Keysight Technologies U4431A User manual

Keysight U4431A MIPI
M-PHY Protocol Analyzer
Hardware and
Probing Guide

2 Keysight U4431A MIPI M-PHY Protocol Analyzer Hardware and Probing Guide
Notices
© Keysight Technologies 2014
No part of this manual may be reproduced in
any form or by any means (including elec-
tronic storage and retrieval or translation
into a foreign language) without prior agree-
ment and written consent from Keysight
Technologies as governed by United States
and international copyright laws.
Manual Part Number
U4431-97001
Edition
Second Edition, August 2014
Available in electronic format only
Keysight Technologies
1900 Garden of the Gods Road
Colorado Springs, CO 80907 USA
Warranty
THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS
DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED "AS IS," AND IS
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NOTICE, IN FUTURE EDITIONS. FURTHER,
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IMPLIED WITH REGARD TO THIS MANUAL
AND ANY INFORMATION CONTAINED
HEREIN, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
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DOCUMENT THAT CONFLICT WITH THESE
TERMS, THE WARRANTY TERMS IN THE
SEPARATE AGREEMENT WILL CONTROL.
Technology Licenses
The hardware and/or software described in
this document are furnished under a license
and may be used or copied only in accor-
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Restricted Rights Legend
If software is for use in the performance of a
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2.101(a) or as "Restricted computer soft-
ware" as defined in FAR 52.227-19 (June
1987) or any equivalent agency regulation or
contract clause. Use, duplication or disclo-
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Agencies of the U.S. Government will receive
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applicable in any technical data.
Safety Notices
CAUTION
A CAUTION notice denotes a hazard. It
calls attention to an operating proce-
dure, practice, or the like that, if not
correctly performed or adhered to,
could result in damage to the product
or loss of important data. Do not pro-
ceed beyond a CAUTION notice until
the indicated conditions are fully
understood and met.
WARNING
A WARNING notice denotes a hazard.
It calls attention to an operating pro-
cedure, practice, or the like that, if not
correctly performed or adhered to,
could result in personal injury or
death. Do not proceed beyond a
WARNING notice until the indicated
conditions are fully understood and
met.

Keysight U4431A MIPI M-PHY Protocol Analyzer Hardware and Probing Guide 3
Safety Summary
The following general safety precautions must be observed during all phases of operation of this
instrument. Failure to comply with these precautions or with specific warnings or operating
instructions in the product manuals violates safety standards of design, manufacture, and intended
use of the instrument. Keysight Technologies assumes no liability for the customer's failure to comply
with these requirements. Product manuals are provided with your instrument on CD-ROM and/or in
printed form. Printed manuals are an option for many products. Manuals may also be available on
the Web. Go to www.keysight.com and type in your product number in the Search field at the top of
the page.
General Do not use this product in any manner not specified by the manufacturer. The protective features of
this product may be impaired if it is used in a manner not specified in the operation instructions.
Before Applying
Power
Verify that all safety precautions are taken. Make all connections to the unit before applying power.
Note the instrument's external markings described in “Safety Symbols”.
Ground the
Instrument
If your product is provided with a grounding type power plug, the instrument chassis and cover must
be connected to an electrical ground to minimize shock hazard. The ground pin must be firmly
connected to an electrical ground (safety ground) terminal at the power outlet. Any interruption of
the protective (grounding) conductor or disconnection of the protective earth terminal will cause a
potential shock hazard that could result in personal injury.
Fuses See the user's guide or operator's manual for information about line-fuse replacement. Some
instruments contain an internal fuse, which is not user accessible.
Do Not Operate in
an Explosive
Atmosphere
Do not operate the instrument in the presence of flammable gases or fumes.
Do Not Remove the
Instrument Cover
Only qualified, service-trained personnel who are aware of the hazards involved should remove
instrument covers. Always disconnect the power cable and any external circuits before removing the
instrument cover.
Cleaning Clean the outside of the instrument with a soft, lint-free, slightly dampened cloth. Do not use
detergent or chemical solvents.
Do Not Modify the
Instrument
Do not install substitute parts or perform any unauthorized modification to the product. Return the
product to a Keysight Sales and Service Office for service and repair to ensure that safety features
are maintained.
In Case of Damage Instruments that appear damaged or defective should be made inoperative and secured against
unintended operation until they can be repaired by qualified service personnel.
CAUTION
A CAUTION notice denotes a hazard. It calls attention to an operating procedure, practice,
or the like that, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in damage to the
product or loss of important data. Do not proceed beyond a CAUTION notice until the
indicated conditions are fully understood and met.
WARNING
A WARNING notice denotes a hazard. It calls attention to an operating procedure,
practice, or the like that, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in
personal injury or death. Do not proceed beyond a WARNING notice until the indicated
conditions are fully understood and met.

4 Keysight U4431A MIPI M-PHY Protocol Analyzer Hardware and Probing Guide
Safety Symbols
Table 1 Safety Symbol
Symbol Description
Direct current
Alternating current
Both direct and alternating current
Three phase alternating current
Three phase alternating current
Earth ground terminal
Protective earth ground terminal
Frame or chassis ground terminal
Terminal is at earth potential
Equipotentiality
N Neutral conductor on permanently
installed equipment
L Line conductor on permanently installed
equipment
On (mains supply)
Off (mains supply)
Standby (mains supply). The instrument is
not completely disconnected from the
mains supply when the power switch is in
the standby position
In position of a bi-stable push switch

Keysight U4431A MIPI M-PHY Protocol Analyzer Hardware and Probing Guide 5
Out position of a bi-stable push switch
Equipment protected throughout by
DOUBLE INSULATION or REINFORCED
INSULATION
Caution, refer to accompanying
documentation
Caution, risk of electric shock
Do not apply around or remove from
HAZARDOUS LIVE conductors
Application around and removal from
HAZARDOUS LIVE conductors is
permitted
Caution, hot surface
Ionizing radiation
CAT I IEC Measurement Category I
CAT II Measurement Category II
CAT III Measurement Category III
CAT IV Measurement Category IV
Symbol Description

6 Keysight U4431A MIPI M-PHY Protocol Analyzer Hardware and Probing Guide
Informations relatives à la sécurité
Les consignes de sécurité générales présentées dans cette section doivent être appliquées au cours
des différentes phases d'utilisation de cet appareil. Le non-respect de ces précautions ou des
avertissements et consignes d'utilisation spécifiques mentionnés dans les manuels des produits
constitue une violation des normes de sécurité relatives à la conception, à la fabrication et à l'usage
normal de l'instrument. Keysight Technologies ne saurait être tenu responsable du non-respect de
ces consignes. Les manuels des produits sont fournis avec votre instrument sur CD-ROM et/ou en
version papier. Les versions papier des manuels sont en option pour de nombreux produits. Certains
manuels sont également disponibles en ligne. Pour y accéder, allez sur le site www.keysight.com et
saisissez la référence de votre produit dans le champ Rechercher qui se trouve en haut de la page.
Généralités Utilisez ce produit uniquement dans le cadre prévu par le fabricant. Si vous ne respectez pas les
instructions d'utilisation, les fonctions de sécurité du produit risquent d'être inhibées.
Avant la mise sous
tension
Vérifiez que vous avez bien respecté toutes les consignes de sécurité. Faites tous les branchements
au niveau de l'appareil avant de mettre ce dernier sous tension. Tenez compte des marquages
externes à l'instrument décrits à la section «Symboles de sécurité».
Mise à la terre de
l'instrument
Si une prise de mise à la terre est fournie avec le produit, le châssis et le capot de l'instrument
doivent être reliés à la terre afin de limiter les risques d'électrocution. Le contact à la terre doit être
solidement connecté à une borne de terre (de sécurité) au niveau de la prise de courant . Toute
interruption du conducteur de protection (mise à la terre) ou tout débranchement de la borne de
terre de protection donne lieu à un risque d'électrocution pouvant entraîner des blessures graves.
Fusibles Pour obtenir des instructions sur le changement des fusibles de ligne, consultez le guide de
l'utilisateur ou le manuel d'instructions. Certains instruments comportent un fusible interne
inaccessible à l'utilisateur.
Ne pas utiliser en
atmosphère
explosive
N'utilisez pas l'instrument en présence de gaz ou de vapeurs inflammables.
Ne pas démonter
le capot de
l'instrument
Seules des personnes qualifiées, formées à la maintenance et conscientes des risques
d'électrocution encourus sont autorisées à démonter les capots de l'instrument. Débranchez
toujours le cordon d'alimentation secteur et tous les circuits externes avant de démonter le capot de
l'instrument.
Nettoyage Nettoyez la partie externe de l'instrument à l'aide d'un chiffon doux et non pelucheux, légèrement
humidifié. N'utilisez pas de détergents ou de solvants chimiques.
Ne pas modifier
l'instrument
N'installez pas de composants de remplacement et n'apportez aucune modification non autorisée à
l'appareil. Pour toute opération de maintenance ou de réparation, renvoyez l'appareil à un bureau de
vente et de service après-vente Keysight, afin d'être certain que les fonctions de sécurité seront
maintenues.
En cas de
dommages
Les instruments endommagés ou défectueux doivent être désactivés et protégés contre toute
utilisation involontaire jusqu'à ce qu'ils aient été réparés par une personne qualifiée.

Keysight U4431A MIPI M-PHY Protocol Analyzer Hardware and Probing Guide 7
Symboles de sécurité:
Table 2 Description des Symboles de Sécurité qui pourraient apparaître sur le produit.
La mention ATTENTION indique un risque. Si la manoeuvre ou le procédé correspondant
n'est pas exécuté correctement, il peut y avoir un risque de dommages à l'appareil ou de
perte de données importantes. En présence de la mention ATTENTION, il convient de
s'interrompre tant que les conditions indiquées n'ont pas été parfaitement comprises et
respectées.
La mention AVERTISSEMENT signale un danger pour la sécurité de l'opérateur. Si la
manœuvre ou le procédé correspondant n'est pas exécuté correctement, il peut y avoir
un risque pour la santé des personnes. En présence d'une mention AVERTISSEMENT, il
convient de s'interrompre tant que les conditions indiquées n'ont pas été parfaitement
comprises et respectées.
Symboles Description
Courant continu.
Courant alternatif.
Courant continu et alternatif.
Courant alternative triphasé.
Borne de terre (masse).
Borne de terre de protection.
Borne de terre reliée au cadre ou au
châssis.
Borne au potentiel de la terre.
Equipotentialité
NConducteur neutre sur un équipement
installé à demeure
LConducteur de phase sur un équipement
installé à demeure.

8 Keysight U4431A MIPI M-PHY Protocol Analyzer Hardware and Probing Guide
Alimentation en marche.
Alimentation à l'arrêt.
Alimentation en mode veille. Lorsque
l'interrupteur est en mode veille, l'unité
n'est pas complètement déconnectée de
l'alimentation secteur.
Position Marche d'un interrupteur par
bouton poussoir bi-stable.
Position Arrêt d'un interrupteur par
bouton poussoir bi-stable.
Appareil entièrement protégé par
DOUBLE ISOLATION ou ISOLATION
RENFORCÉE
Attention. Consultez la documentation
fournie.
Attention, danger d'électrocution.
Ne pas appliquer ou enlever sur des
conducteurs SOUS TENSION
DANGEREUSE
Application ou retrait autorisés sur les
conducteurs SOUS TENSION
DANGEREUSE
Attention, surface chaude
Rayonnement ionisant
CAT I Appareil de mesure de catégorie I selon la
norme CEI applicable
CAT II Appareil de mesure de catégorie II selon
la norme CEI applicable
CAT III Appareil de mesure de catégorie III selon
la norme CEI applicable
CAT IV Appareil de mesure de catégorie IV selon
la norme CEI applicable
Symboles Description

Keysight U4431A MIPI M-PHY Protocol Analyzer Hardware and Probing Guide 9
Compliance and Environmental Information
Table 3 Compliance and Environmental Information
Table 4 Environmental Information
Safety Symbol Description
CSA is the Canadian certification mark to demonstrate compliance with the Safety
requirements.
The C-tick mark is a registered trademark of the Spectrum Management
Agency of Australia. This signifies compliance with the Australia EMC
Framework regulations under the terms of the Radio Communication Act
of 1992.
CE compliance marking to the EU Safety and EMC Directives.
ISM GRP-1A classification according to the international EMC standard.
ICES/NMB-001 compliance marking to the Canadian EMC standard.
KC certification mark to demonstrate compliance with the South Korean EMC
requirements.
South Korean Class A EMC declaration
This equipment is Class A suitable for professional use and is for use in
electromagnetic environments outside of the home.
Safety Symbols Description
This product complies with the WEEE Directive (2002/96/EC) marking requirements.
The affixed label indicates that you must not discard this electrical/electronic
product in domestic household waste.
Product Category: With reference to the requirement types in the WEEE Directive
Annex I, this product is classed as a “Monitoring and Control Instrumentation”
product.
Do not dispose in domestic household waste.
To return unwanted products, contact your local Keysight office, or see
www.keysight.com/environment/product/ for more information.

10 Keysight U4431A MIPI M-PHY Protocol Analyzer Hardware and Probing Guide
About This Guide
This guide describes the probing options available for use with the U4431A module. It describes how
to make probing connections from the device under test (DUT) to the Keysight U4431A module for
various probing situations.
See Also • For information on Keysight AXIe chassis, U4431A module, how to set up the chassis, module,
and host computer and how to obtain and install the associated software components, see:
"Keysight AXIe based Logic Analysis and Protocol Test Modules Installation Guide". This guide
is available on www.keysight.com and is also installed with the Logic Analyzer software.
• For information on how to use the U4431A module for analysis, refer to the Keysight Logic and
Protocol Analyzer software's online help.

Keysight U4431A MIPI M-PHY Protocol Analyzer Hardware and Probing Guide 11
Contents
Safety Summary 3
Informations relatives à la sécurité 6
Compliance and Environmental Information 9
About This Guide 10
1 U4431A Module
U4431A Module Hardware Components 14
For more information 16
2 Setting up a U4433A Differential ZIF Flying Lead Probe Configuration
U4433A Differential ZIF Flying Lead Probe Description 18
Probe Components 18
M-PHY Signal to U4433A Flying Lead Mapping 20
Supported Link Configurations 21
Example - For a x1 Tx or Rx sublink probing 22
Example - For a x2 Tx and Rx sublinks (bidirectional) probing 23
U4433A Probe Dimensions 24
U4433A Probe DC Load Model 25
N5426A ZIF Tips 26
Installing a U4433A Probe 28
Labeling the Probes 29
Probe Characteristics 30
3 Setting up a U4432A SMA Differential Probe Configuration
U4432A SMA Differential Probe Description 32
Probe Components 32
Labeling and Color Coding of Coaxial Cables 34
Supported Link Configurations 35
U4432A Probe DC Load Model 36
Connecting the U4432A Probe to the U4431A Module and DUT 37

12 Keysight U4431A MIPI M-PHY Protocol Analyzer Hardware and Probing Guide
Contents
Probe Characteristics 38
Index

Keysight U4431A MIPI M-PHY Protocol Analyzer
Hardware and Probing Guide
1U4431A Module
U4431A Module Hardware Components / 14
This chapter provides information on the hardware components of the U4431A module.

1 U4431A Module
14 Keysight U4431A MIPI M-PHY Protocol Analyzer Hardware and Probing Guide
U4431A Module Hardware Components
The Keysight U4431A MIPI M-PHY Protocol Analyzer module (hereafter referred to as the U4431A
module) provides acquisition capabilities to test and debug an M-PHY component independently or
as an integrated M-PHY based design. You can analyze and debug the captured M-PHY data using
various Keysight tools and viewers available in the Keysight Logic and Protocol Analyzer GUI.
You can use a single U4431A module to capture M-PHY traffic on a:
• unidirectional link (either Tx or Rx sublink)
• or a bidirectional link (Tx and Rx sublinks)
A single U4431A module supports data capture for a link width of up to 4 lanes per sublink.
The following figure displays a U4431A module with its components labeled.
Figure 1 U4431 Module Components
Interface Port
Trigger IN and OUT Connectors
Analysis Pods
Data Lane Status
LEDs
Out of Service LED
Pod Label
Retaining Screws
Module Insertion/Extraction Handle
Model Number and
Name

Keysight U4431A MIPI M-PHY Protocol Analyzer Hardware and Probing Guide 15
U4431A Module 1
As shown in the above figure, the U4431A module has the following components:
Component Description
OOS (Out of Service) LED Indicates the power-ready status of the U4431A module. This LED may turn red during the power-on-self-test
phase of the chassis boot cycle. The LED then turns off when the U4431A module is in a power-ready state. The
LED turns red again only when a power fault condition occurs for the module.
• Red, steady - If the LED remains red and does not turn off, then it indicates a power fault condition. In such a
situation, the module may require repair/service. Contact your Keysight representative to replace or service
the module.
•Off- The module has detected no power failures and is in a power-ready status.
Interface Port This component is used to share information with another U4431A module in the same chassis. The features of this
component are not yet supported.
Analysis Pods This component is used to connect the U4431A module with one of the following two Keysight probes provided for
the U4431A module:
•U4433A differential ZIF flying lead probe
•U4432A differential SMA probe
You use this component to capture and analyze data from DUT. Refer page 17 and page 31 to know more.
Pod label A colored label assigned to each pod input on the front panel of the module. You should match the color coding
used in these pod labels with the color coding for the labels that you put on the pod cables.
Data Lane Status LEDs Each analysis pod on the module supports probing one to four lanes of a sublink. For each of these lanes, a lane
status LED is provided, labeled 0 to 3, to indicate the status of the lane. The following color coding is used for
these LEDs to indicate the lane status.
•Red- This means that the lane is in the ultra-low power state (HIBERN8).
•BlinkingRed - This means that the lane state is unknown. This can happen when the U4431A module is in the
process of syncing up to the current link configurations.
•Green- This means that the lane is transmitting HS-BURST in HS-MODE.
• Blinking Green - This means that the lane is in the STALL state - the power saving state in HS-MODE.
•Yellow- This means that the lane is transmitting LS-BURST in LS-MODE.
•BlinkingYellow - This means that the lane is in the SLEEP state - the power saving state in LS-MODE.
•Off- This means that the lane is not configured/available. Based on the link width that you select in the U4431
Connection Setup tab of the Logic and Protocol Analyzer GUI, the number of lanes on the U4431A module are
used. The LEDs of only the used lanes glow. For example, if you are using the x2 link width, then the LEDs of
only two lanes being used will glow and the rest of the LEDs will be off.
All Lane Status LEDs will be off until the host computer has established a connection to the chassis and module
and the Logic and Protocol Analyzer application has started.
Trigger In/Out These connectors are used to listen to an external trigger in from a device or to send an external trigger out to
another device. However, these connectors on the U4431A module are not currently functional. Instead of using
these connectors, you can use the Trigger In/Out connectors located on the Embedded System Module (ESM) of
the Keysigt AXIe chassis to send or receive external trigger in and out events.
The following are some important points about the Trigger In/Out connectors:
•The Trigger In connector of the AXIe chassis has an adjustable threshold input of +/-5V range and 250 mV
minimum swing.
•The Trigger Out connector of the AXIe chassis extends the parallel trigger bus to external instruments. The
trigger out characteristics are 3.3V CMOS, 50W line drive, and 3-state.
•Maximum trigger input voltage should not exceed 3.3 V.
•Trigger Out and 10 MHz Out have nominal output level of 2.0 V with 20 ns minimum pulse width.
•Minimum Trigger In duration is 20 ns.
Retaining Screws The screws on both ends of the module are used to retain the module tightly inside the AXIe chassis slot once you
have fully placed it inside the chassis. To remove the module, you first need to loosen these screws ensuring that
these screws disengage completely.
Module Insertion/Extraction Handles The handles on both sides of the module to insert or eject the module from the slot of the AXIe chassis.
Module Number and Name Identifies the module’s product number and title. When contacting Keysight support, report this information.

1 U4431A Module
16 Keysight U4431A MIPI M-PHY Protocol Analyzer Hardware and Probing Guide
You can install a U4431A module in a Keysight M950XA AXIe chassis. To achieve time correlation,
you can install multiple modules in the same chassis or across multiple chassis. You can use a
desktop PC, a laptop PC, or a Keysight M9536A AXIe Embedded Controller module as the host
computer for the U4431A module.
For more information
• For information on Keysight AXIe chassis, U4431A module, how to set up the chassis, module,
and host computer and how to obtain and install the associated software components, see:
"Keysight AXIe based Logic Analysis and Protocol Test Modules Installation Guide". This guide
is available on www.keysight.com and is also installed with the Logic and Protocol Analyzer
software.
• Refer to the Keysight Logic and Protocol Analyzer Online Help installed and integrated with the
Keysight Logic and Protocol Analyzer software to learn how to use the U4431A module.
WARNING
Do not directly touch any component on the U4431A module. It may be hot.
CAUTION
Components on the U4431A module are sensitive to static electricity. Therefore,
take necessary anti-static precautions, such as wear a grounded wrist strap, to
minimize the possibility of electrostatic damage.

Keysight U4431A MIPI M-PHY Protocol Analyzer
Hardware and Probing Guide
2Setting up a U4433A
Differential ZIF Flying Lead
Probe Configuration
U4433A Differential ZIF Flying Lead Probe Description / 18
M-PHY Signal to U4433A Flying Lead Mapping / 20
Supported Link Configurations / 21
U4433A Probe Dimensions / 24
U4433A Probe DC Load Model / 25
N5426A ZIF Tips / 26
Installing a U4433A Probe / 28
Probe Characteristics / 30
This chapter provides information on the U4433A Differential ZIF Flying Leads probe used with the
U4431A M-PHY Analyzer module.

2 Setting up a U4432A SMA Differential Probe Configuration
18 Keysight U4431A MIPI M-PHY Protocol Analyzer Hardware and Probing Guide
U4433A Differential ZIF Flying Lead Probe Description
The U4433A flying lead probe is a Keysight probing solution provided for the U4431A Analyzer
module. This module has two analysis pods located on its front panel that you can use to connect
two U4433A probes with the module.
A U4433A probe provides support for probing one to four lanes of a Tx or an Rx sublink of an M-PHY
link. A set of two probes provides support for probing one to four lanes of both Tx as well as Rx
sublinks using a single U4431A module.
A U4433A probe allows you to probe individual lanes. You connect a U4433A probe to the DUT by
connecting the leads of the probe via Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) tips to the DUT. You can make these
connections at multiple target points on the DUT. This allows flexible connections to individual
signals and eliminates the need to have signals routed to one probing point.
This probing solution does not require any designed connectors and probes signals without built-in
test points.
Probe Components
The following figure displays a U4433A Flying Lead probe with labels pointing to the components of
this probe.
Figure 2 U4433A Flying Lead Probe Components
Flying
Lead Cables Module Connector
Reference Clock
Connector

Keysight U4431A MIPI M-PHY Protocol Analyzer Hardware and Probing Guide 19
Setting up a U4432A SMA Differential Probe Configuration 2
The following table briefly describes each of the components of the U4433A probe labeled in the
above figure.
Component Description
Module Connector This component connects the U4433A probe to the U4431A Analyzer module. You plug this component into one of the two pod inputs
available on the front panel of the U4431A Analyzer module.
Flying Lead Cables This component connects the U4433A probe to the DUT via N5426A Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) tips (see page 26).
There are four flying lead cables in each probe and these are labeled as 0, 1, 2, and 3.
Each flying lead cable when connected to the DUT allows you to probe a lane which refers to either a Tx differential pair OR an Rx
differential pair for a given lane.
The tip of each flying lead has positions for four pins as displayed in the following figure. Pin 1 connects to the negative side of the
differential probe input and pin 4 to the positive side, The two pins in the middle are not connected/used.
Refer to “M-PHY Signal to U4433A Flying Lead Mapping" on page 20 to know about the flying lead pins to use for probing
various M-PHY signals.
Reference Clock
Connector
This component is used in situations where you need to probe the reference clock from DUT. Currently, the U4431A module does not
support receiving or supplying an external reference clock and therefore this connector is not used.

2 Setting up a U4432A SMA Differential Probe Configuration
20 Keysight U4431A MIPI M-PHY Protocol Analyzer Hardware and Probing Guide
M-PHY Signal to U4433A Flying Lead Mapping
The following table provides a mapping between the M-PHY signals to be probed and the U4433A
flying lead cable and its pins to be used.
M-PHY Signal to be
Probed
Flying Lead Cable to Use Flying Lead Cable Pin to
Use
D0_N
D0
1
D0_P 4
D1_N
D1
1
D1_P 4
D2_N
D2
1
D2_P 4
D3_N
D3
1
D3_P 4
Clk P Clk 1 (Currently not supported) 1
Clk N Clk 0 (Currently not supported) 3