MACROMEDIA COLDFUSION MX-CLUSTERCATS Mounting instructions

macromedia®
Using ClusterCATS

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Part Number ZCL2M100
Acknowledgments
Project Management: Stephen M. Gilson
Writing: Stephen M. GIlson
Editing: Linda Adler and Noreen Maher
First Edition: May 2002
Macromedia, Inc.
600 Townsend St.
San Francisco, CA 94103

CONTENTS
ABOUT THIS BOOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII
Developer resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
About Macromedia documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Viewing online documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Contacting Macromedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .x
CHAPTER 1 Before You Begin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
ClusterCATS overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
ClusterCATS capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Detailed overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
ClusterCATS product configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
ClusterCATS components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
System requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
ClusterCATS Server system requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
ClusterCATS Explorer and Web Explorer system requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
CHAPTER 2 Scalability and Availability Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
What is scalability?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Load management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Successful scalability implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Designing and coding scalable applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Avoiding common bottlenecks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
DNS effects on website performance and availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Load testing your web applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
What is website availability?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Availability and reliability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Common failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Website availability scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Failover considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
Creating scalable and highly available sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
What is clustering? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
Hardware-based clustering solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Software-based clustering solutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Combining hardware and software clustering solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

iv Contents
CHAPTER 3 Installing ClusterCATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Before you install . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Upgrading from a previous version of ClusterCATS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Configuring DNS servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Configuring server failover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Using ClusterCATS dynamic IP addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Configuring firewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
Analyzing web server content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Considering domain controllers (Windows NT only). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Installing ClusterCATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Installing ClusterCATS on Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Installing ClusterCATS on UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
After you install . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
CHAPTER 4 Configuring Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Introduction to ClusterCATS Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
ClusterCATS Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
ClusterCATS Explorer (Windows only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
ClusterCATS Web Explorer (UNIX only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
ClusterCATS Server Administrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
btadmin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Creating clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Creating clusters in Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
Creating clusters in UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Removing clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
Adding cluster members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Adding cluster members in Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Adding cluster members in UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Removing cluster members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Removing cluster members in Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Removing cluster members in UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Server load thresholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Configuring load thresholds in Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Configuring load thresholds on UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Session-aware load balancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Enabling session-aware load balancing on Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Enabling session-aware load balancing on UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
Persistent session failover in JRun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Session swapping overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Configuring JRun for session swapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Configuring ClusterCATS for session swapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Using shared files for session swapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Using JDBC for session swapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
Using ColdFusion probes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
Configuring ColdFusion probes in Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
Configuring ColdFusion probes in UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Using JRun probes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Configuring JRun probes in Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
Configuring JRun probes in UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

C o n t e n t s v
Load-balancing devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
Using Cisco LocalDirector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
Using third-party load-balancing devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
Administrator alarm notifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Configuring administrator alarm notifications on Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Configuring administrator alarm notifications on UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
Administrator e-mail options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Configuring administration e-mail options on Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Configuring administration e-mail options on UNIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Administering security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Configuring authentication on Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
Configuring authentication on UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
CHAPTER 5 Maintaining Cluster Members. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Understanding ClusterCATS server modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Changing active/passive settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
Changing active/passive settings in Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
Changing active/passive settings in UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Changing restricted/unrestricted settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
Restricting/unrestricting servers in Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
Restricting/unrestricting servers in UNIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Using maintenance mode (Windows only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
Updating a cluster member (Windows only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Resetting cluster members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
Resetting cluster members on Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
Resetting cluster members on UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
CHAPTER 6 ClusterCATS Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
Using btadmin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
Using btadmin on Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
Using btadmin on UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
Using bt-start-server and bt-stop-server (UNIX only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
Using btcfgchk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
Sample output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
btcfgchk DNS errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
Using hostinfo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
Sample output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
Using sniff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Sample output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130

vi Contents
CHAPTER 7 Optimizing ClusterCATS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
ClusterCATS dynamic IP addressing (Windows only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
Understanding static and dynamic IP address configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
Benefits of ClusterCATS dynamic IP addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
Setting up maintenance IP addresses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
Enabling ClusterCATS dynamic IP addressing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
Using server failover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
Static versus ClusterCATS dynamic IP addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
Windows domain controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
Configuring load-balancing metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
Overview of metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
Load types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
Output variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
Troubleshooting the load-balancing metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

vii
ABOUT THIS BOOK
Using ClusterCATS describes how to use ClusterCATS, the clustering technology that
provides load-balancing and failover services to assure high availability for your web
servers.
Contents
•Developer resources .............................................................................................. viii
•About Macromedia documentation ........................................................................ ix
•Contacting Macromedia.......................................................................................... x

viii About This Book
Developer resources
Macromedia, Inc. is committed to setting the standard for customer support in developer
education, documentation, technical support, and professional services. The
Macromedia website is designed to give you quick access to the entire range of online
resources. The following table shows the locations of these resources.
Resource Description URL
Macromedia
website
General information about Macromedia
products and services
http://www.macromedia.com
Information on
ColdFusion
Detailed product information on
ColdFusion and related topics
http://www.macromedia.com/coldfusion
Macromedia
ColdFusion
Support Center
Professional support programs that
Macromedia offers
http://www.macromedia.com/support/
coldfusion
ColdFusion
Online Forums
Access to experienced ColdFusion
developers through participation in the
Online Forums, where you can post
messages and read replies on many
subjects relating to ColdFusion
http://webforums.macromedia.com/
coldfusion/
Information on
JRun
Detailed product information on JRun and
related topics.
http://www.macromedia.com/products/jrun/
JRun Support
Center
Professional support programs that
Macromedia offers.
JRun Support Center
http://www.macromedia.com/
support/jrun
JRun Online
Forums
Access to experienced JRun developers
through participation in the Macromedia
Online Forums, where you can post
messages and read replies on many
subjects relating to JRun.
http://webforums.macromedia.com/jrun
Installation
Support
Support for installation-related issues for
all Macromedia products
http://www.macromedia.com/support/email/
isupport
Training Information about classes, on-site training,
and online courses offered by Macromedia
http://www.macromedia.com/support/training
ColdFusion
Developer
Resources
All the resources that you need to stay on
the cutting edge of ColdFusion
development, including online discussion
groups, Knowledge Base, technical
papers, and more
http://www.macromedia.com/desdev/
developer/
ColdFusion
Reference Desk
Development tips, articles,
documentation, and white papers
http://www.macromedia.com/v1/developer/
TechnologyReference/index.cfm

About Macromedia documentation ix
About Macromedia documentation
Macromedia documentation is designed to provide support for the complete spectrum of
participants. The print and online versions are organized to let you quickly locate the
information that you need. The Macromedia online documentation is provided in
HTML and Adobe Acrobat formats.
Viewing online documentation
All Macromedia documentation is available online in HTML and Adobe Acrobat
Portable Document Format (PDF) files.
The PDF files are included on the product CDs and are installed in the docs directory,
although they are an optional part of the installation.
JRun Developer
Resources
All of the resources that you need to stay
on the cutting edge of JRun development,
including online discussion groups,
Component Exchange, Resource Library,
technical papers, and more.
http://www.macromedia.com/desdev/
developer/
Macromedia
Alliance
Connection with the growing network of
solution providers, application developers,
resellers, and hosting services creating
solutions with ColdFusion
http://www.macromedia.com/partners/
Resource Description URL

x About This Book
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Technical support Macromedia offers a range of telephone and web-based
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