Texas Instruments TI-60 User manual

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
TI-60
OWNER'S MANUAL
MANUALE D'ISTRUZIONI
*

KEY INDEX
This Indexed Keyboard provides a quick page relerence to the description ol
each key
®i«
tHV: 5
H6S147
wa*
m\*
[oBc’s
(Part] 43
LRN 44
[CPI 45 Mat] 50
88T 48
[Del] 48
laSf 48
[Pause] 45
hyp 23
<0> 33
[Fix] 15
m 23
<e> 33
|P-R] 37
rpoal 23
<F> 33
[DMS-00] 39
tan] 23
[DRQt> ] 22
DRG 22
I*F-*q 37
i®32
<A> 33
[Eng] 14
Bel 13
<B> 33
to»W137
iofll 20
<C> 33
Pb-kg] 37
fhw] 20
pn<m] 37
S*h»
[Frq] 26
1=2 »
[Mean] 27
5***] io
[On-1] 27
ffl 10
[<m| 27
ID 10
[Corr] 28
ffl*
ICSRJ 6
[STOi 16
(tatcp) 28
Ba
[Slope] 28
[8]8
1*1 29
B a
PI 29
® 9
|1b«| 21
stag i7
[Sgn] 19
®a
[Free] 19
@]a
pntg] 19
[ajs
PH*
09
jvii »
!iac]i7
11*3 19
m a
nqi 2
® a
[CM] 8
@18
|nC»12i
@9
is
E 9
1*124
SI 8
[AH] 24
s«
P al 33
f<7^1 a
[nPr] 21
@9
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Texas Instruments reserves the right to matte changes In materials and
specifications without notice
Copynght © 1066. Texas Instruments
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 — The keys
Introduction 2
Section 1 — Keyboard and Display Basics 4
The Keyboard 4
The Display 5
Display Indicators 6
Integer rounding 7
Section 2 — Data Entry Keys 8
0 : 9 - Digit keys 8
PH — Decimal point key 8
liEI — Change sign key 8
I * - P» Hey a
CE'C 2nd [CM], 2nd [CP], 2nd [CSR] — Clearing keys 8
C5j. El. fill, [tJ . — Arithmetic keys g
Algebraic Operating System (AOS ™ 1 g
*'*y — X exchange y key 10
LT j • m — Parontheses keys 10
'2nd [K] — Constant key 12
Display tdrmats 12
OKI — Scientific notation key 13
2nd [Eng] — Engineering notation key 14
2nd [FI*] — FI* decimal key 15
Memory operations 15
2nd j [CM] - Clear memories key 18
ISTO m — Store memory key 18
RCL m — Recall memory key 17
IEXC m — Exchange memory key 17
Memory arithmetic 17
Section 3 — Algebraic keys ig
2nd [x], 2nd [Sgn], 2nd [Intg], 2nd! [Free] — Number Portion
keys 19
2nd [vxj, 2nd {**] — Square rool and square keys ig
X* IMV y* — Universal power and root keys ig
ilnx log INV Ini INV log - Logarithm and
. anttloganlhm keys 20
2nd [I7x] - Reciprocal key 20
2nd [xf], 2nd [nPr] 2nd [nCr] — Factorial, permutations and
combinations keys 20
OflG inv ORG 2nd [DRG»] — Degree radian and grad keys 22
sin cos tan INV sin . INV cos INV tan -
Trigonometric keys 23
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
itwol — Hyperbolic function Key 23
2nd [H|, 2nd ] ^4%] — Percent and percent change keys 24
Section 4 — Statistics 25
2n d i (CSR) - Clear statistical registers Keys 26
t* » y INV - + * -V INV 5t 2nd (FrqJ-
Siatistics
data entry keys 26
2nd (Mean] 2nd (Mean] x-^y - Mean keys
2nd [on-1], 2nd (on]. 2nd [.m-1] * V 2nd ( n| «-.y -
Standard deviation Keys
2nd [Corr] — Correlation key
2nd [Intcp], 2nd (Slope] - Intercept and slope key
2nd (yl. 2nd (*'] - Predicted value keys
Statistics example
Linear regression
Section 5 — Number Systems
[jjfiLI ■ IMV ' OH] - Number system mode key
(2‘s| — Two's complement key
Entenng hexadecimal numbers
Entering octal numbers
Number systems Examples
Section 6 — Conversion keys 37
2nd fF-*q. INV 2nd (*F-»C1 — Fahrenheit/centigrade
conversion keys 37
2nd (gal -1] INV 2nd (gal - IJ — US Galton/lltre conversion keys 37
2nd [irv-cm] INV 2nd - inch/centimetre conversion keys 37
2nd [Ib-kg], INV 2nd [lb-kg] - Pound/Kilogram
conversion keys 37
2nd [PR], INV 2nd] (P R] - Polar/rectangular conversion keys 37
2nd (DMS-DD] INV 2nd (DMS-ODJ - Degrees/minutes/seconds to
decimal degrees conversion keys 39
Section 7 — Programming Keys 42
The Memory *2
2nd (Pert] — Memory partition key sequence 43
LRN - Learn mode koy 44
2nd [CPI - Clear program key 4 &
(RST] 2nd [Pause] fi/S - Reset. Run/Stop and Pause Keys «
The keystroke codes *6
Entenng and Running a program 47
Programming Example 47
Editing programs 4e
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
[liri . |BST] — Single step and back step key* 4B
2nd (Oel| — Delete program step key sequence 48
Revising a program step or a block of program steps 49
2nd (Ustj - List program key sequence 50
Section 8 — Integration St
d* Integration key 51
Trigonometric integrals 62
Chapter 2 — Elementary Programming
Area ot a circle 58
Projectile Calculations 57
Area under the Normal Curve 59
Appendices
A. Error conditions 62
General 62
Hexadecimal mode 63
Octal modo 63
Statrslical 63
B Inverse functions 65
General lunctlon limits 65
Inverse trigonometric function ranges 65
Inverse function table 66
C Integration Simpson's rule 67
D. Service and Warranty Information 68
In Case of Difficulty 68
Battery Replacement 69
Suggestions 69
Two-year warranty 70
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CHAPTER 1
THE KEYS

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Advanced professional calculators, such as this calculator are marvels made
possible by the most recenl breakthroughs In semiconductor technology
The integrated circuit, which made handheld calculators possible, appeared
only a tew years ago The calculator has many capabilities that make it the
best choice for scientific applications Its features indude
• Algebraic Operating System (AOS ™ *)
Comprehensive data entry with the number and decimal keys, a tr key. a
key to exchange x and y values, and parentheses Multiplication, division,
addition and subtraction may be used with the Algebraic Operating
Systom (which allows the entry of most problems as they are written) with
up to four operations and 15 parentheses pending, and the results stored
in up to twelve user data momones Data may be entered and displayed in
standard format (with the necessary number ot decimal places), In
scientific format, and In engineenng format
• Mathematical and Scientific Functions
Mathematical and scientific keys for all trequent needs, including
reciprocal, square, square root, universal powers and roots, percent,
percent change, factorial. s>gnum. absolute value, fractional pad. integer
pad. permutations, combinations, loganthms in both common and natural
form, and ail common Ingonomelnc and hyperbolic functions and their
Inverses Angular measures are displayed in degrees, radians, or grads,
and are easily convertible from one to the other
• Statistical Functions
A full rango ol statistical keys, including simple data entry and correction
with multiple data point capability, mean, and both population and sample
standard deviation Also available are keys for solving linear regression
and trend-line problems, including correlation, slope. Intercept, and one
value given another
• Number System Modes
In addition to the decimal number mode, the calculator enables you to
perform integer operations In the hexadecimal (base 16) and the octal
(base 8) number modes
• Built-in Conversions
Conversion keys for degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Centigrade. US
gallons to litres, pounds to kilograms. Inches to centimetres, polar to
rectangular coordinates, degrees/minutes/seconds to decimal degrees, and
the reverse of each of these
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
• Straight-line Programming
A full range ol programming keys, Including run/stop, team,
rosfll. single slep. backstep, insert, delete and pause Up to
84 programming steps may be In each program
Preprogrammed functions may be integrated
With this calculator you can solve problems and get
information that previously would have required a giant
computer Any calculator however is no more functional than
the knowledge ot the person who operates It By
understanding all of its features and becoming completely
acquainted with what It can (and cannot) do. you can solve
problems and gel information quickly and easily This book is
designed to explain, with many examples, what this
calculator can do
This chapter explains the essential features and keys ot the calculator
Included is some information on why each key is Important as well as how it
is used
The sections ol the chapter are listed below H you are lamiliar with the
bastes of the calculator, you may want to go immediately to the application
chapters
Section 1 — Keyboard and Display Basics
Section 2 — Data Entry Keys
Section 3 — Algebraic Keys
Section 4 — Statistics
Section 5 — Number Systems
Section 6 — Conversion Keys
Section 7 - Programming Keys
Section 8 — Integration
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CHAPTER 1*1
KEYBOARD AND DISPLAY BASICS
Section 1 — Keyboard and Display Basics
This section Is a quick explanation ol the bastes. Please keep the calculate*
with you so you can see the use of each feature as It is presented
Turn the calculator on with the CE/C1 key
The LQN key and the |COC key are physically the same key Although
"ON - is printed above the Cj/6 1 key. it is not a second function If Ihe
calculator is ofl, pressing this key turns It on ; If the calculator is already
on. this key operates as a ctear/clear entry key
This guidebook uses [g®L for references to turning the calculator on and
Ct/C lor references to clearing operations
A zero appears in the display and a number of Indicators may appear If
STAT is shown, press the key marked 2nd and then the key marked STO
with CSR above it
If PROG is displayed, at least one program step naa been entered into the
calculator's program memory To clear the program memory, press 2nd .
then press ]CP] The program memory Is cleared, and PROG Is erased from
the display
Note : Aftor you have cleared the program memory, you may wish to ensure
that the maximum number ot data memories are available (12).
Press 2nd [Part) then press <C> PI 07 C is displayed . press C6/C to
clear the display (Refer lo section 7 for more information,)
Press 2nd ' [CM] to clear the data memories
The display now shows a zero and a DEG Indicator The calculator is ready
to portorm all normal (unctions
If the battenes are momentarily removed or replaced, clear tho calculator by
pressing |C|@1 2nd (CSR) C€/C 2nd [CPJ 2nd [CM) 2nd [Part)
<c>. c&c
The display then shows zero and DEG
The Keyboard
Tha calculator has many features that make calculations easy and accurate
To allow the use ot all these features wtthoul crowding the keyboard, most
of the keys have more than one function Notice that most ot the keys have
symbols printed above them m addition to those on them The symbols
printed above the keys are second functions. To perform one of these
functions press [Smt ] and then press the key for the function that you wish
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CHAPTER 1-1
KEYBOARD AND DISPLAY BASICS
to perform For example, to rind the square ot 4 5. enter 4 5 and press
2nd [**] Pressing the 2nd key twice returns the following key to its first
function
The keys In the third and fourth rows are the keys that have an inverse
function To perform the Inverse functions ol these Keys, press the |NV
key and then the key for the function When, jNVJ Is pressed before a
function key the calculator executes the Inverse of the function Indicated by
that key For example pressing HiV sin finds the arcsine (sin 'j of the
number in the display Pressing W twice returns the following key to its
non-inverse function
The mvorso function key can be used with the 2nd ] function key The keys
INV and 2nd may be used in any order in normal calculations, but must
be j INV I loltowed by 2nd in a program
The Display
Turn the calculator on wttn the CE/C key. The C6/C key is also used to
clear entnea and operations If you are entering a number and make a
mistake, press tho C£/C key and re-enter ihe number It an operation key
has already been pressed, pressing the \CtlC] key clears alt pending
oporahons and operands entered Pressing the CE/C koy twice always
clears the display and all pending operations and operands from the
calculator
The l.Cf/C. key Is also uBed to clear the word "Error" from the display
"Error" appears any time that an error occurs because of the problem
that is being solved Tho most common Instances ot "Error" are in
attempting to divide by zero, when taking the root or power of b negative
number and when exceeding the maximum or minimum number that the
calculator can handle See the Appendix for moro Information
During calculations, the indicators are displayed and the digits disappear
This occurs briefly except when doing cortaln statistical problems and when
running a program During Integration, the display briefly shows the value ot
the function at the end ot each integration interval
Turning the calculator oft (with the ! OFF koy) and back on (with the [Bg]
key) removes the number in the display and any pending calculations Other
numbers. In user data memories and in the programming or statistical
registers, as well as the mode the calculator la in (statistics or programming)
stay In the machine. The calculator always comes on in the degree mode
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CHAPTER 1-1
KEYBOARD AND DISPLAY BASICS
The display shows entries and results with a maximum ot to significant
digits although the calculator's internal display register retains a maximum
ot 13 digits
Display Indicators
Note : The display includes compound indicators that are never displayed In
their entirety For example, the DEGRAD Indicator Is never entirely
displayed rather, it is partially displayed as either DEG. RAD. or GRAD
2ND The calculator will access the second function
of the next key pressed This Indicator appears
when you press 2nd'
STAT The calculator is in the statistics mode You
can enter statistical data values and perform
statistical calculations
HEX The calculator Is In the hexadecimal number
mode You can perform arithmetic calculations
with hexadecimal (base 16) numbers
OCT The calculator is in the octal number mode
You can perform arithmetic calculations with
octal (base 8) numbers
DEG The calculator la In the degree mode All
angles are Interpreted as degrees
RAD The calculator Is In the radian mode All angles
aro interpreted es radians
GRAD The calculator is In th# grad mode All angles
are Interpreted as grads
X The displayed number represents the x
coordinate in a pair of rectangular coordinates
Y The displayed number represents the y
coordinate in a pair of rectangular coordinates
0 The displayed number represents the angle 0
(theta) coordinate In a pair of polar coordinates
R The displayed number represents the r (length)
coordinate In a pair ot polar coordinates
PROG At least one program step has been entered
Into the calculator’s program memory.
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chapter 1-1
KEYBOARD AND DISPLAY BASICS
Integer Rounding
Because a problem Is solved as a sequence ol steps, a calculation that
should produce an Integer result may produce a 13-digit, fractional result
To prevent this situation, ttie calculator uses the Internal guard digits »o
determine how to display the result
It Ihe fractional part of the 13-digH result is greater than 0 9999999994 the
calculator automatically rounds the number to the next Integer value
For example, consider the following problem
1 + 3x3-7
internally. Ihe calculator solves the problem in two steps, as shown below
1 + 3 - 0 3333333333333 Then
0 3333333333333 x 3 - 0 9999999999999
Most calculations are accurate to within * 1 In the last displayed digit The
higher-order mathematical functions use Ueratrve calculations In most
cases, the cumulative error from these calculations is maintained beyond
the 10-drglt display so that no inaccuracy is shown.
Automatic Power Down (APD ™ )
To conserve power after 15 to 35 minutes ot nonuse the calculator is
automatically powered down through the APD ™ feature However. |ust
turning It back on allows you to continue in the same state the calculator
was In and use the values in the user data memories, statistics registers,
and any stored program Any pending operations and intermediate values
are lost. The effect Is Ihe same as it you had pressed Ihe OFF key
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CHAPTER 1-2
DATA ENTRY KEYS
Section 2 — Data Entry Keys
The following Keys a/e used in enlenng. removing, and manipulating data lo
be used in subsequent calculations
OB 'HI - Digit keys
The digit keys allow any number to be entered into the display in a logical
len-to-rigM order
CD — Decimal point key
The calculator operates with a floating decimal point which can be placed
wherever needed The decimal point Is not displayed for integer numbers A
zero precedes the decimal point for numbers less than one Zeros trailing
h! ° n riflW 01 a dec,mal P°'"' are displayed unless
displaced ^ * *** *** USed ' ° ** lhe number °* decimal places
LtS — Chang# sign key
Pressing tne change sign key instructs the calculetor to chsnge the s.on of
the displayed value This allows the use ol negative numbers in calculations
EH — PI key
The x- key enters lhe value of pi to 13 significant digits, with a value
Of 3 141592653590, The display shows the value of p. rounded ,’ Z
digits, or 3 141592654
fC«] 2nd (CP). 2nd |CSflj - Clearing keys
The 1C6/C key is used lo dear entries end operations If e mistaken
number is entered, press the CjL/C key and re-enter lhe number It an
operation key has already been pressed, pressing the CE/C Key clears all
pending operations and the operands entered Pressing the CE/C Key iwice
,he and 011 Pending operaiions and operands from lhe
calculator The user data memories, program registers, and statistical
registers are not affected by this Key
The 2nd [CM] Key dears the values from all user data memories. It does
nol affect a program or data in fhe statistical registers
The 2nd i [CPJ Key clears the current program and resets to step 00 so
that a new one can be entered
The 2nd (CSRJ Keys clears the statistical registers and STAT is erased
from lhe display.
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CHAPTER 1-2
DATA ENTRY KEYS
♦ . L±.i . *J — Arithmetic keys
The basic arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division are performed with these live keys The equals key completes all
pending operations and prepares the calculator tor new calculations
Several operations can be combined in one expression and entered into the
calculator as whiten from left to right The calculator has a special feature
called the Algebraic Operating System to sod the operations and perform
them In the correct order
Algebraic Operating System (AOS ™ )
The AOS ™ Algebraic Operating System allows entenng numbers and
combined operations into the calculator in the same order In which they are
written mathematically Combined operations are performed following the
universally accepted rules of the algebraic hierarchy which assign priorities
to the various mathematical operations Without such a fixed set ol rules,
expressions with several operations could have more than one correct
Interpretation For example, the expression,
9 ♦ 4 x 3 - 2
could have several different results However, the rules of the algebraic
hierarchy stale thal multiplications and divisions should be performed before
additions and subtractions Using these priorities, the calculator finds the
correct solution is 15 The complete algebraic hierarchy, in descending
order ot priority, Is
1 The following perform the indicated function on the displayed
value immediately trigonometric, hyperbolic, square square
root, factonal, exponential, reciprocal, conversion, absolute
value. Integer, fractional part, signum, combinations,
permutations, percent, and logarithmic keys.
2. The percent change key.
3. The universal powers and roots keys
4 Multiplication and division keys.
5. Addition and subtraction keys
6 . The equals key [=j completes all pending operations
The calculator allows you to enter a maximum of tour pending operations If
you attempt to enter a film, an arror condition occurs Alt pending
operations are cleared when you turn the calculator off or press ££/C
CE/C:, 2nd i [P-R] INV 2nd [P-R] or a statistical operation or data
entry key (except 2nd [Frqj)
9-G8

CHAPTER 1-2
DATA ENTRY KEYS
The keys on ihe r»ghl side of the calculator are positioned to help you to
remember the AOS ™ hierarchy
3FJ
□ D
S3
M
53
Operations with the same priority in an expression are performed left to
right To illustrate the Algebraic Operating System, consider this example
4+ 5* X 7 ♦ 3 x 5“*®°* = 3 241320344
♦ 1TB 5
2 nd (**1
53
753
353
5 V
Display Comments
0 Clear display and pending
operations
5 The division Is pending
25 Special function [2nd lx*) is
performed immediately
0 16 First division performed
1 12 Multiplication performed, addition
pending
3 Second multiplication pending
0.5 Universal exponential pending
0.5 Special function performed
immediately
3 241320344 Equals sign completes all pending
operations
Note : if an Incorrect operation rs entered white there are pending
calculations, it is safest to press CE/C CE/C and restart the problem
US?! — s Exchange y key
In some calculating situations, the roles of x and y may be reversed after
they nave been entered This key can be used to reverse the factors in
multiplication the divisor and dividend in division, or x and y in y»
and *vy
It is also used in statistical calculations and polar to rectangular
conversions, discussed later
HI. UJ - Parentheses keys
Some calculations require specifying the exact order in which numbers and
operations are to be grouped Placing a senes of numbers and operations in

CHAPTER 1-2
DATA ENTRY KEYS
order directed by the normal algebraic hierarchy Within each set ol
parentheses, the calculator operates according to the rules of the algebraic
hierarchy Use the parentheses it there Is any doubt about how the
calculator will handle an expression
Example : 7 x (3 ♦ 4) -49
Press Display Comments
CBC f QB Cl 0 Clear display and pending
operations
7 DL1 CD * ED 4 CD 7 Addition result. muttpUcation
pending
HT1 49 Result
The close parenthesis does not supply a missing number It does, however
complete the operation started with the most recent open parenthesis If no
open parenthesis is pending, the close parenthesis completes all pending
operations
There are limits to how many operations and associated numbers can be
pending As many as fifteen parentheses can be open at any one time and
lour operations can be pending, but only in the most complex situations wilt
these limits be approached
You may see equations or expressions written with parentheses used to
indicate implied multiplication <2 ♦ 1)(3 ♦ 2) - 15 The calculator does not
perform implied multiplications You must enter the multiplication sign
id a do itnanm t go «m ®
Here is an example on using parentheses
Example : Evaluate _T ^ - - 173 9230769
In problems of this type, the calculator must evaluate Ihe entire numerator,
then divide by the entire denominator To be sure that this takes place, add
an extra set of parentheses around the numerator and denominator
Press Display Comments
!C!/£! CC/C 0 Clear display and pending
mm • m ® : CCjLI 17 <8 ♦ 9) displayed
IB r+T- XI G B - 323 The value of the numerator
1 1 -OB

CHAPTER 1-2
DATA ENTRY KEYS
fCOnUniMO)
Press Display Comments
mm am 10 io
i ) JOB 7Q3 1 857142857 The value ot the denominator
HT1 -173 9230780 The result
r&vd pq - Constant key
The 2nd |KJ key stores a number and an operation tor use in repetrtlve
calculations Once the number and operation are stored, key in the numbers
you want them lo work on. press = , and the answer is displayed
Calculations using the 2 nd ; fK] feature can be repeated as often as
needed Here is how it works:
• Entor the operation
• Enter the repetitive number m
• Press 2nd [K|
• Press 'Vi
From then on
• Enter the number to be operated on
• Press «
The 2nd (K) feature works in the following way with certain operation keys
on the calculator
S m 2nd i IK] .
m 2nd pq -
x m 2nd pq *
R3 m 2nd [K] =
y« m 2nd [K| =
TNV gs] m!W;pqr» I
2nd lAHlmiWIKlS
Adds m to each subsequent entry
Subtracts m from each subsequent entry.
Multiplies each subsequent entry by m.
Divides each subsequent entry by m.
Raises each subsequent entry to the m*
power, giving y"
Takes the m 1 " root of each subsequent entry
giving "Vy
Calculates the percentage cnange between
each subsequent entry s and m. computing
* m m * W.
You may enter 2nd [K] while doing the first in the series ot problems
Example : Multiply 2. 4, 6. and 8 by T
Press
CE/C CE/C
Display Comments
0
Clear display and pending
operations
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