Red Hat ENTERPRISE LINUX 5 - VIRTUAL SERVER... Quick reference guide

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5
Deployment Guide
Deployment, configuration and
administration of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5
Deployment_Guide

Deployment Guide
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 Deployment Guide
Deployment, configuration and administration of Red Hat
Enterprise Linux 5
Edition 4
Copyright © 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Red Hat Inc..
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The Deployment Guide documents relevant information reegarding the deployment, configuration and
administration of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.

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Introduction xxiii
1. Document Conventions ................................................................................................ xxiii
2. Send in Your Feedback ............................................................................................... xxvi
I. File Systems 1
1. File System Structure 3
1.1. Why Share a Common Structure? ......................................................................... 3
1.2. Overview of File System Hierarchy Standard (FHS) ................................................ 3
1.2.1. FHS Organization ...................................................................................... 3
1.3. Special File Locations Under Red Hat Enterprise Linux .......................................... 8
2. The ext3 File System 11
2.1. Features of ext3 ................................................................................................. 11
2.2. Creating an ext3 File System .............................................................................. 11
2.3. Converting to an ext3 File System ....................................................................... 12
2.4. Reverting to an ext2 File System ........................................................................ 12
3. The proc File System 15
3.1. A Virtual File System .......................................................................................... 15
3.1.1. Viewing Virtual Files ................................................................................ 15
3.1.2. Changing Virtual Files .............................................................................. 16
3.2. Top-level Files within the proc File System ......................................................... 16
3.2.1. /proc/apm ............................................................................................. 16
3.2.2. /proc/buddyinfo ................................................................................. 17
3.2.3. /proc/cmdline ..................................................................................... 17
3.2.4. /proc/cpuinfo ..................................................................................... 18
3.2.5. /proc/crypto ....................................................................................... 19
3.2.6. /proc/devices ..................................................................................... 19
3.2.7. /proc/dma ............................................................................................. 20
3.2.8. /proc/execdomains ............................................................................. 20
3.2.9. /proc/fb ............................................................................................... 21
3.2.10. /proc/filesystems ........................................................................... 21
3.2.11. /proc/interrupts ............................................................................. 21
3.2.12. /proc/iomem ....................................................................................... 22
3.2.13. /proc/ioports ................................................................................... 23
3.2.14. /proc/kcore ....................................................................................... 23
3.2.15. /proc/kmsg ......................................................................................... 23
3.2.16. /proc/loadavg ................................................................................... 24
3.2.17. /proc/locks ....................................................................................... 24
3.2.18. /proc/mdstat ..................................................................................... 24
3.2.19. /proc/meminfo ................................................................................... 25
3.2.20. /proc/misc ......................................................................................... 26
3.2.21. /proc/modules ................................................................................... 27
3.2.22. /proc/mounts ..................................................................................... 27
3.2.23. /proc/mtrr ......................................................................................... 28
3.2.24. /proc/partitions ............................................................................. 28
3.2.25. /proc/pci ........................................................................................... 29
3.2.26. /proc/slabinfo ................................................................................. 29
3.2.27. /proc/stat ......................................................................................... 30
3.2.28. /proc/swaps ....................................................................................... 31
3.2.29. /proc/sysrq-trigger ....................................................................... 32

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3.2.30. /proc/uptime ..................................................................................... 32
3.2.31. /proc/version ................................................................................... 32
3.3. Directories within /proc/ ................................................................................... 32
3.3.1. Process Directories .................................................................................. 32
3.3.2. /proc/bus/ ........................................................................................... 34
3.3.3. /proc/driver/ ..................................................................................... 35
3.3.4. /proc/fs ............................................................................................... 36
3.3.5. /proc/ide/ ........................................................................................... 36
3.3.6. /proc/irq/ ........................................................................................... 37
3.3.7. /proc/net/ ........................................................................................... 37
3.3.8. /proc/scsi/ ......................................................................................... 38
3.3.9. /proc/sys/ ........................................................................................... 40
3.3.10. /proc/sysvipc/ ................................................................................. 51
3.3.11. /proc/tty/ ......................................................................................... 51
3.4. Using the sysctl Command .............................................................................. 51
3.5. Additional Resources .......................................................................................... 52
3.5.1. Installed Documentation ........................................................................... 52
3.5.2. Useful Websites ...................................................................................... 52
4. Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) 53
4.1. What is RAID? ................................................................................................... 53
4.2. Who Should Use RAID? ..................................................................................... 53
4.3. Hardware RAID versus Software RAID ................................................................ 53
4.3.1. Hardware RAID ....................................................................................... 53
4.3.2. Software RAID ........................................................................................ 54
4.4. RAID Levels and Linear Support ......................................................................... 54
4.5. Configuring Software RAID ................................................................................. 55
4.5.1. Creating the RAID Partitions .................................................................... 56
4.5.2. Creating the RAID Devices and Mount Points ............................................ 59
5. Swap Space 65
5.1. What is Swap Space? ........................................................................................ 65
5.2. Adding Swap Space ........................................................................................... 65
5.2.1. Extending Swap on an LVM2 Logical Volume ............................................ 66
5.2.2. Creating an LVM2 Logical Volume for Swap .............................................. 66
5.2.3. Creating a Swap File ............................................................................... 67
5.3. Removing Swap Space ...................................................................................... 67
5.3.1. Reducing Swap on an LVM2 Logical Volume ............................................ 68
5.3.2. Removing an LVM2 Logical Volume for Swap ........................................... 68
5.3.3. Removing a Swap File ............................................................................. 69
5.4. Moving Swap Space ........................................................................................... 69
6. Managing Disk Storage 71
6.1. Standard Partitions using parted ....................................................................... 71
6.1.1. Viewing the Partition Table ....................................................................... 72
6.1.2. Creating a Partition .................................................................................. 73
6.1.3. Removing a Partition ............................................................................... 75
6.1.4. Resizing a Partition .................................................................................. 76
6.2. LVM Partition Management ................................................................................. 77
7. Implementing Disk Quotas 79
7.1. Configuring Disk Quotas ..................................................................................... 79
7.1.1. Enabling Quotas ...................................................................................... 79

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7.1.2. Remounting the File Systems ................................................................... 80
7.1.3. Creating the Quota Database Files ........................................................... 80
7.1.4. Assigning Quotas per User ...................................................................... 81
7.1.5. Assigning Quotas per Group .................................................................... 82
7.1.6. Setting the Grace Period for Soft Limits .................................................... 82
7.2. Managing Disk Quotas ....................................................................................... 82
7.2.1. Enabling and Disabling ............................................................................ 83
7.2.2. Reporting on Disk Quotas ........................................................................ 83
7.2.3. Keeping Quotas Accurate ......................................................................... 84
7.3. Additional Resources .......................................................................................... 84
7.3.1. Installed Documentation ........................................................................... 84
7.3.2. Related Books ......................................................................................... 84
8. Access Control Lists 85
8.1. Mounting File Systems ....................................................................................... 85
8.1.1. NFS ........................................................................................................ 85
8.2. Setting Access ACLs .......................................................................................... 85
8.3. Setting Default ACLs .......................................................................................... 86
8.4. Retrieving ACLs ................................................................................................. 87
8.5. Archiving File Systems With ACLs ....................................................................... 87
8.6. Compatibility with Older Systems ........................................................................ 88
8.7. Additional Resources .......................................................................................... 88
8.7.1. Installed Documentation ........................................................................... 88
8.7.2. Useful Websites ...................................................................................... 89
9. LVM (Logical Volume Manager) 91
9.1. What is LVM? .................................................................................................... 91
9.1.1. What is LVM2? ........................................................................................ 92
9.2. LVM Configuration .............................................................................................. 92
9.3. Automatic Partitioning ......................................................................................... 93
9.4. Manual LVM Partitioning ..................................................................................... 94
9.4.1. Creating the /boot/ Partition .................................................................. 94
9.4.2. Creating the LVM Physical Volumes ......................................................... 97
9.4.3. Creating the LVM Volume Groups ............................................................ 99
9.4.4. Creating the LVM Logical Volumes ......................................................... 100
9.5. Using the LVM utility system-config-lvm ...................................................... 103
9.5.1. Utilizing uninitialized entities ................................................................... 106
9.5.2. Adding Unallocated Volumes to a volume group ...................................... 107
9.5.3. Migrating extents ................................................................................... 109
9.5.4. Adding a new hard disk using LVM ......................................................... 111
9.5.5. Adding a new volume group ................................................................... 112
9.5.6. Extending a volume group ...................................................................... 114
9.5.7. Editing a Logical Volume ........................................................................ 115
9.6. Additional Resources ........................................................................................ 117
9.6.1. Installed Documentation ......................................................................... 117
9.6.2. Useful Websites ..................................................................................... 117
II. Package Management 119
10. Package Management with RPM 121
10.1. RPM Design Goals ......................................................................................... 121
10.2. Using RPM ..................................................................................................... 122

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10.2.1. Finding RPM Packages ........................................................................ 122
10.2.2. Installing .............................................................................................. 122
10.2.3. Uninstalling .......................................................................................... 124
10.2.4. Upgrading ............................................................................................ 125
10.2.5. Freshening .......................................................................................... 126
10.2.6. Querying .............................................................................................. 126
10.2.7. Verifying .............................................................................................. 127
10.3. Checking a Package's Signature ..................................................................... 128
10.3.1. Importing Keys ..................................................................................... 128
10.3.2. Verifying Signature of Packages ........................................................... 129
10.4. Practical and Common Examples of RPM Usage .............................................. 129
10.5. Additional Resources ...................................................................................... 131
10.5.1. Installed Documentation ....................................................................... 131
10.5.2. Useful Websites ................................................................................... 131
10.5.3. Related Books ..................................................................................... 131
11. Package Management Tool 133
11.1. Listing and Analyzing Packages ...................................................................... 133
11.2. Installing and Removing Packages .................................................................. 134
12. YUM (Yellowdog Updater Modified) 141
12.1. Setting Up a yum Repository ........................................................................... 141
12.2. yum Commands .............................................................................................. 141
12.3. yum Options ................................................................................................... 142
12.4. Configuring yum .............................................................................................. 142
12.4.1. [main] Options .................................................................................. 143
12.4.2. [repository] Options ....................................................................... 144
12.5. Useful yum Variables ...................................................................................... 145
13. Red Hat Network 147
III. Network-Related Configuration 151
14. Network Interfaces 153
14.1. Network Configuration Files ............................................................................. 153
14.2. Interface Configuration Files ............................................................................ 154
14.2.1. Ethernet Interfaces ............................................................................... 154
14.2.2. IPsec Interfaces ................................................................................... 157
14.2.3. Channel Bonding Interfaces .................................................................. 158
14.2.4. Alias and Clone Files ........................................................................... 159
14.2.5. Dialup Interfaces .................................................................................. 160
14.2.6. Other Interfaces ................................................................................... 161
14.3. Interface Control Scripts .................................................................................. 162
14.4. Configuring Static Routes ................................................................................ 164
14.5. Network Function Files .................................................................................... 166
14.6. Additional Resources ...................................................................................... 166
14.6.1. Installed Documentation ....................................................................... 166
15. Network Configuration 167
15.1. Overview ........................................................................................................ 168
15.2. Establishing an Ethernet Connection ................................................................ 169
15.3. Establishing an ISDN Connection .................................................................... 172
15.4. Establishing a Modem Connection ................................................................... 173

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15.5. Establishing an xDSL Connection .................................................................... 175
15.6. Establishing a Token Ring Connection ............................................................. 181
15.7. Establishing a Wireless Connection ................................................................. 183
15.8. Managing DNS Settings .................................................................................. 186
15.9. Managing Hosts .............................................................................................. 187
15.10. Working with Profiles .................................................................................... 189
15.11. Device Aliases .............................................................................................. 192
15.12. Saving and Restoring the Network Configuration ............................................. 194
16. Controlling Access to Services 195
16.1. Runlevels ....................................................................................................... 196
16.2. TCP Wrappers ................................................................................................ 196
16.2.1. xinetd ............................................................................................... 196
16.3. Services Configuration Tool ......................................................................... 197
16.4. ntsysv ........................................................................................................... 199
16.5. chkconfig .................................................................................................... 201
16.6. Additional Resources ...................................................................................... 201
16.6.1. Installed Documentation ....................................................................... 201
16.6.2. Useful Websites ................................................................................... 201
17. Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) 203
17.1. Introduction to DNS ........................................................................................ 203
17.1.1. Nameserver Zones ............................................................................... 203
17.1.2. Nameserver Types ............................................................................... 204
17.1.3. BIND as a Nameserver ........................................................................ 204
17.2. /etc/named.conf ........................................................................................ 205
17.2.1. Common Statement Types ................................................................... 205
17.2.2. Other Statement Types ........................................................................ 210
17.2.3. Comment Tags .................................................................................... 211
17.3. Zone Files ...................................................................................................... 212
17.3.1. Zone File Directives ............................................................................. 212
17.3.2. Zone File Resource Records ................................................................ 213
17.3.3. Example Zone File ............................................................................... 216
17.3.4. Reverse Name Resolution Zone Files ................................................... 217
17.4. Using rndc .................................................................................................... 218
17.4.1. Configuring /etc/named.conf ........................................................... 218
17.4.2. Configuring /etc/rndc.conf ............................................................. 219
17.4.3. Command Line Options ........................................................................ 220
17.5. Advanced Features of BIND ............................................................................ 220
17.5.1. DNS Protocol Enhancements ................................................................ 221
17.5.2. Multiple Views ...................................................................................... 221
17.5.3. Security ............................................................................................... 221
17.5.4. IP version 6 ......................................................................................... 222
17.6. Common Mistakes to Avoid ............................................................................. 222
17.7. Additional Resources ...................................................................................... 223
17.7.1. Installed Documentation ....................................................................... 223
17.7.2. Useful Websites ................................................................................... 224
17.7.3. Related Books ..................................................................................... 224
18. OpenSSH 225
18.1. Features of SSH ............................................................................................. 225
18.1.1. Why Use SSH? ................................................................................... 225
18.2. SSH Protocol Versions .................................................................................... 226

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18.3. Event Sequence of an SSH Connection ........................................................... 226
18.3.1. Transport Layer ................................................................................... 226
18.3.2. Authentication ...................................................................................... 227
18.3.3. Channels ............................................................................................. 228
18.4. Configuring an OpenSSH Server ..................................................................... 228
18.4.1. Requiring SSH for Remote Connections ................................................ 229
18.5. OpenSSH Configuration Files .......................................................................... 229
18.6. Configuring an OpenSSH Client ...................................................................... 230
18.6.1. Using the ssh Command ..................................................................... 230
18.6.2. Using the scp Command ..................................................................... 231
18.6.3. Using the sftp Command ................................................................... 232
18.7. More Than a Secure Shell .............................................................................. 232
18.7.1. X11 Forwarding ................................................................................... 232
18.7.2. Port Forwarding ................................................................................... 233
18.7.3. Generating Key Pairs ........................................................................... 234
18.8. Additional Resources ...................................................................................... 237
18.8.1. Installed Documentation ....................................................................... 237
18.8.2. Useful Websites ................................................................................... 237
19. Network File System (NFS) 239
19.1. How It Works ................................................................................................. 239
19.1.1. Required Services ................................................................................ 240
19.2. NFS Client Configuration ................................................................................. 241
19.2.1. Mounting NFS File Systems using /etc/fstab .................................... 241
19.3. autofs .......................................................................................................... 242
19.3.1. What's new in autofs version 5? ......................................................... 242
19.3.2. autofs Configuration .......................................................................... 243
19.3.3. autofs Common Tasks ....................................................................... 244
19.4. Common NFS Mount Options .......................................................................... 248
19.5. Starting and Stopping NFS .............................................................................. 249
19.6. NFS Server Configuration ............................................................................... 250
19.6.1. Exporting or Sharing NFS File Systems ................................................. 251
19.6.2. Command Line Configuration ................................................................ 255
19.6.3. Running NFS Behind a Firewall ............................................................ 256
19.6.4. Hostname Formats ............................................................................... 256
19.7. The /etc/exports Configuration File ............................................................ 256
19.7.1. The exportfs Command .................................................................... 258
19.8. Securing NFS ................................................................................................. 260
19.8.1. Host Access ........................................................................................ 260
19.8.2. File Permissions .................................................................................. 261
19.9. NFS and portmap ......................................................................................... 262
19.9.1. Troubleshooting NFS and portmap ...................................................... 262
19.10. Using NFS over TCP .................................................................................... 263
19.11. Additional Resources .................................................................................... 264
19.11.1. Installed Documentation ...................................................................... 264
19.11.2. Useful Websites ................................................................................. 264
19.11.3. Related Books ................................................................................... 264
20. Samba 265
20.1. Introduction to Samba ..................................................................................... 265
20.1.1. Samba Features .................................................................................. 265
20.2. Samba Daemons and Related Services ........................................................... 265

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20.2.1. Samba Daemons ................................................................................. 266
20.3. Connecting to a Samba Share ......................................................................... 266
20.3.1. Command Line .................................................................................... 268
20.3.2. Mounting the Share .............................................................................. 269
20.4. Configuring a Samba Server ........................................................................... 269
20.4.1. Graphical Configuration ........................................................................ 269
20.4.2. Command Line Configuration ................................................................ 274
20.4.3. Encrypted Passwords ........................................................................... 274
20.5. Starting and Stopping Samba .......................................................................... 274
20.6. Samba Server Types and the smb.conf File ................................................... 275
20.6.1. Stand-alone Server .............................................................................. 276
20.6.2. Domain Member Server ....................................................................... 278
20.6.3. Domain Controller ................................................................................ 280
20.7. Samba Security Modes ................................................................................... 281
20.7.1. User-Level Security .............................................................................. 281
20.7.2. Share-Level Security ............................................................................ 283
20.8. Samba Account Information Databases ............................................................ 283
20.9. Samba Network Browsing ............................................................................... 284
20.9.1. Domain Browsing ................................................................................. 284
20.9.2. WINS (Windows Internetworking Name Server) ...................................... 285
20.10. Samba with CUPS Printing Support ............................................................... 285
20.10.1. Simple smb.conf Settings ................................................................. 285
20.11. Samba Distribution Programs ........................................................................ 286
20.12. Additional Resources .................................................................................... 290
20.12.1. Installed Documentation ...................................................................... 290
20.12.2. Related Books ................................................................................... 290
20.12.3. Useful Websites ................................................................................. 291
21. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) 293
21.1. Why Use DHCP? ............................................................................................ 293
21.2. Configuring a DHCP Server ............................................................................ 293
21.2.1. Configuration File ................................................................................. 293
21.2.2. Lease Database ................................................................................... 297
21.2.3. Starting and Stopping the Server .......................................................... 297
21.2.4. DHCP Relay Agent .............................................................................. 298
21.3. Configuring a DHCP Client .............................................................................. 298
21.4. Configuring a Multihomed DHCP Server .......................................................... 299
21.4.1. Host Configuration ............................................................................... 301
21.5. Additional Resources ...................................................................................... 303
21.5.1. Installed Documentation ....................................................................... 303
22. Apache HTTP Server 305
22.1. Apache HTTP Server 2.2 ................................................................................ 305
22.1.1. Features of Apache HTTP Server 2.2 .................................................... 305
22.2. Migrating Apache HTTP Server Configuration Files ........................................... 306
22.2.1. Migrating Apache HTTP Server 2.0 Configuration Files ........................... 306
22.2.2. Migrating Apache HTTP Server 1.3 Configuration Files to 2.0 .................. 306
22.3. Starting and Stopping httpd .......................................................................... 316
22.4. Apache HTTP Server Configuration ................................................................. 317
22.4.1. Basic Settings ...................................................................................... 318
22.4.2. Default Settings ................................................................................... 320
22.5. Configuration Directives in httpd.conf .......................................................... 331

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22.5.1. General Configuration Tips ................................................................... 331
22.5.2. Configuration Directives for SSL ........................................................... 345
22.5.3. MPM Specific Server-Pool Directives ..................................................... 345
22.6. Adding Modules .............................................................................................. 347
22.7. Virtual Hosts ................................................................................................... 347
22.7.1. Setting Up Virtual Hosts ....................................................................... 347
22.8. Apache HTTP Secure Server Configuration ...................................................... 348
22.8.1. An Overview of Security-Related Packages ........................................... 349
22.8.2. An Overview of Certificates and Security ............................................... 349
22.8.3. Using Pre-Existing Keys and Certificates ............................................... 350
22.8.4. Types of Certificates ............................................................................ 350
22.8.5. Generating a Key ................................................................................. 352
22.8.6. How to configure the server to use the new key ..................................... 360
22.9. Additional Resources ...................................................................................... 360
22.9.1. Useful Websites ................................................................................... 361
23. FTP 363
23.1. The File Transfer Protocol ............................................................................... 363
23.1.1. Multiple Ports, Multiple Modes .............................................................. 363
23.2. FTP Servers ................................................................................................... 363
23.2.1. vsftpd ............................................................................................... 364
23.3. Files Installed with vsftpd ............................................................................. 364
23.4. Starting and Stopping vsftpd ........................................................................ 365
23.4.1. Starting Multiple Copies of vsftpd ....................................................... 366
23.5. vsftpd Configuration Options ......................................................................... 367
23.5.1. Daemon Options .................................................................................. 367
23.5.2. Log In Options and Access Controls ..................................................... 368
23.5.3. Anonymous User Options ..................................................................... 369
23.5.4. Local User Options .............................................................................. 370
23.5.5. Directory Options ................................................................................. 371
23.5.6. File Transfer Options ............................................................................ 372
23.5.7. Logging Options ................................................................................... 372
23.5.8. Network Options .................................................................................. 373
23.6. Additional Resources ...................................................................................... 375
23.6.1. Installed Documentation ....................................................................... 376
23.6.2. Useful Websites ................................................................................... 376
24. Email 377
24.1. Email Protocols .............................................................................................. 377
24.1.1. Mail Transport Protocols ....................................................................... 377
24.1.2. Mail Access Protocols .......................................................................... 378
24.2. Email Program Classifications ......................................................................... 380
24.2.1. Mail Transport Agent ............................................................................ 380
24.2.2. Mail Delivery Agent .............................................................................. 380
24.2.3. Mail User Agent ................................................................................... 380
24.3. Mail Transport Agents ..................................................................................... 381
24.3.1. Sendmail ............................................................................................. 381
24.3.2. Postfix ................................................................................................. 385
24.3.3. Fetchmail ............................................................................................. 387
24.4. Mail Transport Agent (MTA) Configuration ........................................................ 390
24.5. Mail Delivery Agents ....................................................................................... 392
24.5.1. Procmail Configuration ......................................................................... 392

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24.5.2. Procmail Recipes ................................................................................. 393
24.6. Mail User Agents ............................................................................................ 398
24.6.1. Securing Communication ...................................................................... 398
24.7. Additional Resources ...................................................................................... 400
24.7.1. Installed Documentation ....................................................................... 400
24.7.2. Useful Websites ................................................................................... 401
24.7.3. Related Books ..................................................................................... 401
25. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) 403
25.1. Why Use LDAP? ............................................................................................ 403
25.1.1. OpenLDAP Features ............................................................................ 403
25.2. LDAP Terminology .......................................................................................... 404
25.3. OpenLDAP Daemons and Utilities ................................................................... 405
25.3.1. NSS, PAM, and LDAP .......................................................................... 406
25.3.2. PHP4, LDAP, and the Apache HTTP Server .......................................... 407
25.3.3. LDAP Client Applications ...................................................................... 407
25.4. OpenLDAP Configuration Files ........................................................................ 407
25.5. The /etc/openldap/schema/ Directory ....................................................... 408
25.6. OpenLDAP Setup Overview ............................................................................ 409
25.6.1. Editing /etc/openldap/slapd.conf ................................................ 409
25.7. Configuring a System to Authenticate Using OpenLDAP .................................... 410
25.7.1. PAM and LDAP ................................................................................... 411
25.7.2. Migrating Old Authentication Information to LDAP Format ....................... 411
25.8. Migrating Directories from Earlier Releases ...................................................... 412
25.9. Additional Resources ...................................................................................... 413
25.9.1. Installed Documentation ....................................................................... 413
25.9.2. Useful Websites ................................................................................... 414
25.9.3. Related Books ..................................................................................... 414
26. Authentication Configuration 415
26.1. User Information ............................................................................................. 415
26.2. Authentication ................................................................................................. 418
26.3. Options .......................................................................................................... 420
26.4. Command Line Version ................................................................................... 422
IV. System Configuration 425
27. Console Access 427
27.1. Disabling Shutdown Via Ctrl+Alt+Del .......................................................... 427
27.2. Disabling Console Program Access ................................................................. 428
27.3. Defining the Console ...................................................................................... 428
27.4. Making Files Accessible From the Console ...................................................... 428
27.5. Enabling Console Access for Other Applications ............................................... 429
27.6. The floppy Group ......................................................................................... 430
28. The sysconfig Directory 433
28.1. Files in the /etc/sysconfig/ Directory ........................................................ 433
28.1.1. /etc/sysconfig/amd ....................................................................... 433
28.1.2. /etc/sysconfig/apmd ..................................................................... 433
28.1.3. /etc/sysconfig/arpwatch ............................................................. 433
28.1.4. /etc/sysconfig/authconfig .......................................................... 433
28.1.5. /etc/sysconfig/autofs ................................................................. 434
28.1.6. /etc/sysconfig/clock ................................................................... 434

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28.1.7. /etc/sysconfig/desktop ............................................................... 435
28.1.8. /etc/sysconfig/dhcpd ................................................................... 435
28.1.9. /etc/sysconfig/exim ..................................................................... 436
28.1.10. /etc/sysconfig/firstboot .......................................................... 436
28.1.11. /etc/sysconfig/gpm ...................................................................... 436
28.1.12. /etc/sysconfig/hwconf ................................................................ 436
28.1.13. /etc/sysconfig/i18n .................................................................... 436
28.1.14. /etc/sysconfig/init .................................................................... 437
28.1.15. /etc/sysconfig/ip6tables-config ............................................ 437
28.1.16. /etc/sysconfig/iptables-config .............................................. 438
28.1.17. /etc/sysconfig/irda .................................................................... 438
28.1.18. /etc/sysconfig/keyboard ............................................................ 439
28.1.19. /etc/sysconfig/kudzu .................................................................. 439
28.1.20. /etc/sysconfig/named .................................................................. 439
28.1.21. /etc/sysconfig/network .............................................................. 439
28.1.22. /etc/sysconfig/nfs ...................................................................... 440
28.1.23. /etc/sysconfig/ntpd .................................................................... 441
28.1.24. /etc/sysconfig/radvd .................................................................. 441
28.1.25. /etc/sysconfig/samba .................................................................. 441
28.1.26. /etc/sysconfig/selinux .............................................................. 441
28.1.27. /etc/sysconfig/sendmail ............................................................ 441
28.1.28. /etc/sysconfig/spamassassin .................................................... 442
28.1.29. /etc/sysconfig/squid .................................................................. 442
28.1.30. /etc/sysconfig/system-config-securitylevel ...................... 442
28.1.31. /etc/sysconfig/system-config-selinux .................................. 442
28.1.32. /etc/sysconfig/system-config-users ...................................... 442
28.1.33. /etc/sysconfig/system-logviewer ............................................ 442
28.1.34. /etc/sysconfig/tux ...................................................................... 443
28.1.35. /etc/sysconfig/vncservers ........................................................ 443
28.1.36. /etc/sysconfig/xinetd ................................................................ 443
28.2. Directories in the /etc/sysconfig/ Directory ................................................ 443
28.3. Additional Resources ...................................................................................... 444
28.3.1. Installed Documentation ....................................................................... 444
29. Date and Time Configuration 445
29.1. Time and Date Properties ............................................................................... 445
29.2. Network Time Protocol (NTP) Properties .......................................................... 447
29.3. Time Zone Configuration ................................................................................. 448
30. Keyboard Configuration 451
31. The X Window System 453
31.1. The X11R7.1 Release ..................................................................................... 453
31.2. Desktop Environments and Window Managers ................................................. 454
31.2.1. Desktop Environments .......................................................................... 454
31.2.2. Window Managers ............................................................................... 454
31.3. X Server Configuration Files ............................................................................ 455
31.3.1. xorg.conf ......................................................................................... 456
31.4. Fonts ............................................................................................................. 462
31.4.1. Fontconfig ............................................................................................ 462
31.4.2. Core X Font System ............................................................................ 464
31.5. Runlevels and X ............................................................................................. 465
31.5.1. Runlevel 3 ........................................................................................... 465

xiii
31.5.2. Runlevel 5 ........................................................................................... 466
31.6. Additional Resources ...................................................................................... 467
31.6.1. Installed Documentation ....................................................................... 467
31.6.2. Useful Websites ................................................................................... 467
32. X Window System Configuration 469
32.1. Display Settings .............................................................................................. 469
32.2. Display Hardware Settings .............................................................................. 470
32.3. Dual Head Display Settings ............................................................................. 470
33. Users and Groups 473
33.1. User and Group Configuration ......................................................................... 473
33.1.1. Adding a New User .............................................................................. 474
33.1.2. Modifying User Properties ..................................................................... 476
33.1.3. Adding a New Group ............................................................................ 478
33.1.4. Modifying Group Properties .................................................................. 478
33.2. User and Group Management Tools ................................................................ 479
33.2.1. Command Line Configuration ................................................................ 479
33.2.2. Adding a User ..................................................................................... 479
33.2.3. Adding a Group ................................................................................... 480
33.2.4. Password Aging ................................................................................... 480
33.2.5. Explaining the Process ......................................................................... 483
33.3. Standard Users .............................................................................................. 484
33.4. Standard Groups ............................................................................................ 485
33.5. User Private Groups ....................................................................................... 487
33.5.1. Group Directories ................................................................................. 488
33.6. Shadow Passwords ........................................................................................ 488
33.7. Additional Resources ...................................................................................... 489
33.7.1. Installed Documentation ....................................................................... 489
34. Printer Configuration 491
34.1. Adding a Local Printer .................................................................................... 492
34.2. Adding an IPP Printer ..................................................................................... 493
34.3. Adding a Samba (SMB) Printer ....................................................................... 494
34.4. Adding a JetDirect Printer ............................................................................... 496
34.5. Selecting the Printer Model and Finishing ......................................................... 497
34.5.1. Confirming Printer Configuration ........................................................... 497
34.6. Printing a Test Page ....................................................................................... 498
34.7. Modifying Existing Printers .............................................................................. 498
34.7.1. The Settings Tab ................................................................................ 498
34.7.2. The Policies Tab ................................................................................. 499
34.7.3. The Access Control Tab ..................................................................... 499
34.7.4. The Printer and Job OptionsTab ......................................................... 500
34.8. Managing Print Jobs ....................................................................................... 501
34.9. Additional Resources ...................................................................................... 502
34.9.1. Installed Documentation ....................................................................... 502
34.9.2. Useful Websites ................................................................................... 503
35. Automated Tasks 505
35.1. Cron ............................................................................................................... 505
35.1.1. Configuring Cron Tasks ........................................................................ 505
35.1.2. Controlling Access to Cron ................................................................... 507
35.1.3. Starting and Stopping the Service ......................................................... 507

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35.2. At and Batch .................................................................................................. 507
35.2.1. Configuring At Jobs .............................................................................. 507
35.2.2. Configuring Batch Jobs ........................................................................ 508
35.2.3. Viewing Pending Jobs .......................................................................... 508
35.2.4. Additional Command Line Options ........................................................ 508
35.2.5. Controlling Access to At and Batch ....................................................... 509
35.2.6. Starting and Stopping the Service ......................................................... 509
35.3. Additional Resources ...................................................................................... 509
35.3.1. Installed Documentation ....................................................................... 509
36. Log Files 511
36.1. Locating Log Files .......................................................................................... 511
36.2. Viewing Log Files ........................................................................................... 511
36.3. Adding a Log File ........................................................................................... 514
36.4. Monitoring Log Files ....................................................................................... 515
V. System Monitoring 519
37. SystemTap 521
37.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 521
37.2. Implementation ............................................................................................... 521
37.3. Using SystemTap ........................................................................................... 522
37.3.1. Tracing ............................................................................................... 522
38. Gathering System Information 525
38.1. System Processes .......................................................................................... 525
38.2. Memory Usage ............................................................................................... 527
38.3. File Systems .................................................................................................. 529
38.4. Hardware ....................................................................................................... 531
38.5. Additional Resources ...................................................................................... 534
38.5.1. Installed Documentation ....................................................................... 534
39. OProfile 535
39.1. Overview of Tools ........................................................................................... 535
39.2. Configuring OProfile ........................................................................................ 536
39.2.1. Specifying the Kernel ........................................................................... 536
39.2.2. Setting Events to Monitor ..................................................................... 537
39.2.3. Separating Kernel and User-space Profiles ............................................ 539
39.3. Starting and Stopping OProfile ........................................................................ 540
39.4. Saving Data ................................................................................................... 540
39.5. Analyzing the Data ......................................................................................... 541
39.5.1. Using opreport ................................................................................. 541
39.5.2. Using opreport on a Single Executable .............................................. 542
39.5.3. Getting more detailed output on the modules ......................................... 544
39.5.4. Using opannotate .............................................................................. 545
39.6. Understanding /dev/oprofile/ ................................................................... 545
39.7. Example Usage .............................................................................................. 546
39.8. Graphical Interface .......................................................................................... 546
39.9. Additional Resources ...................................................................................... 548
39.9.1. Installed Docs ...................................................................................... 548
39.9.2. Useful Websites ................................................................................... 548
VI. Kernel and Driver Configuration 549

xv
40. Manually Upgrading the Kernel 551
40.1. Overview of Kernel Packages .......................................................................... 551
40.2. Preparing to Upgrade ...................................................................................... 552
40.3. Downloading the Upgraded Kernel ................................................................... 553
40.4. Performing the Upgrade .................................................................................. 553
40.5. Verifying the Initial RAM Disk Image ................................................................ 554
40.6. Verifying the Boot Loader ................................................................................ 554
40.6.1. x86 Systems ........................................................................................ 554
40.6.2. Itanium Systems .................................................................................. 555
40.6.3. IBM S/390 and IBM System z Systems ................................................. 556
40.6.4. IBM eServer iSeries Systems ............................................................... 556
40.6.5. IBM eServer pSeries Systems .............................................................. 556
41. General Parameters and Modules 559
41.1. Kernel Module Utilities .................................................................................... 559
41.2. Persistent Module Loading .............................................................................. 561
41.3. Specifying Module Parameters ........................................................................ 562
41.4. Storage parameters ........................................................................................ 562
41.5. Ethernet Parameters ....................................................................................... 567
41.5.1. Using Multiple Ethernet Cards .............................................................. 574
41.5.2. The Channel Bonding Module ............................................................... 574
41.6. Additional Resources ...................................................................................... 580
41.6.1. Installed Documentation ....................................................................... 580
41.6.2. Useful Websites ................................................................................... 580
VII. Security And Authentication 581
42. Security Overview 583
42.1. Introduction to Security ................................................................................... 583
42.1.1. What is Computer Security? ................................................................. 583
42.1.2. Security Controls .................................................................................. 585
42.1.3. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 586
42.2. Vulnerability Assessment ................................................................................. 586
42.2.1. Thinking Like the Enemy ...................................................................... 586
42.2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing ......................................................... 587
42.2.3. Evaluating the Tools ............................................................................. 588
42.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities ............................................................................ 591
42.3.1. A Quick History of Hackers ................................................................... 591
42.3.2. Threats to Network Security .................................................................. 592
42.3.3. Threats to Server Security .................................................................... 592
42.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security ....................................... 594
42.4. Common Exploits and Attacks ......................................................................... 595
42.5. Security Updates ............................................................................................ 597
42.5.1. Updating Packages .............................................................................. 598
43. Securing Your Network 603
43.1. Workstation Security ....................................................................................... 603
43.1.1. Evaluating Workstation Security ............................................................ 603
43.1.2. BIOS and Boot Loader Security ............................................................ 603
43.1.3. Password Security ............................................................................... 605
43.1.4. Administrative Controls ......................................................................... 611
43.1.5. Available Network Services ................................................................... 617

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xvi
43.1.6. Personal Firewalls ................................................................................ 620
43.1.7. Security Enhanced Communication Tools .............................................. 621
43.2. Server Security ............................................................................................... 621
43.2.1. Securing Services With TCP Wrappers and xinetd ................................. 622
43.2.2. Securing Portmap ................................................................................ 625
43.2.3. Securing NIS ....................................................................................... 626
43.2.4. Securing NFS ...................................................................................... 628
43.2.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server ....................................................... 629
43.2.6. Securing FTP ...................................................................................... 630
43.2.7. Securing Sendmail ............................................................................... 633
43.2.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening ....................................................... 634
43.3. Single Sign-on (SSO) ...................................................................................... 635
43.3.1. Introduction .......................................................................................... 635
43.3.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card ............................................. 637
43.3.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works ....................................................... 638
43.3.4. How Smart Card Login Works .............................................................. 639
43.3.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO ......................................... 640
43.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) ......................................................... 642
43.4.1. Advantages of PAM ............................................................................. 643
43.4.2. PAM Configuration Files ....................................................................... 643
43.4.3. PAM Configuration File Format ............................................................. 643
43.4.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files ........................................................... 646
43.4.5. Creating PAM Modules ......................................................................... 647
43.4.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching .......................................... 647
43.4.7. PAM and Device Ownership ................................................................. 649
43.4.8. Additional Resources ............................................................................ 650
43.5. TCP Wrappers and xinetd ............................................................................... 651
43.5.1. TCP Wrappers ..................................................................................... 652
43.5.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files ........................................................ 653
43.5.3. xinetd .................................................................................................. 660
43.5.4. xinetd Configuration Files ..................................................................... 661
43.5.5. Additional Resources ............................................................................ 666
43.6. Kerberos ........................................................................................................ 667
43.6.1. What is Kerberos? ............................................................................... 667
43.6.2. Kerberos Terminology .......................................................................... 668
43.6.3. How Kerberos Works ........................................................................... 670
43.6.4. Kerberos and PAM ............................................................................... 671
43.6.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server ........................................................... 672
43.6.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client ............................................................ 674
43.6.7. Domain-to-Realm Mapping ................................................................... 675
43.6.8. Setting Up Secondary KDCs ................................................................. 675
43.6.9. Setting Up Cross Realm Authentication ................................................. 677
43.6.10. Additional Resources .......................................................................... 680
43.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) ...................................................................... 682
43.7.1. How Does a VPN Work? ...................................................................... 682
43.7.2. VPNs and Red Hat Enterprise Linux ..................................................... 682
43.7.3. IPsec ................................................................................................... 683
43.7.4. Creating an IPsec Connection .............................................................. 683
43.7.5. IPsec Installation .................................................................................. 683
43.7.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration .......................................................... 684
43.7.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration ................................................ 690

xvii
43.7.8. Starting and Stopping an IPsec Connection ........................................... 696
43.8. Firewalls ......................................................................................................... 697
43.8.1. Netfilter and IPTables ........................................................................... 698
43.8.2. Basic Firewall Configuration .................................................................. 698
43.8.3. Using IPTables .................................................................................... 702
43.8.4. Common IPTables Filtering ................................................................... 703
43.8.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules ..................................................................... 704
43.8.6. Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses ....................................... 707
43.8.7. IPTables and Connection Tracking ........................................................ 708
43.8.8. IPv6 .................................................................................................... 708
43.8.9. Additional Resources ............................................................................ 709
43.9. IPTables ......................................................................................................... 709
43.9.1. Packet Filtering .................................................................................... 710
43.9.2. Differences Between IPTables and IPChains ......................................... 711
43.9.3. Command Options for IPTables ............................................................ 712
43.9.4. Saving IPTables Rules ......................................................................... 721
43.9.5. IPTables Control Scripts ....................................................................... 721
43.9.6. IPTables and IPv6 ............................................................................... 724
43.9.7. Additional Resources ............................................................................ 724
44. Security and SELinux 725
44.1. Access Control Mechanisms (ACMs) ............................................................... 725
44.1.1. Discretionary Access Control (DAC) ...................................................... 725
44.1.2. Access Control Lists (ACLs) ................................................................. 725
44.1.3. Mandatory Access Control (MAC) ......................................................... 725
44.1.4. Role-based Access Control (RBAC) ...................................................... 725
44.1.5. Multi-Level Security (MLS) .................................................................... 726
44.1.6. Multi-Category Security (MCS) .............................................................. 726
44.2. Introduction to SELinux ................................................................................... 726
44.2.1. SELinux Overview ................................................................................ 726
44.2.2. Files Related to SELinux ...................................................................... 727
44.2.3. Additional Resources ............................................................................ 731
44.3. Brief Background and History of SELinux ......................................................... 731
44.4. Multi-Category Security (MCS) ........................................................................ 732
44.4.1. Introduction .......................................................................................... 732
44.4.2. Applications for Multi-Category Security ................................................. 732
44.4.3. SELinux Security Contexts ................................................................... 732
44.5. Getting Started with Multi-Category Security (MCS) .......................................... 733
44.5.1. Introduction .......................................................................................... 733
44.5.2. Comparing SELinux and Standard Linux User Identities .......................... 734
44.5.3. Configuring Categories ......................................................................... 735
44.5.4. Assigning Categories to Users .............................................................. 736
44.5.5. Assigning Categories to Files ................................................................ 737
44.6. Multi-Level Security (MLS) .............................................................................. 738
44.6.1. Why Multi-Level? ................................................................................. 738
44.6.2. Security Levels, Objects and Subjects ................................................... 740
44.6.3. MLS Policy .......................................................................................... 741
44.6.4. LSPP Certification ................................................................................ 742
44.7. SELinux Policy Overview ................................................................................ 742
44.7.1. What is the SELinux Policy? ................................................................. 742
44.7.2. Where is the Policy? ............................................................................ 743
44.7.3. The Role of Policy in the Boot Process ................................................. 744

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xviii
44.7.4. Object Classes and Permissions ........................................................... 746
44.8. Targeted Policy Overview ................................................................................ 746
44.8.1. What is the Targeted Policy? ................................................................ 746
44.8.2. Files and Directories of the Targeted Policy ........................................... 747
44.8.3. Understanding the Users and Roles in the Targeted Policy ..................... 747
45. Working With SELinux 751
45.1. End User Control of SELinux ........................................................................... 751
45.1.1. Moving and Copying Files .................................................................... 751
45.1.2. Checking the Security Context of a Process, User, or File Object ............. 752
45.1.3. Relabeling a File or Directory ................................................................ 754
45.1.4. Creating Archives That Retain Security Contexts .................................... 756
45.2. Administrator Control of SELinux ..................................................................... 758
45.2.1. Viewing the Status of SELinux .............................................................. 758
45.2.2. Relabeling a File System ...................................................................... 759
45.2.3. Managing NFS Home Directories .......................................................... 760
45.2.4. Granting Access to a Directory or a Tree ............................................... 760
45.2.5. Backing Up and Restoring the System .................................................. 761
45.2.6. Enabling or Disabling Enforcement ........................................................ 761
45.2.7. Enable or Disable SELinux ................................................................... 763
45.2.8. Changing the Policy ............................................................................. 764
45.2.9. Specifying the Security Context of Entire File Systems ............................ 766
45.2.10. Changing the Security Category of a File or User ................................. 767
45.2.11. Running a Command in a Specific Security Context .............................. 767
45.2.12. Useful Commands for Scripts .............................................................. 767
45.2.13. Changing to a Different Role ............................................................... 768
45.2.14. When to Reboot ................................................................................. 768
45.3. Analyst Control of SELinux .............................................................................. 768
45.3.1. Enabling Kernel Auditing ...................................................................... 768
45.3.2. Dumping and Viewing Logs .................................................................. 769
46. Customizing SELinux Policy 771
46.1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 771
46.1.1. Modular Policy ..................................................................................... 771
46.2. Building a Local Policy Module ........................................................................ 772
46.2.1. Using audit2allow to Build a Local Policy Module ................................... 772
46.2.2. Analyzing the Type Enforcement (TE) File ............................................. 772
46.2.3. Loading the Policy Package .................................................................. 773
47. References 775
VIII. Red Hat Training And Certification 777
48. Red Hat Training and Certification 779
48.1. Three Ways to Train ....................................................................................... 779
48.2. Microsoft Certified Professional Resource Center .............................................. 779
49. Certification Tracks 781
49.1. Free Pre-assessment tests .............................................................................. 781
50. RH033: Red Hat Linux Essentials 783
50.1. Course Description ......................................................................................... 783
50.1.1. Prerequisites ........................................................................................ 783
50.1.2. Goal .................................................................................................... 783

xix
50.1.3. Audience ............................................................................................. 783
50.1.4. Course Objectives ................................................................................ 783
50.1.5. Follow-on Courses ............................................................................... 784
51. RH035: Red Hat Linux Essentials for Windows Professionals 785
51.1. Course Description ......................................................................................... 785
51.1.1. Prerequisites ........................................................................................ 785
51.1.2. Goal .................................................................................................... 785
51.1.3. Audience ............................................................................................ 785
51.1.4. Course Objectives ................................................................................ 785
51.1.5. Follow-on Courses ............................................................................... 785
52. RH133: Red Hat Linux System Administration and Red Hat Certified Technician
(RHCT) Certification 787
52.1. Course Description ......................................................................................... 787
52.1.1. Prerequisites ........................................................................................ 787
52.1.2. Goal .................................................................................................... 787
52.1.3. Audience ............................................................................................. 787
52.1.4. Course Objectives ................................................................................ 787
52.1.5. Follow-on Courses ............................................................................... 788
53. RH202 RHCT EXAM - The fastest growing credential in all of Linux. 789
53.1. Course Description ......................................................................................... 789
53.1.1. Prerequisites ........................................................................................ 789
54. RH253 Red Hat Linux Networking and Security Administration 791
54.1. Course Description ......................................................................................... 791
54.1.1. Prerequisites ........................................................................................ 791
54.1.2. Goal .................................................................................................... 791
54.1.3. Audience ............................................................................................ 791
54.1.4. Course Objectives ............................................................................... 791
54.1.5. Follow-on Courses ............................................................................... 792
55. RH300: RHCE Rapid track course (and RHCE exam) 793
55.1. Course Description ......................................................................................... 793
55.1.1. Prerequisites ........................................................................................ 793
55.1.2. Goal .................................................................................................... 793
55.1.3. Audience ............................................................................................ 793
55.1.4. Course Objectives ............................................................................... 793
55.1.5. Follow-on Courses ............................................................................... 793
56. RH302 RHCE EXAM 795
56.1. Course Description ......................................................................................... 795
56.1.1. Prerequisites ........................................................................................ 795
56.1.2. Content ............................................................................................... 795
57. RHS333: RED HAT enterprise security: network services 797
57.1. Course Description ......................................................................................... 797
57.1.1. Prerequisites ........................................................................................ 797
57.1.2. Goal .................................................................................................... 797
57.1.3. Audience ............................................................................................ 797
57.1.4. Course Objectives ................................................................................ 797
57.1.5. Follow-on Courses ............................................................................... 798
58. RH401: Red Hat Enterprise Deployment and systems management 799

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xx
58.1. Course Description ......................................................................................... 799
58.1.1. Prerequisites ........................................................................................ 799
58.1.2. Goal .................................................................................................... 799
58.1.3. Audience ............................................................................................ 799
58.1.4. Course Objectives ................................................................................ 799
58.1.5. Follow-on Courses ............................................................................... 800
59. RH423: Red Hat Enterprise Directory services and authentication 801
59.1. Course Description ......................................................................................... 801
59.1.1. Prerequisites ........................................................................................ 801
59.1.2. Goal .................................................................................................... 801
59.1.3. Audience ............................................................................................ 801
59.1.4. Course Objectives ................................................................................ 801
59.1.5. Follow-on Courses ............................................................................... 801
60. SELinux Courses 803
60.1. RHS427: Introduction to SELinux and Red Hat Targeted Policy ......................... 803
60.1.1. Audience ............................................................................................. 803
60.1.2. Course Summary ................................................................................. 803
60.2. RHS429: Red Hat Enterprise SELinux Policy Administration ............................. 803
61. RH436: Red Hat Enterprise storage management 805
61.1. Course Description ......................................................................................... 805
61.1.1. Prerequisites ........................................................................................ 805
61.1.2. Goal .................................................................................................... 805
61.1.3. Audience ............................................................................................ 805
61.1.4. Course Objectives ................................................................................ 805
61.1.5. Follow-on Courses ............................................................................... 806
62. RH442: Red Hat Enterprise system monitoring and performance tuning 807
62.1. Course Description ......................................................................................... 807
62.1.1. Prerequisites ........................................................................................ 807
62.1.2. Goal .................................................................................................... 807
62.1.3. Audience ............................................................................................ 807
62.1.4. Course Objectives ................................................................................ 807
62.1.5. Follow-on Courses ............................................................................... 808
63. Red Hat Enterprise Linux Developer Courses 809
63.1. RHD143: Red Hat Linux Programming Essentials ............................................ 809
63.2. RHD221 Red Hat Linux Device Drivers ........................................................... 809
63.3. RHD236 Red Hat Linux Kernel Internals ......................................................... 809
63.4. RHD256 Red Hat Linux Application Development and Porting ........................... 809
64. JBoss Courses 811
64.1. RHD161 JBoss and EJB3 for Java .................................................................. 811
64.1.1. Prerequisites ........................................................................................ 811
64.2. RHD163 JBoss for Web Developers ............................................................... 811
64.2.1. Prerequisites ........................................................................................ 811
64.3. RHD167: JBOSS - HIBERNATE ESSENTIALS ................................................. 812
64.3.1. Prerequisites ........................................................................................ 812
64.3.2. Course Summary ................................................................................. 812
64.4. RHD267: JBOSS - ADVANCED HIBERNATE ................................................... 812
64.4.1. Prerequisites ........................................................................................ 812
64.5. RHD261:JBOSS for advanced J2EE developers ............................................... 813