primary power from the AC mains is connected to the VLC through a standard IEC power input
connector. The Power switch energizes all three power supplies. A fuse, accessible on the IEC
input connector, protects the VLC. The power transformer is a toroidal unit custom-made for the
VLC and has primary taps for 115 and 220-240 volt operation. A switch on the rear makes it
quick and easy to go between voltages. Be sure to also change the fuse to the appropriate value.
Filament supply
The power transformer output is rectified by a bridge rectifier and filtered before being regulated
to 12.0 volts by a three-terminal regulator. The negative output of this supply is grounded.
Although the tube filament is rated for 12.6 volts, utilization of 12.0 volts has no effect on the
operation of the VLC.
B+ supply
Two separate regulated voltages are required for the plates of the VLC. The B+ is filtered with
long-life, low-leakage computer-grade filter capacitors before being regulated and extensively
bypassed and decoupled. The negative side of the supply is grounded.

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MAINTENANCE
The VLC is built with only the highest quality parts and will prove to be extremely reliable.
Vacuum tubes and electrolytic capacitors, however, have a finite useful life and must be
periodically replaced.
Top Cover Removal
Removing the top cover allows access to the vacuum tube. Eighteen 4-40 machine screws must
be removed.
Vacuum Tubes
Four 6072A tubes are used in the VLC. There can be as much as a 15 dB difference in noise level
among an assortment of tubes, and the tubes used in the first position should be carefully chosen
to maintain low noise. Selected low-noise tubes are available from Hazelrigg Industries.
Tube life is difficult to predict, but it will probably be measured in years. Catastrophic tube
failure is rare with this type of device, but a gradual increase in noise, microphonics, distortion, or
a reduction in headroom, should indicate the need for replacement.
Tubes sometimes develop a microphonic response — they will respond to ambient noise and
vibration. This can be an insidious problem since measurements in a quiet room will indicate
perfect performance. Gently tapping the tube shields while listening to the output at a normal
monitor level should reveal nothing more than a slight “clank.” On a peak-reading meter
connected to the VLC output, with 50 dB gain, any microphonic response above -55 dBm is
excessive. Replacement is indicated unless the VLC always operates in a quiet and vibration-free
environment.
Although you could purchase a batch of 6072A tubes and select the quietest one(s) for the first
tube position, it may be cost effective to buy a low-noise tube from us. Current prices are $51.00
for a selected low-noise 6072A, and $25.00 for a tested but less rigorous noise-spec 6072A. We
test the tubes in a VT-2 after a burn-in period and grade them according to noise, microphonic
response, distortion, and other characteristics. A low-noise tube from us will meet the original
VLC specifications.
The base pins of vacuum tubes supplied by Hazelrigg Industries have been chemically treated for
low contact resistance and oxidation prevention. When handling these tubes, care should be taken
to avoid removing or contaminating the treatment. Use a lint-free cloth or paper towel to avoid
direct contact between any part of the tube and your fingers.