Kenwood DP-1100 B User manual

COMPACT DISC PLAYER
NOTE: Please replacethis service manual with theoldDP-1100'smanual(B51-1592-00). This manual
has all descriptions forDP-1100andDP-110011.
PhotoisDP-110011
'RefertoPartsListonpage191,
TRIO-KENWOOD Corp. certifiesthis
equipmentconformstoDHHS Regula-
tions No.21CFR1040.10,ChapterI,
Subchapter J.
DANGER: Laser radiationwhenopen
andinterlockdefeated.
AVOID DIRECT EXPOSURE TO BEAM.
KENWOOD
DP-1100 B
DP-1100II
PhotoisDP-1100B
•RefertoPartsListonpage177.

DP-1100B II MEANINGOF
ABBREVIATIONS
AFC: DiscmotorspeedcontrolsignaloutputfromIC8on
processPCB
APC: DiscmotorphasecontrolsignaloutputfromIC8on
processPCB
BCK: ClockpulseonwhichmusicdataissenttoD/A con-
verter(Bitclockpulse)
CK4M: Clocksignalofabout4 MHzformicroprocessor(the
signalresultantfrom1/2frequencydivisionofX'tal
OSC8.4672MHz)
CK88: About88kHzsignalwhichisidenticalwithsignal
WDCK(wordclockpulse)outputfromIC6onpro-
cessPCB.ItisusedasclocksignalforIC15onservo
PCBoraspseudoEFMsignal.
CLS: Switchtoinformopenedorclosedtraystate.Itis
shortedwithtrayclosed.("L"withtrayclosed)
CLV: Circuitwhichmakesthelinearvelocityofdiscmotor
constanttoprovideconstantreadingrateofdisc
data.
DATA 12andDATA21:Signalsfordatacommunication
(transmissionandreception)betweenCPU1 and
CPU2.
DATA: SignallineonwhichdataissentfromprocessPCB
toD/Aconverter.
DCON: SignalwhichisoutputfromId5 onservoPCB.Itis
normally"H"andbecomes"L"whenRFsignalis
loweredinlevelduetodiscflaw.(Dropoutcontrol)
DIN:Signallineonwhichpositionaldataofdiscflawis
transmittedbetweendiscflawpositionmemorycir-
cuitandIC15onservoPCB.
DISK: Discmotordrivesignal
DOCK: ClockpulseoutputfromIC15onservoPCBtodisc
flawpositionmemorycircuit.Itisa sixtimes
amplifiedsignalofFGS.(Dropoutclockpulse)
DOK: Withdiscprovided,thispulseoutputis"L".Q1on
servoPCBdetectsthepresenceorabsenceofdisc.
(DiscOK)
DSG: Referto"IC15pinfunction"onpage68.
EFM, EFM1 andEFM0:Eight-to-Fourteen-Modulation
signals.Thesearehigh-frequencysignalsorRF
signalsgivenfromopticalpickup.
EMPH: Pre-emphasissignaloutputfromIC8onprocess
PCB.
F.COIL and T.COIL: Focusingandtrackingcoilscontrol
signals.
FE orF.E:Focuserrorsignal
FG4: Signalresultantfrom1/30frequencydivisionof
signalDOCK.Itcontrolsdiscmotordrivesignal.
FGS: IC15inputpinofFGsignalfromdiscmotor.
FOK: Focusservocontrolsignal.ServoONwithsignal
FOK"L".
FOKG: Referto"IC15pinfunction"onpage69.
FSRH or FSRCH: 2 Hzsignaltodetectjustfocusingpoint.It
movesthepickupactuatorupanddown.
IRQ: InterruptcontrolI/OpinbetweenCPU1 andCPU2
(Interruptrequest)
KGC: InversionsignalofsignalRFGinIC15.Itisnormally
"L" and"H"duringkickofmotor.
KICFB or KCIF: Referto"IC15pinfunction"onpage70.
LDC: Referto"IC15pinfunction"onpage69.
LRCK: SignaloutputfromIC6onprocessPCB.Itindicates
whetheroutputdataisforL-chorR-ch.
MODE4:IC15controlsignalwhichisoutputfrommain
CPU. (Refertopage70.)
M5P:DiscmotorON/OFFcontrolsignal.
MUTE: Musicsignalmutingsignal.
OPEN: SwitchwhichturnsON("L")withtrayopentoin-
formopenedtraystate.
OPNS: Referto"IC15pinfunction"onpage68.
PLAY: Referto"IC15pinfunction"onpage69.
PLCK: Referto"IC15pinfunction"onpage71.
PU orP.U:Pickup.
PUD: Referto"IC15pinfunction"onpage68.
PUFB: InversionsignalofsignalPUFFinIC15.
RES: CPUinitializesignal
RFES: Referto"IC15pinfunction"onpage69.
RFG: Referto"IC15pinfunction"onpage70.
RFOK: Thisoutputbecomes"L"whenRFsignalfrom
pickupisinputtoIC10(V2).
RMC: Outputsignalfromremotecontrolsignalamplifier
S1andS2:Pickupoutputsignalsemittedfrompreamplifier
onmechanismPCB.
SCK: ClockpulseforcommunicationbetweenCPU1and
CPU2.(Serialclockpulse)
SLT: SwitchwhichturnsON("L")withpickupatinner-
mosttrack.
START or STAT: IC12controlsignaltoenableSVCopera
tionbymainCPU.(IC12ONat"H")
SVC (A,B,C andINH):Servocontrol
TE orT.E:Trackingerrorsignalortrackingmonitorpin
TEG 1 andTEG2:Referto"IC15pinfunction"onpage
68.
TEOP and TEON: Referto"IC15pinfunction"onpage68.
TEP: Referto"IC15pinfunction"onpage68.
TES: Referto"IC15pinfunction"onpage68.
TRAY orTRY:Disctrayortraydrivesignal
TTAC: Referto"IC15pinfunction"onpage68.
WDCK: SignaloutputfromIC6onprocessPCB.Itsfre
quencyistwicethatofsignalLRCK.
5

DP-1100B II DP-1100B II
I. BLOCK DIAGRAM

DP-1100B II
II. FUNDAMENTALS
1FUNDAMENTALS
1-1SAMPLING
Ananalogvoltageiscontinuousinrespecttotime,andhasa
valueateachtimeoft1(t2,t3,etc.asshowninFig.1.1andas
wella valueatanytimebetweentxandt2.
Voltage
Time
Ifananalogvoltageisrepresentedcorrespondingtoa code
system, theanalogvoltageoverthedefinitetimerangeofttto
t2ismadeoftheindefinitenumberofcodes.Inorderto
transmita digitalsignalcorrespondingtothevoltageatt1(it
needsa definitetimelength,butwhentransmittingindefinite
codes,thetransmissiondoesnotendforever.
Voltage
t5Time
Fig. 1.2
Therefore,incasewhereananalogvoltageisconvertedtoa
codedsystem,analogvoltagesattimingswithsomeinterval
areonlyconvertedasshowninFig.1.2.Withsucha pro-
cess, thedefinitenumberofcodescorrespondingtothe
definitetimings,forexample,fivecodesforthetimeintervaltt
tot5areproduced.
WhenhavingtransmittedcodesdescribedinFig.1.2,only
fivecodescanbereceivedatthereceivesidebetweenttand
t5.Thenumberofvoltagevaluesreproducedtherebyisonly
five, anyvoltageattimingsexceptt1(t2,t3,etc.cannotbe
determined.
However,ifthefrequencycomponent(20kHz)oftheoriginal
analogsignalislessthanthevalue(44.1kHz)depending
uponthetimeintervalbetweentimingst1(t2,t3,etc.atwhich
codingisstaged,eventhevaluefornon-transmittedportions
canbereproduced.Topickupanalogvaluesata fixedtime
intervalbysucha processiscalled"sampling".
1-2QUANTIZATION
Fig. 1.3indicatesoneexamplewhereanalogsignalsranging
fromOVto10Vareconvertedto11-stepvoltagevaluesof
0V,1V,2V9Vand10Vviaround-off.Withthisconver-
sion, preparationofonly11kindsofcodesisneeded.To con-
vertananalogsignaltoa kindofa digitalsignalwiththepro-
cessofround-offorthelikeiscalled"Quantization".
Digital VoltageConvertedby
Rounded-Off
Time
Fig. 1.3
Amplitude
Sampling
Quantization
Fig. 1.4
AnalogVoltage
Voltage(V)
Fig. 1.1

DP-1100B II
II. FUNDAMENTALS
1-3SAMPLING THEOREM
Signal Waveform(a)
S/H;
Measurings ata fixed time ( b)
interval(sampling)
A/D
Converts themeasured
values tofigures
(quantization)
f
Binary codedfigures
(OffsetBinary)
D/A
Reproduction
Demodulation
(PAMsignal)
Fig. 1.5
Thefrequencyofpickingupananalogsignal,forexample,
50,000timespersecond,iscalled"asamplingfrequency.It
isproventhatifsamplingisconductedattheratelargerthana
certainvalue,theoriginalwaveformcanbereproducedjust
thesametoaninch.Thisiscalled"asamplingtheorem".
Sampling Theorem:Ifsamplingisconductedatthefre-
quency(44.1kHz)whichisoverdou-
blethemaximumfrequency(20kHz)
ina spectrumofa signal,theoriginal
waveformcanbecompletelyreproduc-
ed.
8
Recording

DP-1100B II
II. FUNDAMENTALS
1-4QUANTIZING NOISES
Transmitted signal waveformin passing
througha demodulation filter
Signal Waveform
3-digit figure
(decimalcode)
Sampling point
9-bit figure
(Binary code)
Aroundingerroriscausedbyquantizationatsamplingpoints
asdescribedin1-2,andseeingFig.1.6itcanbethought
thatthisroundingerroriscreatedasa distortionornoise.This
noiseisofthenaturedifferentfromnoisesemittedfroman
analogsystem,beingcalled"aquantizationnoise".
Theratioofa quantizingnoiseagainstthemaximumvalueof
thesignalina binary-coded16-bitsystemisplottedin
respecttoa sinusoidalwaveinputasshowninFig.1.7.
Ifa 16-bitcodeisusedinquantizingonesampledvalue,the
numberofstepswhichcanbetaken,i.e.,thequantizing
numberN isgivenasfollows:
Whenmakingtheamplitudeof0 toV correspondingtothis,
thewidthE0ofonequantizationstepisgivenby:
E0= V/(N-1)
Therefore,theamplitudeofa quantizingnoiseisE0atthe
peak-to-peakvalue,sothatthenoisepowerNQis:
N= 216= 65536
Fig. 1.6
Sampling Quantization
Sampling
Frequency
44.1kHz
Max.
Signal
Amplitude
Fig. 1.7
9

DP-1100B II
II. FUNDAMENTALS
Ontheotherhand,supposingthataninputsignalisa
sinusoidalwavewhoseamplitudeatthepeak-to-peakvalueis
V,thesignalpowerS is:
Therefore,thepowerratiois:
1-5EFM(EIGHTTO FOURTEEN MODULATION)
Toconverta levelofananalogsignalateveryintervalofa fix-
edperiod(1/44.1kHz= 22.7/is), asdescribedin1-4,toa
binarycode(1and0)afterquantizationiscalleda "PCM"
(PulseCodeModulation).
PCMhasvariouskindsofmodulationsystems,butherea
SonyandPhilipsjointlydevelopednewsystem,calledEFM,
usedforDADisdescribed.
Role of Margin Bits
Thepurposeofthemarginbitsistoreducea DCcomponent
andlowfrequencycomponentsbyaddingthreeadditional
bitstothesignalsconvertedintoEFM.
Channel Bits
Oneof14bitsconvertedfrom8 bitsiscalleda channelbit.
One word
Sample A
EFM
Symbol 1 (=17channelbits)
Symbol 2 {=17channelbits)
Fig. 1.8
(1) EFMisthemodulationtofirstdividea 16-bitdatum(data
bit) intotwo 8-bit dataandthenconverteachofthese
8-bit datatoa 14-bitdatum(channelbit)asshownin
Fig. 1.8.Theconversionistoselectpatternsof28kinds
amongpatternsof214kinds,meetingthefollowing con-
dition. Channelbitsof28meetingthisconditionhave
beenpredeterminedbya computerasindicatedinTables
1-1and1-2:
Twoormorebut10orlessOs(zeros)shouldbealwaysin-
sertedbetweenchannelbits1 and14.
(2) Threechannelbitsarealwaysinsertedbetween14-bit
blocks.Theroleofthese3 bitsistomakeadjustmentso
thattheabovecondition(enclosedinthebox)ismet
evenattheconnectionofblocks.
LSB
MSB
Symbol 1 (=8 bits)
Symbol 2 ( = 8 bits)
Margin bits
added

II. FUNDAMENTALS
DP-1100B II
d1d8
C1 C14
C1 is first cut.
EFM Conversion table 0 to127
(NRZ-1 represantation)
8bits-14bits
Order databits
channel bits
0
00000000 01001000100000
i
00000001
10000100000000
2 00000010
10010000100000
3
00000011
10001000100000
4
00000100 01000100000000
5 00000101
00000100010000
6 00000110
00010000100000
7
00000111 00100100000000
8
00001000
01001001000000
9
00001001 10000001000000
10 00001010
10010001000000
11
00001011
10001001000000
12
00001100
01000001000000
13
00001101 00000001000000
14 00001 110
00010001000000
15
00001 111
00100001000000
16
00010000 10000000100000
17 00010001
10000010000000
18 00010010 10010010000000
19
00010011
00100000100000
20
00010100 01000010000000
21
00010101 00000010000000
22
00010110 00010010000000
23 00010111
00100010000000
24
00011000 01001000010000
25
00011001
10000000010000
26
00011010
10010000010000
27
00011011
10001000010000
28 00011100
01000000010000
29
00011101 00001000010000
30
00011110
00010000010000
31
00011111
00100000010000
32
00100000 00000000100000
33
00100001 10000100001000
34
00100010
00001000100000
35
00100011
00100100100000
36
00100100
01000100001000
37
00100101
00000100001000
38
00100110 01000000100000
39 00100111
00100100001000
40
00101000
01001001001000
41
00101001
10000001001000
42
00101010 10010001001000
43
00101011
10001001001000
44
00101100
01000001001000
45
00101101 00000001001000
46
00101110
00010001001000
47
00101111
00100001001000
48
00110000 00000100000000
49
00110001
10000010001000
50
00110010 10010010001000
51
00110011
10000100010000
52
00110100
01000010001000
53
00110101
00000010001000
54
00110110
00010010001000
55
00110111
00100010001000
56
00111000 01001000001000
57
00111001 10000000001000
58
00111010
10010000001000
59
00111011 10001000001000
60
00111100
01000000001000
61
00111101 00001000001000
62
00111110
00010000001000
63 00111111
00100000001000
8bits-14bits
Order databits
channel bits
64 01000000 01001000100100
65 01000001 10000100100100
66
01000010
10010000100100
67 01000011
10001000100100
68 01000100
01000100100100
69 01000101
00000000100100
70
01000110
00010000100100
71 01000111
00100100100100
72 01001000
01001001000100
73
01001001
10000001000100
74
01001010 10010001000100
75 01001011
10001001000100
76 01001100 01000001000100
77 01001101 00000001000100
78
01001110
00010001000100
79
01001111 00100001000100
80 01010000
10000000100100
81 01010001
10000010000100
82
01010010
10010010000100
83 01010011
00100000100100
84 01010100 01000010000100
85 01010101 00000010000100
86 01010110
00010010000100
87 01010111
00100010000100
88
01011000 01001000000100
89 01011001
10000000000100
90
01011010
10010000000100
91 01011011
10001000000100
92 01011100
01000000000100
93
01011101
00001000000100
94
01011110
00010000000100
95 01011111
00100000000100
96
01100000 01001000100010
97
01100001
10000100100010
98
01100010 10010000100010
99 01100011 10001000100010
100 01100100 01000100100010
101 01100101
00000000100010
102
01100110
01000000100100
103 01100111 00100100100010
104
01101000 01001001000010
105
01101001 10000001000.010
106
01101010 10010001000010
107
01101011
10001001000010
108
01101100
01000001000010
109
01101101
00000001000010
110
01101110
00010001000010
111 01101111
00100001000010
112
01110000 10000000100010
113
01110001 10000010000010
114
Oil 10010
10010010000010
115 Oil 10011
00100000100010
116
Oil 10100
01000010000010
117
01110101 00000010000010
118
01110110
00010010000010
119
01110111
00100010000010
120
011110 00 01001000000010
121
01111001
00001001001000
122 01 111010
10010000000010
123
01111011
10001000000010
124
01111100
01000000000010
125 01111101
00001000000010
126
01111110
00010000000010
127
01111111
00100000000010

DP-1100B II
II. FUNDAMENTALS
d1d8
C1 C14
C1 is first cut.
databits channel bits
EFM Conversion table 128to255
(NRZ-1 represantation)
cf: NRZNon Return to Zero
Order
8bits— 14 bits
Order
databits
channel bits
128 10000000
01001000100001
129
10000001
10000100100001
130 10000010 10010000100001
131
10000011 10001000100001
132 10000100
01000100100001
133
10000101 00000000100001
134
100001 10
00010000100001
135
10000111 00100100100001
136 10001000
01001001000001
137
10001001
10000001000001
138 10001010
10010001000001
139
10001011
10001001000001
140 10001100
01000001000001
141
10001101 00000001000001
142 10001110
00010001000001
143 10001111
00100001000001
144 10010000
10000000100001
145 10010001
10000010000001
146 10010010
10010010000001
147
10010011 00100000100001
148 10010100
01000010000001
149
10010101 00000010000001
150 10010110 00010010000001
151
10010111 00100010000001
152 10011000
01001000000001
153
10011001 10000010010000
154 10011010
10010000000001
155
10011011 10001000000001
156 10011100 01000010010000
157
10011101
00001000000001
158 10011110
00010000000001
159
10011111
00100010010000
160 10100000
00001000100001
161
10100001
10000100001001
162 10100010 01000100010000
163
10100011 00000100100001
164 10100100
01000100001001
165 10100101
00000100001001
166 10100110 0100
0000100001
167
10100111 00100100001001
168 10101000
01001001001001
169
10101001 10000001001001
170 10101010
10010001001001
171
10101011
10001001001001
172 10101100
01000001001001
173
10101101 00000001001001
174 10101110
00010001001001
175
1010111 1
00100001001001
176 10110000 00000100100000
177
10110001
10000010001001
178 10110010
10010010001001
179
10110011
00100100010000
180 10110100
01000010001001
181
10110101
00000010001001
182 10110110
00010010001001
183
10110111
00100010001001
184 10111000
01001000001001
185
10111001
10000000001001
186 10111010
10010000001001
187
10111011
10001000001001
188 10111100
01000000001001
189
10111101
00001000001001
190 10111110
00010000001001
191
10111111
00100000001001
Order
8bits— 14 bits
Order
databits
channel bits
192 11000000 01000100100000
193 11000001 10000100010001
194 11000010 10010010010000
195
11000011 00001000100100
196 11000100
01000100010001
197 11000101
00000100010001
198 11000110 00010010010000
199
11000111 00100100010001
200 11001000
00001001000001
201 11001001 10000100000001
202 11001010 00001001000100
203 11001011 00001001000000
204 11001100 01000100000001
205
11001101
00000100000001
206 11001110 00000010010000
207
11001111
00100100000001
208 11010000 00000100100100
209 11010001 10000010010001
210 11010010 10010010010001
211
11010011
10000100100000
212 11010100 01000010010001
213
11010101 00000010010001
21*4
110101 10
00010010010001
215
11010111 00100010010001
216 11011000 01001000010001
217 11011001 10000000010001
218 11011010 10010000010001
219
11011011
10001000010001
220 11011100
01000000010001
221 11011101 00001000010001
222 11011110 00010000010001
223
11011111 00100000010001
224 11100000 01000100000010
225 11100001 00000100000010
226 11100010 10000100010010
227 11 100011
00100100000010
228 11100100 01000100010010
229 11100101 00000100010010
230 11100110 01000000100010
231 1
1100111
00100100010010
232 11101000 10000100000010
233
11101001 10000100000100
234 11101010
00001001001001
235
11101011
00001001000010
236 11101100 01000100000100
237
11101101
00000100000100
238 11101110 00010000100010
239 111011 11 00100100000100
240 11110000 00000100100010
241
11110001 10000010010010
242 11110010 10010010010010
243
11110011
00001000100010
244 11110100 01000010010010
245 1 1110101
00000010010010
246 11110110 00010010010010
247 11110111 00100010010010
248 11111000 01001000010010
249 11111001 10000000010010
250 11111010 10010000010010
251 11111011 10001000010010
252 11111100 01000000010010
253 11111101
00001000010010
254 11111110 00010000010010
255 11111111
00100000010010

II. FUNDAMENTALS
DP-1100B II
1-6 FRAME SYNCHRONIZATIONAND FRAME
STRUCTURE
ReproductionsignalscannotberecoveredRFsignalsdonot
comeoutfora longtimeduetodropoutoroneinformationbit
hasbeenshiftedowingtojitteringindigitalrecordingor
playback.Becauseonebitshiftofa digitalsignalmakesthe
signalquitedifferentinitssignallevel.
Therefore,bydividinga recordedsignaltomanysmallblockjs,
thesystemisorganizedsothatevenwhena signalisdisturb-
edduetojitteringorthelike,a bitsynchronizationisalways
estabilishedatthenewblocktoidentifythejointpartbetween
blocks.Sucha blockiscalleda "Frame".FrameSyncsignals
areinsertedtoindicatetheboundaryoftheframeandto
makea bitsynchronization.Fig.1.9showsthestructureof
oneframe.
Channelbits Marginbits Totalbits
FrameSynchro-
nization 24 3 27
Usersbuts 14 3 17
Databits 14bitx24= 336 3
bitx8= 24= 72 408
Errorcorrection
bits(Paritybits) 14bitx8=112 3bitx 24 136
486 102 588
Frame Structure
1-frame (588Channel Bits)
Data Bits
Parity Data Bits Parity
I
2
3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 24
3A -3 : : : .; : :
i 2 : : .2 : : i :
i:;:
DataSymbol1 (14Channel Bits)
ControlDisplaySymbol(14Channel Bits) PQDataAbsoluteMusic
Sync Pattern(24Channel Bits)
11Channel Bits
11
2 x Tmax
START FRAME
Fig. 1.9
• Margin Bit
User's Bit
Channel Bit Frequency = 4.3MHz
Frame Frequency= 7.35kHz

DP-1100B II
II. FUNDAMENTALS
1-7 COMPACT DISC (CD)
1. TherearemanykindsofDADsystems:CD,MDand
AHD. (RefertoFig.1.10)
2. DP-1100B/IIadoptstheCDsystem.TheCDsystemis
alsocalled"alightsystem".A lightbeamfroma
semiconductorlaserisconvergedwithanobjectivelens
tohitpitsinsidea discforusingtheirreflectedlight.
3.TherearenogrooveintheCDsystemhitpits.
SizeofPit:Width0.5fim, Length:0.9to3.3/im,
Depth: 0.1/im
4. Laserbeamishitthrougha transparentdisclayertoread
outdata.(SeeFig.1.11)
5.Constructionofdisc.(SeeFig.1.11)
6.DiscbaseplatesareusuallymadeofPC(polycarbonate),
PMMA(acryl)issuperiorfora discbaseplate,butits
moistureabsorptioncausingbendisa bigdefect.(Refer
toprecautionsonhandlingthedisc.)
7.Playbacktimeis60minuteswitha 120mmdisc.
DimensionsaregiveninFig.1.12.
8.Therotatingspeedofthediscisnotconstant.Becauseof
aconstantlinearvelocitysystememployed,therotating
speedisvariedbetweenaround500to200r.p.m.
(counterclockwise)CLV(constantlinearvelocity):
capstandrivetypetaperecorderCAV(constantangular
velocity): rimdrivetypetaperecorder.
9.PL)(pickup)doesnotcontacta discsurfacebuttracesa
trackmovingfrominnerradiustoouterradius.
10. Howmucheffectivelydoesitusea laserbeam?
Itdependsuponthetransmissionfactor,reflectionfactor
anddoublerefraction.
Fig. 1.10
Disc Baseplate (Polycarbonate)
ReflectingFilm(Aluminium)
ProtectiveFilm
Fig. 1-11
14
Protective Surface
Reflecting Surface
1.5/tm
Pit
ReproductionLightSpot
0.9-3.3 nm
0.4 nm
0.11nm
Transparent Plastic
Approx.1 mm0
CD System
Objective Lens
1.2
mm
Laser Beam
1mm0
1.2mm
1.6/tm

II. FUNDAMENTALS
DP-1100B II
Fig. 1.12
LeadIn:TOC(tableofcontents)— Absolutetimeofthe
headingofmusicisincluded.
LeadOut:Usedforretrievingoftheheadingindicatesof
programend.
Other— ControlDataP,Q
15
Program
Lead in
"(T.O.C)
Lead out

DP-1100B II
11.
100%
II. FUNDAMENTALS
ReflectionFilm
13. CDistoughagainstdustsFig. 1.15(a) and(b)
12. DoubleRefraction
Theratingofdoublerefractionisrepresentedbya lightpath
difference(mm).Rating:100mm
Themaincauseofdoublerefractionismolddistortion.Fig.
1.14
Disc
Fig. 1.14
1mm#
Disc Surface
14. Fabricatingprocessofbaseplate.Fig.1.16
15. Mastering:ProceduresforPhoto-resistcoating,laser
recordinganddevelopmentareincluded.
Thisiscorrespondingtothefabricatingpro-
cessofa lacquerdiscinananalogrecord
production.
16. Molding:Injectionmolding
PhotoPolymerization
6
Disc Surface
Disc Baseplate
Absorption
Reflectionattenuation
Fig. 1.13
PU
.Objective Lens
Dust
Pits
1.5 nm<j>
(a) Ina case where dusts aredepositedonthe disc surface
Laser Beam
1 iirr\<t>
(b)Ina case where dusts areattachedtoa reflecting film surface
Fig. 1.15

II. FUNDAMENTALS 0P-1100BII
GlassDisc
PhotoresistCoating
LaserRecording
Development
MasterDisc •
SilverMirrorNiplating
MetalMaster
Niplating
MotherDisc.
Niplating
Stamper
Molding
TransparentDisc
FinishedGood(CompactDisc)
Packing
GlassDisc
Photoresist
GlassDisc
Fig. 1.16 Manufacturing Process ofCD
17
ReflectingFilmevaporation
Protectivefilecoating
LabelPrinting

DP-1100BII
II. FUNDAMENTALS
Audioinput
Ch 2 LP
Filter Sample
& Hold
ADC
Control&
Display
Encoding
Error
Correction
System
Sync.
Generation
Modulator
Serial
Data
Output
X-tal Timing ENCODING
SYSTEM
* time multiplexer
** Analogto Digital converter
Fig. 1.17Encodingsystem
8
LP
Filter Sample
& Hold
ADC
Ch 1
MUX
MUX

DP-1100B II
II. FUNDAMENTALS
2 CODE ERROR
2-1 CAUSES OF CODE ERROR
(1) Defectiveswhicharealreadypresentona discat
delivery:
—Dustsattachedtopitsduringproductionofdisc.
—Discmoldingdistortion(enteringofairbubbleswhose
refractionfactorisnotequal.)
(2)Faultscreatedonhandlingofa disc:dusts,scratches,
stainsandfingerprints.
(3) Levelvariationsofreproductionsignal(eyepattern)
Becauseprotectionofout-of-tracking,FocusandCLV
arealldependingona servosystem,poorstabilityofthe
servoleadstoincreasedcodeerrors.
2-2KINDSOF CODE ERROR
(1) RandomError:anerrorwhichcausesanerrorinonebit
(2)BurstError:anerrorwhichcausesanerrorinmanysuc-
cessivebits.
2-3 INTERLEAVE
Evenifreadingeverypageofa bookslantwisefromitsupper
leftsidetolowerrightside,youcanfullyrecognizethe con-
textorcontents.However,youcannotrecognizethecontents
ofthebookifyouarereadingcarefullyonecharacteror
clausewithoutreadingseveraltensofpages.
Anerrorcollectioncodeisthesameasthis,andcorrectionis
easyevenwhencodeerrorsofsomebitsarepresent.
However,ifmany,say1000,bitsareconsecutivelywrongat
atime,itisverydifficulttocorrectthoseerrors.
Therefore,thetechniquewithwhichanorderofa signalis
oncechangedandthenrecordedand,afterreproduction,
returnedbacktotheoriginalorderisemployed.Thischanging
oftheorderofa signaliscalledan"interleave",andthe
returningtotheoriginalorderiscalleda "deinterleave".
Fig. 2.1istheillustrationexplainingtheprincipleofin-
terleave.Theorderofa signalatfabricationofthediscisout
oforder.Therefore,bydeinterleavingthesignal,successive
codeerrorsaredisperesed,sothatoperationoferrorcorrec-
tionandassociatedjobsaremadefacilitative.
Signal wordsarranged
(interleavedona disc)
10 successive wordsarewrong
Signal wordsreturnedtotheiroriginallocations
(10 successive errorwordsare dispersed.)
Fig. 2.1
1
Signal wordsdeinterleaved

•P-1100B II
II. FUNDAMENTALS
2-4 SINGLE ERASURE CORRECTING METHOD
Bill (a)as shown in Fig. 2-2 indicatesprices of fourkinds
ofarticles A,B,C and D and the total. In bill(b), the price
ofarticle B disappears.Thiscalls a disappearance or
erasure.When the totalamount is known, the price ofar-
ticle B canbe foundeven ifone figure is missed. Inthe
codingtheory,wether the totalamount is correct in bill
(a) is checked.Thisoperation is called"syndrome".
Bill (a)
A ¥ 100
B ¥ 200
C ¥ 300
+ D ¥ 400
Total P
¥ 1,000
Syndrome(Checking)
S=A+B+C+D-P=0
(2)In bill(b), the price of article B disappears. (Itis indicated
by B*.B*=0) Conducting the syndromedoes not creat
S = 0 becausethere isan erasure.However, asthe
number of erasure is one, the amount ofB*canbe found
fromsyndrome S=-200. According tothe single
diserasurecorrectingmethod,operation of correction is
conducted onthe assumptionthat all otherdata (A',C
and D')are correct. If there isan error for anotherarticle,
miscorrectionhappens.
Bill (b)
A' ¥ 100
B* ¥
?
C ¥ 300
+ D'
¥ 400
Total P' ¥ 1,000
Syndrome(Checking)
S= A' + B'+ C' + D'-P= 0
B= B*-S= 200
Disppearance
(3) Operating the syndrorme on bill (c), zerodoes not come
out.Therefore, itmaybe foundthatsomething is wrong,
but it cannot be foundwhich of A', B',C,D'andP'isin-
correct. In such a case,correction is infeasible.
Bill (c)
A' ¥ 100
B' ¥ 300
C ¥ 300
+ D'
¥ 400
Total P' ¥ 1,000
S= A' + B'+ C' + D'-P'= 0
(4) Bill (d) illustrates the examplethat the location tobe cor-
rected is known, andthe correction canbe done bythe
samemeans asin bill(b). The means to indicate the loca-
tion of error in such a wayis called a "pointer".
In the examples of(1)to (4),"Total P"is used for check
oferror or erasure of data A,B,C and D.A wordused for
check and correctionbesidesrequireddata is called a
"parityword" ora "parity bit".
Bill (d)
A' ¥ 100
B* ¥ 300
C ¥ 300
+ D' ¥ 400
Total P' ¥ 1,000
S= A' + B' + C' + D'-P' = 100
B= B*-S= 200
20

II. FUNDAMENTALS
2-5 SINGLEERRORCORRECTION,DOUBLEERASURES
Incaseof(3)in2-4,correctionisinfeasiblebecausethe
locationoferrorisunknown.Eveninsucha case,the
waybywhichcorrectionisfeasibleisa singleerrorcor-
rectingmethod.In2-4,thereisonlyoneparity word, P.
Besidesthis,a "WeightedTotalValue",Q,is used.
BecausetwoparitywordsP andQ are used, thereare
alsotwosyndromesSjAndS2.
Nowsupposethatthereisanincorrectbill(b)inrespect
toa correctbill(b)andthatthelocationoferror(one)in
bill(b)isunknown.
Supposingthatthedifferencesfromoriginalvaluesare
EA, EB,Ec,EDl EPandEewithrespecttoA',B',C,D',P'
andQ',respectively,ofbill(b)(fornoerror,EA,toEQ= 0)
k' = k + EAl B'= B + EB,C'= C + EC,D'= D + ED,
P' = P + EDl Q'= Q + EQ
ObtainingsyndromeSv
51= A'+ B'+ C'+ D'-P'
=(A+EJ+ (B+ EB)+ (C+ EC)+ (D+ ED)-(P + EP)
=A+B+ C+D-P+ Eyl+ EB+Ec+E0-EF-Ei,-(1)
0
= EA+ EB+EC+ED-EP
ObtainingsyndromeS2
52= 4A'+ 3B'+ 2C'+ D'-Q'
=4A+ 3B+ 2C+ D-Q+ (4E^+ 3E£+2EC+ED-EQ)(2)
0
= 4E4 + 3EB+2EC+ED-EQ
Supposingthata codeerrorisonewordbetweenA'to
P',Q'
(I) A'wrongSj= E^,S2= 4EA
(II) B'wrongS1= Efl,S2= 3EB
(III) C wrongS1= EC,S2= 2EC
(IV) D'wrongS^E^,S2=ED
(VI) P'wrongS^Ep,S2= 0
(VII) Q'wrongSt= 0,S2=-Ee
Bya methodwheretwosyndromesareintroducedas
mentionedaboveanddetermined,wrongwordscanbe
foundandcorrected.
Bill(a)
A¥ 100
B¥ 200
C¥ 300
D¥ 400
P¥ 1,000
Q¥ 1,000
P=A+B+C+D
Q= 4A+ 3B+ 2C+ D
Syndromes
S1= A + B + C + D-P= 0
S,= 4A+ 3B+ 2C+ D-Q= 0
Bill(b)
A' ¥ 100
B' ¥ 300
C ¥ 300
D' ¥ 400
?' ¥ 1,000
Q' ¥ 2,000
Syndrome
S^A'+ B'+ C'+ D'-P'^OO
S,= 4A'+ 3B' + 2C' + D'-Q'= 300

DP-1100B II
II. FUNDAMENTALS
(2) Theprincipleofdoubleerasurecorrectionisdescribed
below.Inthiscase,thelocationoferrorisindicatedwith
apointer.Itishereknownthattwowordsinbill(c)are
wrongandtherearenootherwrongwords.
Usingequation(1)inparagraph(1),
S1= A + B + C + D-P+ Eyl+ Efl+Ec+ED-EP=200
0
EB=100
SupposingEA= 0, ED= 0 andEP= 0
S1= EJ,+EC=200
(3)
FromEquation(2)of(1
S2= 4A+ 3B+ 2C+ D + (4E/4+ 3EB+ 2Ec+EB-EQ)= 500
0
Bill(c)
A' ¥ 100
B' ¥ 300
C ¥ 400
D' ¥ 400
P' ¥ 1,000
Q' ¥ 2,000
Pointer
Ec=100
51= A'+ B*+C*+ D'-P'= 200
52= 4A'+ 3B'+ 2C*+ D'— Q'= 500
Where
B*= E + EBC*+ =C+ EC
S2= 3EJJ+2EC=500
(4)
DeterminingEBandEcfromsimultaneousequationsof
(3) and(4),
Thistheoryistheprincipleofa ReedSolomonCode.In
practice,theReedSolomonCodewithfourparitywords
isused.
22

DP-1100BII
II. FUNDAMENTALS
2-6 CROSS-INTERLEAVE
Fig. 2.2showsa principleofa cross-interleave.An
originalseriesofsignalsisdividedintoa numberof
words,andparitywordsareinserted.
P1 = W1 + W2 + W3 + W4
P5 = W5 + W6+ W7 + W8
P9= W9 + W10+ WN+ W12
(5)
delivereddirectly,butwordsfedintoNo.2 toNo.4 lines
aresubjecttodelaywithdelaymemoriesbyonetothree
wordssothatthewordorderischanged(interleaved)at
theirrespectiveterminals.
Thereisanadderfollowingthedelaymemories,where
anotherparitywordQ iscreated.
Fouroriginalseriesofsignals(W1(W5,W9, W13...), (W2,
W6,W10, Wu,...), (W3,W7,Wu,W15,...)and(W4,W8,
W12,W16,...)amongmanyoriginalseriesofsignalsare
arrangedforfourlinesNo.1 viaNo.4 inFig.2.2of
thesewords,thewordspassingthroughNo.1 are
Q1 = W1 + W.2+ W.5+ W-8 + W.15
Q5 = W5+ W2+ W.1+ W.4+P.U(6)
Q9 = W9 + W6 + W3 + W0 + P.?
Inotherwords,twosystemofcodesareusedonboth
sidesofthedelaymemories.
Original series ofsignals
,W8W7W6W5
p1=w1+w2+w3+w4
Qt = Wj + W2 + W_5 + W_„ + W.15
PS = W5 + W6 + W7 + W8
Q5 = W5 + W2 + W.n + W_4 + P_n
Recorded series ofsignals
w5QtP.15W_8W.5W.2Wt
Disc recordingsequence
Fig. 2.2Principleof Cross-Interleave Encoder
(2) Fig.2.3indicatesrelationsbetweentwoparitycodes.
Thesolidlinesmeana P'sseries,andthedottedlines
meana Q'sseries.Eachofthemhasthecapabilityof
singleerasurecorrection,sothatanerrorofa single
wordcanbeeasilycorrectedofcourse.
Thesyndromeofeachother'sseriescanbeusedasa
pointerforpointingouta locationoferror.
Fig. 2.3 Code Series of Cross Interleave
(Black circules indicate errors).
1 Word
2 Words
3 Words
4 Words
Adder
Delay memories
Adder
Data Word
Check Word