Sony D-555 User manual

SERVICE MANUAL
US Model
D-555
AEP Model
UK Model
E Model
D-2Z555
DISChan
D-=250
CDM- 555
Model Name Using Similar Mecanism
Tape Transport Mechanism Type
SPECIFICATIONS
CD
section
General
System
Compact
disc
digital
audio
system
Power
requirements
Supplied
rechargeable
sei)
pack
(BP-2EX)
or
BP-100
(optional)
Laser diode properties Material: GaAlAs
Wavelength: 780 nm
Emission duration: Continuous
Laser output: Less than 44.6 pW
This output is the value measured at a distance
of 200 mm from the objective lens surface on
the Optical Pick-up Block.
Error correction Sony Super Strategy Cross Interleave Reed Solomon Code
D-A conversion 16-bit linear, 8fs digital filter
Frequency response 20 - 20,000 Hz +1 dB*
Signal-to-noise ratio | More than 90 dB
Wow and flutter Below measurable limit*
Outputs (at 9 V input level)
Line output (stereo minijack)
Output level 0.7 V rms at 50 kilohms
Load impedance over 10 kilohms
Optical digital output (optical output connector)
Output level: -21 — -15 dBm
Wavelength: 630 — 690 nm at peak level
Headphones (stereo minijack)
9 mW + 9 mW at 32 ohms
* Measured by EIAJ CP-307
MICROFILM
DC IN 9 V jack accepts:
Supplied AC power adaptor for use on 120V AC, 60 Hz
Sony CPM-200P car mount plate (optional) or
Sony DCC-120A car battery cord (optional) for use on
12 V car battery
Power consumption 3,2 WDC
Dimension
Approx.
127.6
x
33
x
145
mm
(5
x
15/16
x
5"/16
inches)
(w/h/d)
not incl. inclined part (depth), projecting parts and controls
Approx. 130 x 33.8 x 145.5 mm (5's x 15/16 x 5/16 ees)
(w/h/d) incl. projecting parts and controls
Weight Approx. 520g (1.2Ib) not incl. rechargeable battery
Approx. 600g (1.5Ib) incl. rechargeable battery (BP-2EX)
Supplied accessories AC power adaptor (1)
Rechargeable battery pack (1)
Carrying case (1)
Connecting cord (1) (stereo miniplug - two phono plugs)
Design and specifications subject to change without notice.
Notes on AC power adaptor
Disconnect the AC power adaptor when the unit will
not be used. A
e Use only the supplied AC power adaptor or the —
recommended car battery cord manufactured by
Sony. Polarity of the plugs of other manufacturers
may be different. Polarity of the Sony plug
COMPACT DISC COMPACT PLAYER
SONY.

D-555/Z555 |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Title Page
Specifications: ++++++r etree eects cece cence teen eens 1
1. GENERAL
Location and Fanction of Controls:-+:--::++++:: 2
2. SERVICING NOTES
Notes on Handing the Optical Pick-up Block:: 3
Flexible Circuit Board Reparing:::::++:++++++++: 3
Notes on Chip Component Replacement::++:::++ 3
Before Replacing the Optical Block -+--:++++++:: 3
Notes on Laser Diode Emission Check-::-++-++* 4
Laser Diode Check Procedure --++---++-++++++#+++. 4
Service Mode (service program) -:++++rsssterrees 5
Section Title Page
3. ELECTRICAL ADJUSTMENTS:---:-----+++--+++++5: 6
’ 4, DIAGRAMS
4- i. Waveforms errr e rere eee ee ee ee ee ay 12;
4-2, Block Diagram -:+s+tstesese eet ee tects eeees 13
4-3. Printed Wiring Boards—Main Section—---: 16
4-4, Schematic Diagram—Main Section—-::::::- 21
4-5. Schematic Diagram—Servo Section—::-:::: 24
4-6. Printed Wiring Boards—Servo Section—-:-: 27
4-7. IC Block Diagram --+++recsceeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 31
5. EXPLODED VIEWS. - 0050+ esiisinsie ec cdse sesamiae 33
G. ELECTRICAL PARTS! LIST «+ +=isiis's cscs sessions 37
SECTION 1
GENERAL
Kd / BR (AMS*/ SEARCH/INDEX) buttons
@ (stop) button
OPEN button ®& Il (play/ pause) button
p,_/_f\_\
PHONES (headphones) jack
HOLD switch Hee
(stereo minijack)
KEY MODE (locating mode select)
button
Front display window
Normally displays the track
number and the elapsed
playing time. When the power
is supplied through the
DC IN 9V jack the window
will light up. °°
PLAY MODE (playing mode select)
button
ENTER/REMAIN button
*AMS is the abbreviation of Automatic Music Sensor.
“If lit for a long time, the unit may become warm, but that is not a problem.
EFFECT (sound effect control) button. EQ (graphic equalizer
band select button)
VOLUME control buttons
Adjusts the sound from the PHONES
jack.
EFFECT MODE (sound
effect mode select)
button
REMOTE jack
LINE OUT jack
(stereo minijack)
DC IN SV (external power
: OPTICAL DIGITAL OUT
input) jack
connector
Upper display window
Normally displays the level of the volume
and the left (L)-and right (R) - channel.
When the power is supplied through the
DC IN 9V jack the window will light up.
a

| D-555/Z555
SECTION 2
SERVICING NOTES
NOTES
ON
HANDLING
THE
OPTICAL
PICK-
Before
Replacing
the
Optical
Block
UP
BLOCK
Please
be
sure
to
check
thoroughly
the
parameters
: , ;
.
as
par
the
“Optical
Block
Checking
Procedures”
The:
Taser
ioc:
i
the
“opheal
picky
Weck
tay
(Part
No.:
9-960-027-11)
issued
separately
before
suffer
electrostatic
breakdown
because
of
the
poten-
replacing
the
optical
block.
tial
difference
generated
by
the
charged
electrostatic
Note
and
specifications
required
to
check
are
given
load,
etc.
on
clothing
and
the
human
body.
: ;
;
below.
During
repair,
pay
attention
to
electrostatic
break-
down
and
also
use
the
procedure
in
the
printed
e
FOK
output:
IC501
Q)
pin
matter
which
is
included
in
the
repair
parts.
When
checking
FOK,
remove
the
lead
wire
to
disc
motor and unsolder and open IC801 pin.
® Scarve P-to-P value: 2.95 Vp-p
e@ Adjusted part for focus gain adjustment: RV505
Flexible
Circuit
Board
Repairing
©
RE
signal
P-to-P
value:
0.75
—
1.4
Vp-p
1.
Keep
the
temperature
of
the
soldering
iron
at
©
Traverse
signal
P-to-P
value:
1.8
Vp-p
270°
10°C
during
repairing.
@
The
grating
holder
can
not
repair.
2.
Do
not
touch
the
soldering
iron
more
than
4
e@
Adjusted
part
for
tracking
gain
adjustment:
RV501
seconds
or
3
times
on
the
same
conductor
of
the
circuit
board.
3. Do not apply force on the conductor when
soldering or unsoldering.
Notes on chip component replacement
@ Never reuse a disconnected chip component.
® Notice that the minus side of a tantalum capacitor
may be damaged by heat.
SAFETY-RELATED COMPONENT WARNING!!
COMPONENTS IDENTIFIED BY MARK A OR DOTTED
LINE
WITH
MARK
A
ON
THE
SCHEMATIC
DIAGRAMS
AND IN THE PARTS LIST ARE CRITICAL TO SAFE
OPERATION. REPLACE THESE COMPONENTS WITH
SONY PARTS WHOSE PART NUMBERS APPEAR AS
SHOWN IN THIS MANUAL OR IN SUPPLEMENTS PUB-
LISHED BY SONY.

D-555/Z555 |
NOTES ON LASER DIODE EMISSION CHECK
The laser beam on this model is concentrated so as to
be focused on the disc reflective surface by the objec-
tive lens in the optical pick-up block. Therefore,
when checking the laser diode emission, observe,
from more than 30cm away from the objective lens.
Laser Diode Check Procedure
The laser diode on this set will not emit unless the
top panel is closed and S901 (leaf SW type) is turned
on. The laser diode will always emit even if focus
search is not performed in service mode.
The laser diode is checked using the current value
which flows to the laser diode inside the UPF.
Procedure 1 (service mode or normal operation)
Check the laser diode emission with the eye.
1. Open upper panel.
2. $901 onas Fig. 1.
(In service mode, this operation is not neces-
sary.)
3. Pressthe PI key.
(In service mode, this operation is not neces-
sary.)
4. Observe the objective lens and confirm that
the laser diode is emitting light. At this time,
the laser diode goes on about 10 seconds due
to focus serarch. If it does not, APC circuit
or UPF is defective.
$901
Fig. 1 Turning S907 on
Procedrue 2 (service mode or normal operation)
Check by the curent with flows in the laser diode.
1. Close the top panel,
2. Remove the main board and read the current
value on the label affixed to the UPF.
(Label on UPF)
KSS-167B
JAPAN
S 123 current value
This means 49.9 mA.
The current value varies with the set.
3. Connect a VOM as shown in Fig. 2.
4. Press the PJ key.
5. Calculate the current by the VOM reading.
VOM reading (V) + 10 = current (A)
ex. VOM reading =0.49 V
0.49 + 10 = 0.049 (A) = 49 (mA)
6. Confirm that the ammeter reading is within
the range given below.
value on label*?, mA (25°C)
variation relative to temperature:
0.4 mA/°C
(Current increases when temperature rises
and decreases when it drops.)
If the value is more than the range given,
APC circuit has been defective or the laser
diode has deteriorated. If it is less, APC
circuit or UPF is defective.
— servo board —
VOM
(dc 3 V range)
Fig. 2 VOM Connection

SERVICE MODE (service program)
This set has built-in service program in the micro-
computer as usual sets.
The operation method of service program is ex-
plained below.
[ads
Main operation in service mode
for details, refer to step 2.
@ (STOP)
[servo all off]
PIL (PLAY/PAUSE)
he OCUS on and CLV-S ]
mode (RUN-UP mode) on
PPI(FF)
el goes to ou ieee)
circum ference.
Be
KEY-MODE
Hi
144(FR)
tracking
servo
=a
OFF
«ON
ere
goes
to
jai)
sled
servo
on
REMAIN circumference.
(display stop]
Be sure to set HOLD switch OFF.
If not key inputs can not be operated.
Fig. 3 Key Positions
Step 1 (Service Mode setting method)
1. Turn the HOLD switch OFF with the external
power supply not plugged in (no power applied
to set) and press the PUT key.
2. Solder jumper TEST point.
(IC801 pin (9) (BAT-E) pin is grounded.
3. Plugin external power supply.
This puts the set into service mode.
— main board —
L
| D-555/Z555
Step 2 (Service Mode operation)
1, When service mode is set, the display will
change
6
times,
and
those
6
changes
will
be
repeated over and over.
With
this
the
LCD
display
should
be
present
in
service
mode,
Even
if
LCD
does
not
display,
other
operations
will
be
performed.
2.
When
DP
or
Kd
key
is
pressed,
the
UPF
moves
to
the
inside
or
outside
circumference.
Tracking
servo
and
sled
servo
go
off
when
this
is
done,
so
press
KEY-MODE
to
turn
on
the
tracking
servo
if
necessary.
3.
When
REMAIN
is
pressed,
the
display
stops.
When
REMAIN
is
released,
the
display
con-
tinues
to
change.
This
allows
check
of
each
segment.
4.
When
Pil
key
is
pressed,
CLV-S
(pull-in
mode)
starts
while
performing
focus
search.
When
there
is
no
disc
installed,
focus
search
is
re-
peated
several
times
while
disc
motor
is
rotating.
5.
When
KEY-MODE
is
pressed,
tracking
servo,
sled
servo
and
CLV-A
(servo
during
PLAY)
go
ON.
6. When 4 and 5 are performed, the disc begins to
play. At this time, the top panel should be
closed and S901 are to be ON.
7. All servo (focus, tracking, sled and spindle) go
off when M key is pressed. But disc motor
continues rotating for a while by inartia.
Step 3 (Service Mode release)
1, First be sure to unplug the external power
supply, then remove the TEST point solder
jumper.
2. The set will now operated normally.
TEST
Solder jumper for service mode.
sited checking or adjusting in service a
be sure to remove this solder jumper.
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_5—

D-555/Z555 |
SECTION 3
ELECTRICAL ADJUSTMENTS
Notes on Adjustment
iV
ty
Perform adjustments except for RECHARGEA-
BLE VOLTAGE ADJUSTMENT and BATTERY
DISPLAY ADJUSTMENT in service mode. Be
sure to release service mode after completing
adjustment.
(Refer to ‘Service Mode (service program)’’ on
page 5.)
. Perform adjustments in the order given.
. Use YEDS-18 disc (part No.: 3-702-101-01) unless
otherwise indicated.
. Power supply voltage: DC 9 V
HOLD switch: OFF
PREPARATION
Put the set into service mode (see page 5) and per-
form the following checks. Repair if there are any
abnormalities.
I.
7
“
nN
Sled Motor Check
Press the OPEN button and open the top panel.
. Press thep>P| , Kd keys and make sure that the
UPF moves smoothly, without catching, from the
inmost ~ outmost > inmost circumference.
p> : UPF moves outward
kd<q : UPF moves inward
Focus Search Check
. Press the OPEN button and open the top panel.
. Press the P¥B key. (Focus search is performed
continuously.)
. Observe the UPF objective lens and check that it
moves smoothly up and down with no catching or
noises.
. Press the Mf key.
Check that focus search operation stops. If it does
not stop, press the Ml key again longer than before.
But disc motor continues rotating for a while by
inartia.
VC (1/2 Vcc) Connecting Point
FOCUS BIAS ADJUSTMENT
TRACKING BALANCE ADJUSTMENT
When the adjustments above are performed, connect
the O side of oscilloscope to the point below.
oscilloscope
to adjustment
Point
10
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| D-555/Z555
Battery
Display
Adjustment
+6
V
Adjustment
Adjustment
Procedure:
VOM
Adjustment
Procedure:
VOM
(de
range)
(de
range)
main
board
P|
main
board
|
|
+
TP
(VREF)
0-1.
IP
196
Vi9w———
6
10802 (3) O=--/
1.
Put
the
set
into
service
mode
(see
page
5).
2.
Connect
the
VOM
to
main
board
TP
(+6
V).
3.
Adjust
RV401
for
+6+0.1
V
reading
on
the
VOM.
1.
Apply
dc
+3.5
V
to
terminals
for
bult
in
battery
(BP-2).
2.
Insert
the
disc
(YEDS-18)
and
put
the
set
into
play mode.
3.
Adjust
RV801
so
that
main
board
IC802
(i)
voltage
and
TP
(VREF)
voltage
are
equal.
4. If 1C802 a) voltage is heigher than TP (VREF)
voltage when turning the RV801 fully counter-
clockwise, short the jumper point (A) as shown
below and adjust RV801.
Adjustment Location: main board
4.
After
adjustment,
release
service
mode
(see
page
5).
Adjustment Location: main board
battery
terminals
TP(+6V)
TP
(VREF)
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D-555/Z555 |
+3.4 V Adjustment Rechargeable Voitage Adjustment
VOM
(de range)
VOM
(de range)
main board | | main board ||
+
Adjustment Procedure: Adjustment Procedure:
TP (+3.4 V) TP (R. ae
4 ;
1,
Put
the
set
into
service
mode
(see
page
5).
1,
Connect
the
VOM
to
main
board
test
point
TP
2. Connect the VOM to main board test point TP (R.V).
(+3.4
V).
2.
Apply
DC
9V
with
requrated
de
power
supply
3.
Adjust
the
pattern
connecting
(
@
or
©)
to
from
external
power
jack
CN401.
obtain
3.4
to
3.55
V
reading
on
the
VOM.
3.
Adjust
RV402
for
7.05
—
7.5
V
reading
on
the
VOM.
VOM reading
Note: Measure after the VOM reading becomes stable.
down Adjustment Location: main board
O: short XX: open
4. After adjustment, release service mode (see page
5).
Adjustment Location: main board
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PLL Free Run Frequency Check and Adjustment
Check/Adjustment Procedure:
frequency counter
servo board
= as
os cuumee
.
Disconnect
the
jumper
point
@)
(EFM)
in
the
diagram below.
.
Connect
a
frequency
counter
to
servo
board
test
point
TP
(PLCK).
3.
Put
the
set
into
service
mode
(see
page
5);
.
Check
that
the
frequency
counter
reading
is
4.3218
+0.01
MHz.
If
not,
adjust
RV504
so
that
it
is
4.3218
+0.01
MHz.
.
After
adjustment,
release
service
mode
(see
page
St
6.
Short
the
jumper
point
shorted
in
step
1.
Cheek/Adjustment
Location:
servo
board
e
®eaeneee,
SXBL1T 2S
EFM solder jumper point
Disconnect for checking an
[eciestmen t. Short after
checking and adjustment.
6.04/25 (B)| 7 |S
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EFM solder
jumper point
—— |
“F655 9S
050
5
| D-555/Z555
Tracking Balance Adjustment
Conditions:
The
set
should
be
placed
either
horizontally.
oscilloscope
Adjustment Procedure: (DC range)
servo board
TP
(TE) eS i +
VC
(1/2
Vec)
0m
—
(See page 6.)
1.
Connect
the
oscilloscope
to
servo
board
TP
(TE).
2.
Put
the
set
into
service
mode
(see
page
5).
3. Press the PPI and 44 keys to move the UPF to
the center.
4.
Insert
the
disc
(YEDS-18)
and
close
the
top
panel.
5. Press the PBN key.
It will go from focus search to focus on, and
CLV pull-in mode state. Tracking and sled are
OFF.
. Adjust RVS0O2 so that the oscilloscope waveform
is symmetrical on the top and bottom in relation
toOV.
Note: Take sweep time as long.as possible to obtain best
waveform.
A A
1.3—2.3 Vp-p9V
a | B
A=B A=8
.
Unplug
the
external
power
supply
to
stop
spindle
motor from rotating.
.
After
adjustment,
release service
mode
(see
page
SD
Adjustment Location: servo board
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D-555/Z555 |
Focus Bias Adjustment
Conditions:
The set should be placed either horizontally.
Adjustment
Procedure:
oscilloscope
(DC range)
servo board C)
Le 2k2
(RF) O——"——O +
Vc (1/2 Vcc) O=———_© -
(See page 6.)
oscilloscope
(DC range)
O
1C502 @8) (FE) +
VC (1/2 Vec) ! =
(See page 6.)
servo board
. Put the set into service mode (see page 5).
. Connect the oscilloscope to servo board test point
TP (RF).
. Press the PPI and M4 keys to move the UPF to
the center. (Move the UPF to the music area on
the disc to enable easy visibility of the eye pat-
tern).
. Insert the disc (YEDS-18) and close the top panel.
. Press the P&B key.
It will go from focus search to focus on, and
[cuv pull-in mode state. Tracking and sled re)
OFF.
. Press the KEY-MODE button. (Tracking and sled
go ON.)
. Adjust RV503 so that the oscilloscope waveform
eye pattern is good. A good eye pattern means
that the diamond shape (©) in the center of the
waveform can be clearly distinguished.
RF Signal Reference Waveform (eye pattern)
VOLT/DIV: 200 mV
TIME/DIV: 500nS_
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0.1 V
- Push the Hi (STOP) button spindle motor from
rotating and remove the disc.
. Remove the disc and connect the oscilloscope to
main board IC502 @8) (FE).
. Adjust RV503 again refering to the table followed.
more than +50 mV | Not adjust again.
+50 mV ~ +20 mV Adjust RV503 again for +50 mV
reading on oscilloscope.
+20 mV ~ —20 mV Adjust RV503 again for -20 mV
reading on oscilloscope.
11. After adjustment, release service mode (see page
5).
Adjustment Location: servo board
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Focus/Tracking Gain Adjustment
A frequency responce analyzer or CD jig is necessary
in order to perform this adjustment exactly.
However, this gain has a margin, so even if it is slight-
ly off, there is no problem. Therefore, do not per-
from this adjustment.
Focus/tracking gain determines the pick-up followup
(vertical and horizontal) relative to mechanical noise
and metchnical shock when the 2-axis device operate.
However, as these reciprocate, the adjustment is at
the point where both are satisfied.
@ When gain is high, the noise when the 2-axis device
operates increases.
@ When gain is low, it is more susceptible to mecha-
nical shock and skipping occurs more easily.
This adjustment is to be performed when replacing
the following parts:
® optical pick-up block
® RV505 (focus gain VR)
® RVS5O1 (tracking gain VR)
Be careful not to move RV505 (focus gain volume)
and RVS5O01 (tracking gain volume) ordinarily.
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On this set, it is very difficult to simplify this
adjustment. For those sets on which symptoms
such as ‘‘occasional skipping” are hard to discover,
or it is hard to tell if the set has been repaired,
use the CD jig and perform this adjustment. Refer
to the diagram below for connection of the CD jig.
The adjustment procedure is described in the sepa-
rate CD Jig Instruction Manual.
CD Jig Connecting Procedure:
Remove the solder jumpers at the TE and FE loca-
tions and connect the DC jig.
(Connect the points on both TE and FE located on
the side of IC501 to the output to the CD jig, and
points located on the side of volumes to the input
from the CD jig.)
— servo board -
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SECTION 4
DIAGRAMS
4-1. WAVEFORMS 4-2. BLOCK DIAGRAM
O PLAY @ 11.3pSEC ® 136m SEC ® 60n SEC
i+
TT ee
PVN TT PN | Tp | | LWW ;
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APPROX. 50mVp-p Poser on
3.6Vp-p 100mVp-p 0.36Vp-p {p_) PROCESSOR,
RF AMP /SIGNAL
PROCESSOR
MIDPOINT VOLTAGE
REGULATOR
, IC 501
2) PLAY: 8) 0.5 SEC ® 136m SEC 20) O.12pSEC STOMA
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APPROX.
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120mVp-p
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3.5 Vp-p 5: 5°Vp"p 4Vp-p
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++ e—| | a |
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0.6Vp-p 1.5 Vp-p C801 60pin 2.8Vp-p
3.6Vp-p IC801 6lpin 1.4Vp-p
OPTICAL PICK-UP
KSS-1678
@ 22. 7pSEC @ 0.2 SEC ® 22.7mSEC ®
-+——_+ — emerges
| | | | 3.4V
3.6 Vp-p
3.1Vp-p 4.1Vp-p
— 0.4V
a
9m
SEC
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RAM
RF AMP /SIGNAL RAM S 2
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C505
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viniz @) VIN 5.0V:
vnss @e— TC RS SWITCH SWITCH REG
aa 9463 417,415,430
cael 046! 414,416
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DIGITAL SIGNAL
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C601
SI audio
DIGITAL
PROCESSOR
DIGITAL
FILTER
LRCKO
AUDIO AMP
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Q466,464,465
OK
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1C103,203
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Q432
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4-3.
PRINTED
WIRING
BOARD
—MAIN
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page
30
for
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Lead
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LCD 801 LCD MODULE
(SEGMENT)
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4-4. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
SEG6 SEG2
1 2 3
—MAIN SECTION —
«See page 12
A '(KEY BOARD)
for waveforms.
* See page 31 for IC block
6 7 8
[LED-2 BOARD)
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1C856
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diagram.
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10 11 12
Note:
e All capacitors are in uF unless otherwise noted. pF: uwuF e
50WV or less are not indicated except for electrolytics
and tantalums.
e All resistors are in 2 and '/,W or less unless otherwise
specified.
e % : indicates tolerance.
Note: The components identified by mark A or dotted :
line with mark A are critical for safety. e
Replace only with part number specified.
e@ eee : B+ Line
e [J]: adjustment for repair.
14 15 16 17
Power voltage is dc 9V and fed with regulated dc power
supply from external power voltage jack.
nomark: stop
( ): play
< >: values when a power supply of 9V dc supplied
from the battery terminal.
Voltages are taken with a VOM (Input impedance 10MQ),
Circled numbers refer to waveforms.
Signal path.
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18 19 20
Q461 , 463
REG
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1
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4-5. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
—SERVO SECTION — ° See page 12 for waveforms. * See page 31 for IC block diagram.
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
[
[SERVO
BOARD)
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line with mark are critical for safety.
Replace only with part number specified.
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Power voltage is dc 9V and fed with regulated dc power
12 13 14 15 16 17° 18 19 20
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Note:
e All capacitors are in uF unless otherwise noted. pF: uuF
50WV or less are not indicated except for electrolytics
and tantalums.
e@ All resistors are in 2 and '/,W or less unless otherwise
\ specified.
| ° % : indicates tolerance,
|
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a, | a
ih
supply from external power voltage jack.
nomark: stop
( ): play
< >: values when a power supply of 9V dc supplied
from the battery terminal.
Voltages are taken with a VOM (Input impedance 10M),
Circled numbers refer to waveforms.
Signal path.
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