KIFCO Water-Reel B110G User manual

OPERATOR'S MANUAL
Models
B110G & E110G
Copyright © October 2010, Kifco Inc.
P/N – 193-0243-0
Kifco Inc.
700 S Schrader Ave., P.0. Box 290, Havana, IL 62644
Phone [phone] Fax [phone]
www.kifco.com

Table of Contents
Introduction.............................................................................3
Safety.........................................................................................4-6
Location of Safety Messages.....................................................7
B110G Bellows Components.....................................................8
E110G Electric Motor Drive Components..................................9
Gun Cart Components .............................................................10
Transport Options......................................................................10
Handling the Polyethylene Tube................................................11
Water-Reel Start-up & Operation.....................................12-15
B110G Bellows Drive Operation.................................................16
E110G Electric Motor Drive Operation.......................................17-18
Water Application Rate & Travel Speed Settings.......................19
B110G Application Charts..........................................................20
E110G Application Charts..........................................................21
Maintenance and Repair
Tire Pressure..............................................................................22
Lubrication.................................................................................22
Polyethylene Tube Repair..........................................................23
Filter (on B110G only)................................................................24
Pawl Rod...................................................................................25
Electrical Information & Diagram for E110G..............................25
Winterizing and Storage
Machine Winterization.................................................................26
Machine Storage.........................................................................27
Machine Specifications
Machine Specifications................................................................27
Adjustments
Level-Wind Timing.......................................................................28-29
Spool Brake.................................................................................29
Drive Pinion Clearance E110G only............................................30
Level Wind Chain........................................................................30
Warranty
Warranty......................................................................................31
Dealer Checklist.....................................................................32
Parts Book Available at www.kifco.com
2

Introduction
Thank You for purchasing a Kifco® Water-Reel®.
Read this manual carefully to learn how to operate and service your Water-Reel properly. Failure to
do so can result in personal injury and/or property damage.
This manual is a permanent part of your Water-Reel and should always be available for reference by
the operator. This manual should remain with the Water-Reel when it is sold.
Measurements in this manual are in U.S. units unless otherwise stated.
The machine sides are designated Water Inlet side and Level-Wind Chain side.
The serial number of your Water-Reel should be written in the space provided in the Dealer Checklist
section (page 32) of this manual.
If you have a problem or if you do not understand some feature of your Water-Reel, contact your
Kifco dealer.
Warranty is provided as part of the Kifco product support. Please see specific warranty statement in
this manual.
The warranty excludes:
! Alterations or modifications not approved by Kifco Inc. Neither Kifco dealers nor representatives are
authorized to make exceptions to warranty policy. Any deviations from standard warranty require written
authorization from Kifco Inc. Irrigation tube that is longer, larger in diameter, or made from non-approved
materials will void the warranty on the entire machine.
! Damage caused by normal wear, accident, lack of reasonable care and maintenance, neglect or abuse.
! The replacement cost of normal service items such as filters, gaskets, brake bands, etc., unless these
parts are known to be defective.
! Transportation, mailing, service call, or diagnosis costs. Labor for repairs is also excluded unless
unusual circumstances exist and then only if pre-approved.
3

Safety
Owner’s Responsibilities
The owner is responsible for the safe operation of this product.
It is the owner's responsibility to:
1. Read and understand these instructions
2. Operate the machine according to prescribed limitations
3. Properly train others who may be permitted to operate the machine
4. Abide by all safety and warning decals
5. Exercise good judgment relating to safe operation when others are present
6. Always bring the safety decals and placards on the machine to the attention of operators and
spectators
7. Keep all shields and guards in place!
Read and Heed the Special Messages!
This safety alert symbol is used to indicate messages related to safety.
When you see this safety symbol, obey the safety message to avoid
personal injury, property damage or both.
A "Caution" message in this manual or on a machine placard means that you could be injured
and/or equipment or property may be damaged if you do not follow instructions.
A "Warning" message in this manual or on a machine placard means that a hazard exists that
could result in severe personal injury or death.
A "Danger" message in this manual or on a machine placard means that a hazard exists that will
result in severe personal injury or death.
4

Safety
Learn To Be A Safe Operator
Read This Manual
Know the controls on the Water-Reel and also how to shut off the primary water supply!
Do not allow children to operate the Water-Reel.
Do not allow anyone to operate the Water-Reel without proper instruction.
Protect Children
Keep children clear of Water-Reel in operation.
Do not allow children to operate the tractor that is positioning the Water-Reel.
Never allow children to climb or ride on the machine at any time.
Use Caution Around Pressurized Lines
For your protection, always use caution when working with, or around
pressurized equipment. Pumps should be shut off or disengaged prior
to working on any components. Including the pump, supply lines, machine
or related equipment.
Be sure pressure is relieved from any supply line before it is disconnected.
When the automatic sprinkler shut-off is used, pressurized water may
be trapped in the tube.
Stay Away From Operating Sprinklers
Stay away and keep others away from the sprinkler head during
operation. Pressurized water from a sprinkler can inflict serious
injury to bystanders.
5

Safety
Use Caution When Towing
Your Water-Reel is not intended for highway towing.
Towing Speed:
10 MPH maximum on smooth surfaces.
3 MPH maximum on rough surfaces.
Never Tow the Water-Reel in excess of 10 MPH.
Keep Hands and Clothing Clear of Machine
Never Reach into the Water-Reel While it is in Operation.
Keep All Guards and Shields in Place
Never Operate this Machine with Safety Guards Removed!
Never Service or Make Adjustments While the
Water-Reel is Pressurized
Shut the water off at the source before attempting to do any service,
maintenance or adjustments.
Stay Clear of All Power Lines
Avoid letting irrigation water contact power lines.
Be careful not to contact power lines with irrigation pipe or
mechanical equipment.
6

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
Location of Safety Messages:
These safety messages are placed on your machine for the operator's safety. You
MUST read and follow these precautions to prevent injury.
7
1.
2.
3.(under chain guard)
4.
5.
6.
!WARNING
REPLACE SHIELD:
IF YOU CAN READ THIS
A SHIELD HAS BEEN
REMOVED
!WARNING
PINCH POINT
KEEP HANDS CLEAR
!WARNING
NOT DESIGNED FOR
HIGHWAY USE
MAXIMUM SPEED 10 MPH
10
MPH
!WARNING
PULL OUT GUNCART
NO FASTER THAN
WALKING SPEED (3 MPH)
3
MPH
!WARNING
DO NOT OPERATE THIS MACHINE UNTIL YOU HAVE READ AND UNDERSTAND THE OPERATOR’S MANUAL. IF YOU
DO NOT HAVE A COPY OF THE OPERATOR’S MANUAL, CONTACT YOUR DEALER OR VISIT, WWW.KIFCO.COM
DO NOT OPERATE THIS MACHINE UNLESS ALL SAFETY SHIELDS ARE SECURELY IN PLACE.
DO NOT CLEAN, LUBRICATE, ADJUST OR REPAIR MACHINE WHILE IN OPERATION.
DO NOT RIDE OR CLIMB ON THIS MACHINE AT ANY TIME.
DO NOT PLACE HANDS BEHIND SHIELDS WHILE THE MACHINE IS IN OPERATION.
DO NOT ALLOW CHILDREN OR OTHERS NEAR THE SPRINKLER, GUN CART OR MACHINE DURING OPERATION.
!CAUTION
BEFORE PULLING GUN CART OUT, TURN OFF
WATER SUPPLY AND DISENGAGE PAWL ROD
SLOWLY BLEED OFF PRESSURE BEFORE
REMOVING SUPPLY HOSE
!CAUTION
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.(under chain guard) 4.
5.
6.
7.

B110G Bellows Components
Pressure Gauge
Pawl Rod
Supply Inlet
Drain
On/Off Lever
Bellows Exhaust Drain
Speed Control
Shutoff Bar
Stabilizer Legs- Secures the machine in a stationary position for tube pull out and retraction
Shutoff Bar- Controls the bellows cycling shut off at the end of an irrigation run or in case of tube mis-wrap
Speed Control- Controls the retraction speed
Bellows Exhaust Drain- Sends the bellows exhaust water away from the machine
On/Off Lever- Turns the water supply to the water motor on and off
Pressure Gauge- Displays the inlet pressure
Drain- Used to relieve pressure from the supply hose and to winterize
Pawl Rod- Used to disengage both the drive and hold pawl for tube pull out
Supply Inlet- Used to attach the supply hose to the machine
Stabilizer Legs
8

E110G Electric Motor Drive Components
Motor Engage/Disengage
Pawl Rod
Pressure Gage
Speed Control
Supply Inlet
Drain
Shutoff Bar
Stabilizer Legs- Secures the machine in a stationary position for tube pull out and retraction
Shutoff Bar- Controls motor shut off at the end of an irrigation run or in case of tube mis-wrap
Drain- Used to relieve pressure from the supply hose and to winterize
Pressure Gauge- Displays the inlet pressure
Speed Control- Controls the retraction speed
Pawl Rod- Used to disengage the hold pawl for tube pull out
Motor Engage/Disengae- Engages pinion gear into place to drive, and away from drive ring gear for pull out
Supply Inlet- Used to attach the supply hose to the machine
Stabilizer Legs
9
Battery
Motor

Gun Cart Components
Striker Plate
Sprinkler Selector
Valve
Diaphragm Valve
Tow Chain
Spool Valve
Tow Chain- Used for pulling out the gun cart for an irrigation run
Diaphragm Valve**- Controls water flow to the sprinkler
Sprinkler Selector Valve**- Controls the option of shutting the water off to the sprinkler after an irrigation run
Spool Valve**- Supplies water pressure to activate the diaphragm valve
**- Activates actuator valve at the end of an irrigation run
NOTE: **Depicts items only on (optional) water shut off machines
Striker Plate
10
Transport Options
Your Water-Reel can be configured for small implement towing or hand transport.
Remove the Pin connecting the Handle/Tounge to the machine frame and position as needed

UV resistant, medium density, polyethylene irrigation tube is a durable product that will operate reliably
for many years if handled properly and given a reasonable amount of care.
Unlike rubber hose or hose with a woven jacket (lay flat hose), polyethylene is a semi-rigid product that
retains its shape when it is not pressurized. This characteristic makes it feasible to pump water through
it while it is rolled up on a reel.
A few simple precautions need to be observed to prevent damaging the tube when operating your
Water-Reel.
When starting a new Water-Reel for the first time, it is important that the tube be
pulled nearly all the way out in order to tighten the new tube on the spool.
1. Never transport the Water-Reel with the Pawl Disengage Rod in the up position!
The irrigation tube will become loose and tangled.
2. Do not attempt to operate the Water-Reel if there are any coils of tube that are loose or misplaced.
If loose coils of tube are noticed after pulling the tube out, they must be tightened by rotating the spool
by hand. If this is not possible, then pull all of the tube out before attempting to rewind the tube.
3. Never try to relocate the Water-Reel if the tube is not fully rewound onto the machine.
4. Never pull the tube off the machine other than by pulling on the sprinkler cart (straight out from the
machine).
5. Never run over the tube with any kind of vehicle and avoid pinching or pulling the tube around objects.
Never bend the tube sharper than 25 times the diameter of the tube (See Note on page 14).
6. Be careful when operating other equipment near tube to avoid gouging or puncturing tube.
Remember, polyethylene tube is semi-ridged and subject to being kinked. These foregoing
precautions will reduce the possibility of kinking or damaging your tube. Throughout the irrigation
industry the words 'tube' and 'hose' are used interchangeably in connection with hard hose traveling
machines.
Handling The Polyethylene Tube
11

Motor Mount Pin
Motor
12
The successes of the Water-Reel irrigation system depends a great deal on the operator's understanding of
the proper pull out and start up procedure. Do not attempt to operate this Water-Reel until you
read and understand the preceding section titled "Handling the Polyethylene Tube"!
Decide on the proper nozzle size to be used for the irrigation run which thus will also determine the irrigation
lane spacing that will be needed (see pages 20 & 21 for sprinkler performance).
Set the desired arc to be used on the sprinkler gun.
NOTE: Arc settings where the sprinkler never distributes water forward of the gun cart (towards pull), could
create undesired tracking results. This is caused by the continuous thrust of the sprinkler, which pushes the
tube towards the Water-Reel. It is recommended that the arc be set to create some tension on the
tube (greater than 180°).
1
2
3
D
e
0
g
7
r
2
e
-
e
0
s
8
1
Direction
of Pull
Ensure that the Pawl Disengage Rod is in the down position for transport. Pull the Water-Reel into position
with the Gun Cart towards the run to be irrigated. Be especially careful to have the machine square and in
good alignment with the irrigation path. Insert Stabilizer Legs and confirm they have made good ground
contact. Never attempt to operate the Water-Reel without both legs inserted.
Attach the water supply line to the machine to confirm that all lines reach and the Water-Reel is set in the
proper place. Do not turn on the water.
B110G (bellows drive) Only - Un-stow and attach the Bellows Exhaust Drain Hose to the Bellows
Exhaust Discharge. Confirm that the Drain Hose is not kinked or blocked.
E110G Electric Motor Drive Machines Only - MUST have the Drive Pinion on the Motor disengaged
prior to pull out. To disengage: pull the Motor Mount Pin and slide the Motor down and away from the Drive
Ring Gear.
Water-Reel Start-Up & Operation

Pawl Rod
Set Collar
Drive Pawl
(Bellows machine only)
Hold Pawl
Drive Ring Gear
13
Water-Reel Start-Up & Operation
Disengage the Pawl(s) by lifting the Pawl Rod into the up position. If the Pawls do not disengage the Drive
Ring Gear readily; rotate the Spool forward (the way it runs) to relieve tension on the Drive Pawl(s). Ensure
that the Set Collar on the Pawl Rod is in the up position. Both pawls (two on Bellows Drive & one on Electric
Motor Drive) must clear the Drive Ring Gear on the Spool.
Lower the Gun Cart from its transport position.
Pull the Gun Cart out the desired distance. Pull the Tube out slowly (do not exceed 3 mph) and
avoid sudden stops and erratic driving during pull out.
Warning!
Stand clear of the machine and the Gun Cart
while the Tube is being pulled out.
(up position)
(up position)

Water-Reel Start-Up & Operation
Note: Your Kifco Water-Reel is equipped to irrigate on a gradual arc if necessary. Arced irrigation can
only be performed after the first 25% of the tube is pulled out straight from the machine and then the gradual
arc
cannot exceed 90 degrees over the remaining 75%. Depending on the soil or vegetation the gun cart
may or may not follow the arc back to the machine. Higher friction (furrows, tall grass) will greatly assist
with the gun cart tracking the arc.
Failure to observe this limitation can also place an excessive side load on the Level-Wind mechanism which
could result in equipment failure and/or tube damage.
IMPORTANT: If the standard irrigation run does not require the use of 100% of the Tube on the Water-Reel; it
will be necessary to occasionally pull the entire length of Tube off of the Water-Reel and retract the Tube
under pressure to ensure the concentric shape of the hose.
During short runs of the Water-Reel, the remaining Tube on the Spool will tend to gradually loosen. Over time,
gaps in the Tube on the Spool will create Level-Wind to Tube mis-alignment causing the machine to look out
of time or the possibility of the Tube mis-wrapping causing damage to the Water-Reel and the Tube.
This can be corrected by making a full run (pull 100% of the tube out) occasionally.
Gaps in Tube caused
by short irrigation runs
14

Water-Reel Start-Up & Operation
Note: Spool Valve must be reset before each irrigation run.
*The Spool Valve is a stem valve located on the Gun Cart of the Water-Reel. This must not be used
as an ON/OFF valve for any purpose other than to automatically shut-off the sprinkler at the completion of an
irrigation run.
ON OPTIONAL WATER SHUT OFF MACHINES ONLY
Sprinkler Flow Selection Valve “OFF”
Sprinkler gun will shut off after irrigation run
Sprinkler Flow Selection Valve “ON”
Sprinkler gun will continue to operate after irrigation run
TO RESET: push valve knob in
Important
When using the automatic water shut-off feature, be sure the water can
be shut-off automatically without damaging the water supply or the
Water-Reel! Stopping the flow of water can damage a pump or water
lines and excessive pressure can be created. A qualified person should
confirm if you could safely utilize the automatic water shut-off.
15
Machines equipped with the optional water shutoff can be set in either the On or Off position (see below diagram).
The sprinkler control valve will only operate automatically if the Spool Valve has been reset .(see below diagram)

Be sure the ON/OFF valve is in the "OFF" position. Place the Drive Pawls in the "engaged" (down) position.
Turn on the water. Confirm the sprinkler is operating as expected and in the desired arc. After all air is purged
from the system and the sprinkler is operating smoothly, turn the ON/OFF valve to the "ON" position. Set the
Speed Control Valve to the desired retraction speed.
The Speed Control Valve, located on the valve assembly, regulates the speed at which water can fill the
Bellows.
Speed Control Valve
Pawl Rod
ON/Off Valve
ON
Off
Note: The Water- Reel requires 45 Pounds Per Square Inch (PSI) and adequate water flow capacity
(GPM) to operate properly. Consult your Kifco dealer if you do not have an adequate water supply.
Observe water pressure, travel speed, and sprinkler performance to confirm desired performance.
See pages 20 or 21 for performance charts.
When the sprinkler cart completes the irrigation run and has contacted the Shut Off Bar, the retraction of the
Tube will stop.
16
With the irrigation run completed, turn off water supply, relieve pressure first, and disconnect. The Water-Reel
is now ready to be moved and set up in a new location
Open Drain to relieve pressure on Supply Hose
after turning off water supply
Important
Drain
Supply Hose
Note: Some municipalities prohibit the use of water mains intended for fire protection and there may also be
requirements for back-flow prevention. Investigate and obey all local regulations regarding the use of water.
B110G Bellows Drive Operation

With the water supply off; engage the Pawl Rod into its lower (down) position. Pull up on the Motor
Mount Pin and engage the motor drive pinion into the Drive Ring Gear. Note: in some instances it will be
necessary to turn on (briefly) in order for the Drive Pinion to mesh with the Drive Ring Gear.the Motor
Motor Mount Pin
Pawl Rod
Briefly turn Motor on to fully engage Drive Pinion
Turn on the water supply. Confirm the sprinkler is operating as expected and in the desired arc. Wait for
all of the air to be purged from the system and for the sprinkler to operate smoothly. Set the Speed Control
Knob to the desired retraction speed.
OFF
Slow
Fast
17
Speed Control Knob
E110G Electric Motor Drive Operation

When the Gun Cart completes the irrigation run and has contacted the Shut Off Bar, the retraction of the
Tube will stop.
With the irrigation run complete, turn off water supply, relieve pressure and disconnect. Turn the Speed
Control Knob all the way off (counterclockwise) The Water-Reel is now ready to be moved and set up in a new
location.
Note: Refer to page 25 (Electrical Information) for charging frequency and instructions.
Open drain to relieve pressure on supply hose
after turning off water supply
Important
Drain located under Entry Fitting
OFF
18
Note: Some municipalities prohibit the use of water mains intended for fire protection and there may also be
requirements for back-flow prevention. Investigate and obey all local regulations regarding the use of water.
E110G Electric Motor Drive Operation

Travel Speed Settings - Using the Performance Guide:
Example: With a SIME K1 sprinkler, determine the inlet pressure, speed settings and sprinkler nozzle size
required to apply 0.20 inches of water. (See Illustration)
Note: The inlet PSI is the pressure reading while the machine is running and the sprinkler is operating.
If the pressure drops while running, use the chart to determine the performance at the new inlet pressure.
If the pressure drops below the lowest inlet pressure shown, consider using a smaller size nozzle. ( Inlet PSI
is always read at the Water Reel )
As shown below, a variety of settings can accomplish 0.20” of water application.
* With a 6mm nozzle and an inlet PSI of 51; 0.20” can be applied at a rate of 60ft. per hour.
* With a 7mm nozzle and an inlet PSI of 50; 0.20” can be applied at a rate of 80ft. per hour. Example shown below
* With an 8mm nozzle and an inlet PSI of 53; 0.20” can be applied at a rate of 80ft. per hour.
* With a 9mm nozzle and an inlet PSI of 53; 0.20” can be applied at a rate of 100ft. per hour.
Variances with inlet pressures and nozzle sizes will give different application speed rates and irrigated areas.
Depth Of Water Applied:
The depth of water applied by the Water-Reel is regulated by the retraction speed (speed the sprinkler is
moving over the ground). It is also affected by the amount of water being discharged by the sprinkler head.
The sprinkler nozzle size and the water pressure determine the amount of discharged water. These two
factors are determined by the available water and the capability of the water pump at the water supply. The
selection of the sprinkler nozzle needs to be made based on the water supply and pump performance.
19
MODEL B 110G X 280 PERFORMANCE Part # 50900440
TRAVEL SPEED - FEET PER HOUR
20 40 60 80 100 120
PSI GPM DIA WIDTH LENGTH INCHES DEPTH OF APPLICATION
6mm 44 10 98 78 X 319 51 0.61 0.31 0.20 0.15 0.12 0.10
6mm 58 12 108 86 X 323 68 0.67 0.33 0.22 0.17 0.13 0.11
7mm 38 13 100 80 X 320 50 0.78 0.39 0.26 0.20 0.16 0.13
7mm 58 16 112 90 X 325 75 0.86 0.43 0.29 0.21 0.17 0.14
8mm 36 16 118 94 X 327 53 0.82 0.41 0.27 0.20 0.16 0.14
8mm 58 21 135 108 X 334 87 0.94 0.47 0.31 0.24 0.19 0.16
9mm 30 19 115 92 X 326 53 0.98 0.49 0.33 0.25 0.20 0.16
9mm 58 26 138 110 X 335 100 1.13 0.57 0.38 0.28 0.23 0.19
14.0 7.0 4.7 3.5 2.8 2.3
3 7 10 13 17 20
INLET
PSI
MODEL
B110 X
280'
SIME K1
Area covered
may vary
depending
on wind
conditions,
field
dimensions
& use of
different
sprinklers.
Specification
Nozzle
size SPRINKLER
Irrigated Width 80%
Wetted Diameter
Hours for Full Run:
Avg. Strokes Per Min:
Water Application Rate

B110G Application Charts
20
MODEL B 110G X 280 PERFORMANCE Part # 50900440
TRAVEL SPEED - FEET PER HOUR
20 40 60 80 100 120
PSI GPM DIA WIDTH LENGTH INCHES DEPTH OF APPLICATION
6mm 44 10 98 78 X 319 51 0.61 0.31 0.20 0.15 0.12 0.10
6mm 58 12 108 86 X 323 68 0.67 0.33 0.22 0.17 0.13 0.11
7mm 38 13 100 80 X 320 50 0.78 0.39 0.26 0.20 0.16 0.13
7mm 58 16 112 90 X 325 75 0.86 0.43 0.29 0.21 0.17 0.14
8mm 36 16 118 94 X 327 53 0.82 0.41 0.27 0.20 0.16 0.14
8mm 58 21 135 108 X 334 87 0.94 0.47 0.31 0.24 0.19 0.16
9mm 30 19 115 92 X 326 53 0.98 0.49 0.33 0.25 0.20 0.16
9mm 58 26 138 110 X 335 100 1.13 0.57 0.38 0.28 0.23 0.19
14.0 7.0 4.7 3.5 2.8 2.3
3 7 10 13 17 20
INLET
PSI
MODEL
B110 X
280'
SIME K1
Area covered
may vary
depending
on wind
conditions,
field
dimensions
& use of
different
sprinklers.
Specification
Nozzle
size SPRINKLER
Irrigated Width 80%
Wetted Diameter
Hours for Full Run:
Avg. Strokes Per Min:
MODEL B 110G X 280 PERFORMANCE Part # 50900441
TRAVEL SPEED - FEET PER HOUR
20 40 60 80 100 120
PSI GPM DIA WIDTH LENGTH INCHES DEPTH OF APPLICATION
4mm 44 4 85 68 X 314 45 0.28 0.14 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.05
4mm 58 5 98 78 X 319 60 0.31 0.15 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.05
5mm 44 7 92 74 X 317 48 0.46 0.23 0.15 0.11 0.09 0.08
5mm 58 8 105 84 X 322 63 0.48 0.24 0.16 0.12 0.10 0.08
6mm 44 10 98 78 X 319 52 0.64 0.32 0.21 0.16 0.13 0.11
6mm 58 12 108 76 X 318 68 0.75 0.38 0.25 0.19 0.15 0.13
14.0 7.0 4.7 3.5 2.8 2.3
3 7 10 13 17 20
MODEL B110 X 280'
SIME SILVER
Area covered may vary
depending on wind
conditions, field
dimensions & use of
different sprinklers.
Specifications are
subject to change
without notice. Hours for Full Run:
Nozzle
size SPRINKLER
Irrigated Width 80%
Wetted Diameter INLET
PSI
Avg. Strokes Per Min: