Dorrough electronics 610 User manual

STEAM POWERED RADIO.COM

Model

610

TheDiscriminateAudio

Processor

--

-------------------------

-~

:'

...

..

Instruction

Manual

DORROUGH

ELECTRONICS

5221

Collier

Place

Woodland Hill

s,

CA

91364

Telephone:

(213)

999-ill2

STEAM POWERED RADIO.COM

CAUI'ION

Do

not

short

the

line

ou

tput

to

ground

.

Th

i s

will

damage

the

output

stage.

If

the

system

is

to

be

used

unbalanced,

use

one

side

of

t

he

output

and

ground

only

:

leave

the

second

discounted.

IMPORTANT

The

input

control

to

the

peak

limiter

labeled

LIMITER

DRIVE

determines

the

amount

of

clipping

desired

.

This

i s

adjusted

subjectively

.

Turn

the

contro

l

clockwise

unti

l you

arrive

at

audi

bl

e

distortion

and

then

back:

out

of

the

dis

t

ortion

. The

LED

above

the

control

indicates

only

that

the

limiter

circuit

is

active

,

no

t

that

the

maximum

level

set

has

been

reac

h

ed

.

STEAM POWERED RADIO.COM

TABLE

OF

C

ONTENTS

I

INTRODUCT

I

ON

II

SPECifICA

TIONS

I

II

BLOCK

DIAGRAM

OF

SIGNAL

FLOW

IV

THEORY

OF

OPERATION

V

INSTALLATION

AND

SETUP

P

ROCEDURE

VI

AM

STEREO

-

SUM

AND

DIFFERENCE

SETUP

VII

SYSTEM

SCHEMATICS

A.

Control

Display

B. Compressor Channel

C.

Peak

L

imiter

D.

Line

Ampl

if

ier

E.

Motherboard

F.

Relative

1.Dudness

to

Peak

Modulati

on

Meter

STEAM POWERED RADIO.COM

SPECIFICATIONS

DISCRIMINATE

AUDIO

PROCESSOR

-

DIGITAL

CONTROLLED

MODEL

610

A

tri-band

AGC

(Automatic

Gain

Control)

with

Peak

Limiter.

TRI-BAND

CROSSOVERS

AT

3

dB

POINTS

Low

Mid

High

20

Hz

to

173

Hz

173

Hz

to

6.5

kHz

6.5

kHz

to

20

kHz

Chosen

fo

r

best

accoustical

masking

of

compression

effects.

This

section

is

not

used

for

frequency

response.

FOUR

POSITION

EQUALIZER

FOR

SIGNAL

RESPONSE

POSITIONED

AFTER

TRI

-

BAND

Low

Low/Mid

High/Mid

High

19

Hz

to

71

Hz

71

Hz

to

710

Hz

710

Hz

to

4.2

kHz

4.2

kHz

to

15

kHz

PEAK

LIMITER

-

ACTIVE

ADJUSTABLE

HARD/SOFT

CLIP

COMPRESSION

LED

ME'I'ERING

- ·15

LEDs

IN

I

dB

INCREMENTS

Relative

Loudness

to

Peak

Meter

on

Output

Meter

readings

for

both

Internal

and

External

ranges

,.---.....

-10

dB

for

0

indication

'

1-

II

STEAM POWERED RADIO.COM

INPUT

MAXIMUM

OUTPUT

COMPRESSION

RANGE

ATTACK

Til1E

RE

LEASE

TIME

TIIRESHO

LDS

DISTORTION

SIGNAL

TO

NOISE

POWER

REQUIREMENTS

2-

II

Di

ffere

nt

ial

600

ohm

bal

. -30 d

Bm

to

+20

dBm

Balanced

to

ground +24

dBm

24

dBm

in

each

channel

EPROM

fa

ctory

set

EPROM

factory

set

EPROM

controlled

.3%

below

clipping

threshold

72

dBm

at

compression

threshold

; 79

dBm

1n

test

m:x:le

110/220

V,

50/60

Hz,

75

watts

STEAM POWERED RADIO.COM

DJTRODUCTION

Technical

alignment

procedures

are

not

required

for

the

installation

of

the

Discriminate

Audio

PrDcessor

Model

610

as

there

are

no

linearity

or

DC

balance

controls

due

to

the

use

of

digital

technology.

There

are

input

setup

adjustments

and

the

lid

should

be

rernoved.

In

order

to

prevent

overload

of

input

buffer

amplifiers

which

cause

cl

ipping

before

the

signal

reaches

the

Master

Input

control,

determine

if

the

input

pads

should

be

swit

ched

in

or

out

. A

reference

indication

of

proper

ranges

for

these

switches

can

be

determine

d by

setting

Master

Input

control

to

one

-

hal

f o

oen,

low

and

Mid

to

one

-

half

open,

and

High

Frequency

Input,

full

ope

n.

The

internal

switches

and

pads

should

be

adjusted

so

that

program

will

compress no more

than

8

to

10 dB.

This

will

be

rrore

oronounced

on

the

Mid

Meter

because

of

the

broadness

of

this

band.

The

Inpu

t

Sensitiv

ity

procedure

assures

that

adequate

head

room

is

available

for

program

dynamics and

transients.

These

switchable

and

variable

pads

are

Sl

&

S2,

VRl

&

VR2,

respectively,

and

are

located

on

a

pc

board

at

the

rear

terminal

internally

on

units

Serial

299

and

down,

and

in

front

of

the

low

Com

-

pressor

channel

on

all

others.

The

FM

units

should

operate

directly

into

the

Stereo

Generator

p

orts.

The

de-emphasis

capacitor

should

be

removed from

the

peak

lim

iters

. The Dre-

emphasis

should

not

be removed

as

this

forms

the

75

~icrosecond

curve

.

The

processing,

pre

-

emphasis

and bandw

idth

limitin

g

circuits

incorrorated

in

the

Optirrod

can

be

bypassed

by

placing

the

Test

Switch

of

the

Ootjmod

in

the

"TEST"

position

.

This

will

allow

program

material

to

be

fed

directly

into

the

Stereo

Gene

rator

section

of

this

device

via

the

RCA

type

connectors

located

imnediately

adjacent

to

the

Test

Switch

on

the

rear

panel.

The Optimod

has

a

bridging

input

at

this

oo

int

and

requires

that

the

DAP

be

terminated

with

a

560

ohm

resistor

.

1-I

STEAM POWERED RADIO.COM

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PINK

NOISE

-CENTRAL ARITHMETRIC PROCESSOR AUDIO

PROOF

SJ

L

PEAK

SUPPRESSION

AMPLIFIER

OUT

STEAM POWERED RADIO.COM

,------....._

THEORY

Of

OPERATION

The

Discriminate

Audio

PrDcessor

Model 610 makes

use

of

the

rrost

up

-

to-date

technology

available.

The

unit

has

been

computer

designed

to

deliver

the

most

.

colorless

and

clean

audio

available.

TRI-

BAND

SYSTEM

The

unit

splits

the

audio

into

three

discriminate

bands.

O

ne

only

needs

to

reflect

on

loudspeaker

technology

theory

to

note

that

3-way

loudspeaker

systems

offer

low

levels

of

IM

distortion.

Further

investigation

into

spectral

density

shows

that

the

maximum

amplitudes

occur

at

mid

frequencies,

with

gentle

slopes

toward

the

low

and

high

frequencies.

law

frequencies

exhibit

lower

amplitudes

because,

for

equal

power

distribution

of

amplitude

vs

time,

the

l

onger

the

period

the

lower

~ill

be

the

amplitude.

The

high

frequency

content

in

music

and

speech

i s

also

lower

in

amplitude.

This

part

of

the

audible

spectrum

carries

the

harmonic

or

overtone

content

of

the

.

program,

which

by

its

nature

is

reduced

in

amplitude.

Spectral

Analysis

Showing

Amplitude

Rolloffs

Even

if

program

material

were

very

brip,ht,

electrically

,

the

higher

the

frequency,

the

less

amplitude

necessary

to

satis

fy

the

ear

accoustically

.

1-IV

STEAM POWERED RADIO.COM

EQUALIZATION

SLOPES

Six

dB

per

octave

equa

lizati

on

slopes

were

chosen

as

crossover

points

to

the

compressors.

These

sl

opes

make

for

the

best

possible

acoustic

,masking

of

the

effects

of

compression.

Intentionally,

the

three

channels

do

not

sum

f

la

t

electrically,

though

they

sum

flat

acoustically.

To

prove

that

this

system

and

its

crossovers

are

not

modif

ying

the

integrity

of

the

program

source,

l

isten

to

the

processor

sumned

out-of

-

phase

with

t

he

source

feeding

it.

Even

with

heavy

compression,

the

surmnation

should

null

smoothly

at

better

than

20

dB

.

Thus,

the

physics

of

the

concept

argue

wi

th

the

analysis

of

tone,

but

con

-

firm

what

the

ear

is

able

to

hear

.

DIGITAL

CONTROLLED

A'ITENUATORS

ATTACK

TIMES

The band

splitter

feeds

the

three

digital

contrDlled/analog

attenuators

through

individual

input

controls

on

the

front

panel

.

These

controls

determine

the

amount

of

AGC

action

of

the

compressor

channels

. The

gain

changes

in

the

three

channels

are

extremely

fast,

even

at

15 kHz,

the

attenuation

wil

l

act

on

the

first

one

-

half

cycle

. The

attenuators

will

automatically

adjust

to

the

dynamic

parameters

of

program.

This

fast

action,

rather

than

the

conventional

smooth

RMS,

preserves

the

differential

of

the

fundamentals,

and

its

harmonic

content

.

In

add

iti

on,

th

i s

fast

action

retards

peaks

as

the

channels

are

Sl.IlllJTled

and

prevents

intermodulation

distortion

buildup

in

the

peak

clippe

r.

RECOVERY

TIMES

111-

:'

discriminate

channels

are

identical.

The

recovery

times

for

each

are

located

on

the

lar

ge

motherboard

directly

under

each

card

. The

recoveries,

like

the

crossovers,

play

an

important

part

in

the

quality

of

the

system

.

2-

IV

STEAM POWERED RADIO.COM

-~

Slower

times

were

chosen

to

allow

f

or

better

dynamics

at

even

deep

compression

ranges

.

If

more

sensationalism,

that

crowded

up-beat

sound,

is

desired,

these

recovery

times

can

be

spedup

by

lowering

the

value

of

the

time

constant

resistors

.

EQUALIZATION

From

the

swmTB.tion

of

the

three

channels,

a

four

fX)sition

equalizer

can

be

switched

in

for

subjective

or

technical

resfX)nse

changes.

Q' s

will

rrove

about

the

spectrum

in

accordance

with

the

toast

and

attenuation

of

the

four

I,X)Sitions.

SOFT

PEAK

CLIPPING

The

Equalizer

feeds

the

active

soft

peak

clipper

.

This

system

does

not

demand

the

necessity

of

a wide band

peak

limiter.

The

very

nature

of

the

wide

band

limiter

would

destroy

the

quality

of

the

discriminate

system

feeding

it.

Rather,

a

soft

clipper

is

used.

Soft

clipping

does

not

mean

the

lack

of

good

peak

protection,

but

rather

the

ratio

of

the

clip

is

spongy.

The

peak

is

"slamming"

into

a padded

brick

wall.

As

a

res

ult,

the

waveform

then

becomes

rounded

at

the

top,

rather

than

squared.

The

current

limiting

device

used

limits

the

rate

of

acceleration

of

the

leading

edge

of

the

input

wavefonn,

reducing

odd

order

hannonic

content

.

This

is

more

appealing

accoust

i

cally

.

Soft

clipping

does

not

show a

high

average

on

an

analog

modulation

monitor,

A

reading

of

75

to

90%

is

nonrB.l

and

only

on

sustaining

notes

will

the

readings

be

higher.

The

true

effectiveness

of

this

type

of

clipping

can

be

seen

on

an

oscilloscope

or

on

the

Relative

Loudness

to

Peak

Modulation

Met

er

on

the

output

of

the

DAP.

This

Meter

should

be

calibrated

to

the

Modulation

Monitor

which

will

then

enable

you

to

set

your

clipping

level

for

rra.x:i.mum

loudness.

3-

IV

STEAM POWERED RADIO.COM

INSTANTANE

OUS

LED

METERING

The

Relative

Loudness

to

Peak Modulation Meter s

er

ve

s

an

important

function

.

First,

by

nature

of

the

LEDs,

it

g

iv

es

an

instantaneous

rea

ding

of

the

crest

facto

r,

in

addition

to

displaying

duty

time

. These two

visual

functions

allow

you

to

consider

Peak

information

and

RMS

content

at

the

same

time.

When

applying

th

e

Pink

Noise

source

heavily

int

o

the

Peak

Limiter,

the

Loudness

Meter

will

show a Peak and

an

Av

er

age

of

a

given

amount.

When

the

Meter

is

switched

to

an

external

source,

such

as

th

e

Modulation

Monitor audio

output

,

it

can

easily

be

noted

if

th

e

reading

is

identical

to

that

of

th

e

output

of

th

e

processor.

If

there

is

modification

of t

he

audio p

eak

and

the

modulated

duty

time

from

the

transmitter,such

as

the

modu

la

ted

duty

tim

e

registering

higher

,

this

w:::,uld

show

that

the

transmitter

tends

to

saturate;

if

the

modulation

duty

time

remains

constant,

but

the

p

eak

fluctuates

,

th

i s

w:::>uld

indicate

probably

"r

inging

"

in

the

transmitter

,

thu

s

proving

that

mod

i

fication

of

the

audio

is

taking

place

external

to

the

p

ro

cessor

.

Once you

calibrate

t

his

Meter

you

will

discover

how

erroneous

analog

me

t

er

readings

can

be

as

indicators

of

complex wavefonns.

4-IV

STEAM POWERED RADIO.COM

INSTALLATION

AND

SETUP

PROCEDURES

INSTALLATION

The

Am

unit

and

the

TV

unit

should

be

installed

at

the

transmitter

and

the

FM

units

should

be

installed

as

close

to

the

stereo

generator

as

oossible

.

This

system

can

be

installed

at

the

studio

when

using

the

Transmitter

Drive/

Soft

Clipper

Dorrough Model

610XU

.

In

this

case,

the

clipper

on

the

studio

unit

should

be

used

with

caution

to

prevent

ringing,

overshoot,

and

unoredict

-

able

gain

changes

between

the

studio

and

transmitter

interface.

INPUT

BUFFERS

To

protect

input

buffer

amplifier

from

overloading

,

adjust

Master

Input

pot

on

the

front

panel

one

-h

alf

open,

High Compressor

Input

full

open,

and

,.

----._,_

Mid

and

1.Dw

Compressor

Inputs

one-half

open. While

feeding

program

material,

adjust

internal

variable

attenuators

located

in

front

of

the

Low

Comoressor,

unt

i l one

or

all

compression

meters

read

up

to

the

red

LEDs,

approximately

8

to

10

dB

. These

internal

controls

should

be

set

somewhere between

one

-

half

and

full

open ;

if

not,

check

Sensitivity

Switches

located

the

variable

attenuators.

INPUTS

When

using

the

uni t

for

mono

or

for

conventional

stereo,

one

unit

for

left

and

a

second

for

r i

ght

,

Input

1

or

Inout

2

can

be

used

.

'I\..o

inputs

have been

provided

for

Sum

and

Difference

processing

.

1-V

STEAM POWERED RADIO.COM

FRONT

PANEL

ADJUSTMENTS

I

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I I

MASTER

INPUT

The two

:internal

variable

:input

attenuators

are

buffered,

mixed,

and

fed

,-...,,

to

the

Master

Input

Control

on

the

front

panel

which

then

feeds

the

crossovers.

The

crossover

outputs

appear

on

the

panel

as

I.Dw,

Mid, and High Compression

Inputs.

The

crossover

points

for

the

compressors

are:

I.Dw

Mid

High

20

Hz

to

173

Hz

173

Hz

to

6. 5

kHz

6.5

kHz

t o

20

kHz

This

section

is

for

establishing

AGC

ranges

and

is

not

used

fo

r

frequency

response

.

QUIETING

SOURCE

There

are

two

swi

tch

es

for

nois

e

gating.

They

are

labeled

Quieting

1

&

2.

In

the

"up"

position,

these

switches

will

gate

3

dB

each,

for

a

total

of

6

dB

:in

the

absens.:::

of

audio.

The

noise

reduction

is

prograrrrrned :in

the

EPROM.

This

prevents

a

"click

-:in"

effect

when

the

unit

responds

to

prof'X'am

or

returns

·

to

a

quiescent

stat

e. The

Qu

i

et:ing

Mode

is

not

needed when us:ing small

aITOunts

2-V

STEAM POWERED RADIO.COM

~

of

compression,

approximately

7

dB

or

less

.

When

the

q

uieting

circuits

are

activated,

a

quieting

LED

wi

ll

illuminate

. The s:vstems operatE"

indeoendently

for

each

channel

but

will

track

when

tied

to

a

second

unit

. A

cliD

LBD

in

each

display

window

indicates

channel

over

load

.

-

------

PINK

NOISE/PROGRAM

SOURCE

The

will

select

either

Pink

Noise

or

Program

Source

.

This

switch

should

be

in

the

"

down

"

position

when

running

nonra.l program.

PROGRAM

EQUALIZER

The

three

compressor

channels

are

summed

and

buffered

internally,

and

electrically

feed

the

Program

Equalizer.

The

Equalizer

has

four

positions

.

Low

Low/Mid

High/Mid

High

19 Hz

to

71 Hz

to

710 Hz

710

Hz

to

4.2

kHz

4.2

kHz

ro

15

kHz

The

Equalizer

can

be

switched

In

or

Out.

Subjective

timbre

and

quality

is

provided

b¥

the

Equalizer.

It

should

be

noted

that

as

you

increase

any

range

of

frequencies

,

they

will

be

boosted

into

the

limiter

circuit

,

therefore,

slight

attenuation

of

the

Limiter

Drive

may

be

necessary.

MODE

A

Mode

swit

ch

to

bypass

the

entire

Discriminate

System

is

provided

.

In

Operate

the

Limiter

Drive

is

connected

to

the

output

of

the

Equalizer

.

In

Test

positio

n

the

swit

ch i s

looking

at

the

internal

submix

ahead

of

the

Master

Input

Control,

3-V

STEAM POWERED RADIO.COM

---

METER

AND

METER

LEVEL

When

the

Meter

Switch

ism

t

he

Output

position,

the

Meter

is

fed

by

the

Meter

Level

control

which

can

be

adjusted

to

a

specific

reading

for

the

output

of

the

system

.

When

in

the

External

position

,

the

contrDl

is

not

active

.

In

this

position

the

large

Meter

is

looking

at

two

buffer

amplifiers

summed

and

fed

by

two

mixing

controls

located

internally

on

the

Motherboard

at

the

rear

of

the

chassis.

This

Meter

should

be

calibrated

with

the

Modulation

Monitor

or

any

external

monitoring

source.

Calibration

should

be

done

with

tone

.

LIMITER

DRIVE

The

input

control

to

the

Peak

Limiter

designated

Limiter

Drive

determines

the

extent

of

modificat

ion

of

the

Peak

amplitude

in

reference

to

the

duty

time.

The

LED

indicator

located

above

the

contrDl

will

illuminate

when

the

limiter

circuits

are

active

indicating

clip

threshold.

The

clip

should

be

adjusted

subjectively

. The

clip

ratio

can

be

observed

on

the

l.Dudness

Meter

W1der

program

conditions.

Heavy

peak

limiting

will

reduce

the

differential

between Peak and

Persistence

.

Maximum

modulation

setting

should

generally

be

done

with

dynamic

solo

material,

such

as

voice

.

In

this

way

the

ear

can

more

readily

discern

the

distortion

fact

or

.

LINE

OUTPUT

The

Line

Amplifier

is

driven

by

the

Line

Output

contrDl

which

will

vary

the

output

from

infinity

to

+24

dB

.

This

circuit

does

not

use

a

transformer

output,

rather

it

operates

as

a

differential

high

and low

to

ground·

designated

as

+

or

-and

ground

.

If

t

he

output

is

to

be

used

unbalanced

,

it

is

important

not

to

short

high

or

low

to

gruund. Use

one

side

or

the

other

, and ground.

4-V

STEAM POWERED RADIO.COM

The

performance

of

the

Discriminate

Audio

Process

or

should

not

be

judged

along

side

of

other

rnultibands

at

the

transmitter

site

while

listening

to

a

wide band

monitor.

Systems

begin

"

chasing

",

fatigue

sets

in

, and judgements

are

mistakenly

ma.de

on

extremes

of

response

characteristics

that

will

"in

the

real

world"

have

no

validity.

Your

evaluation

at

your

transrnitter

does

not

take

into

consideration

your

tot

a~

system

.

YQur

station

.

is

relative

to

,,our

cornnetition

.

Your

adjustments

and judgements

sh

ould

be

made

by

comparison

to

your

competitors

.

If

your

stat

i

on

is

tuned

well,

it

should

sound good on most any

radio.

The

equali

zation

and

clipping

should

be

tuned

for

rich,

full

,

open,

yet

clean

apparent

loudness.

Brightness

alone

is

not

the

answer,

but

overall

good

fidelity

.

5-V

STEAM POWERED RADIO.COM

AM

STEREO

-

SUM

&

DIFFERENCE

SETUP

Entry

portals

fo

r

AM

stereo

operation

in

Sum

&

Difference

h

ave

been

provided.

In

th

i s

setup

,

Input

1

is

Left

and

Input

2

is

Right

on

ooth

units

which when

paralleled

out-of

-

phase

to

a

second

610,

forms

the

Sum

for

the

first

uni t

and

the

difference

for

the

second

unit

.

Internal

input

attenuators

serve

as

mixers

for

these

tW'.)

inputs.

In

order

to

obtain

a

proper

match

in

level

for

these

tW'.)

inputs,

feed

from a

stereo

source,

a

Mo

no

signal

. Connect

the

Left

to

Input

1

and

follow

the

Input

Buffer

Setup

procedure

in

order

to

protect

input

buffers

. Once

this

is

accomplished,

feed

the

Right

channel

out

-

of

-

phase

to

Input

2

and

adjust

its

internal

trim

pot

unt

i l

signal

nulls.

The

channels

are

now

balanced

.

Return

Input

2

lead

to

proper

phase

.

This

now

forms

the

Sum

of

Left

plus

Right

. The

input

of

the

second

610

should

be

paralleled

to

the

first

and

the

same

procedure

should

be

followed

with

the

exception

that

this

unit

shou

l d

be

left

out

-

of

-

phase

.

The

second

unit

then

forms

the

difference

.

Disconnect

the

mono

source,

and

return

to

stereo.

Follow

interface

instructions

from

sp

e

cific

Am

Stereo

Exciter

manufacturer

to

complete

the

setup.

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