Wurth Elektronik THEMISTO-I User manual

USER MANUAL
THEMISTO-I
2609041191000
VERSION 1.6
JUNE 29, 2023

***************
MUST READ
Check for firmware updates
Before using the product make sure you use the most recent firmware version, data sheet
and user manual. This is especially important for Wireless Connectivity products that were
not purchased directly from Würth Elektronik eiSos. A firmware update on these respective
products may be required.
We strongly recommend to include in the customer system design, the possibility for a firmware
update of the product.

WIRELESS CONNECTIVITY & SENSORS
User manual Themisto-I
Revision history
Manual
version
FW
version
HW
version Notes Date
1.0 2.5.0 1.0 •Initial version October 2019
1.1 3.0.0 1.0
•Updated the firmware update
chapter
•Introduced description of
transparent mode and related
UserSettings and commands
June 2020
1.2 3.0.0 1.0 •Added known issue: RTS pin
behavior when switching from
command to transparent mode
August 2020
1.3 3.0.0 1.0
•The description in this user
manual of the bit sequence of the
user setting OpMode_Flags has
been corrected
March 2021
1.4 3.0.0 1.0
Added details on BOOT pin:
•Updated chapter Pinout
•Updated chapter Reference
design
•Updated chapter Quickstart
•Updated pulldown resistor value
for BOOT pin in section Update
via ACC software and UART
October 2021
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1.5 3.0.0 1.0
•Corrected HW revision
requirement in revision history.
Most recent hardware version is
1.0.0.
•New corporate design.
May 2023
1.6 3.0.0 1.0
•Added certificates in addition to
the required compliance
statements in chapter Regulatory
compliance information .
June 2023
?For firmware history see chapter Firmware history
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Abbreviations
Abbreviation Name Description
ACK Acknowledgement Acknowledgement pattern confirming the reception
of the transmitted data packet.
CS Checksum XOR checksum to check the correct transmission
of the prepended Bytes.
DC Duty cycle
Transmission time in relation of one hour. 1%
means, channel is occupied for 36 seconds per
hour.
FSE Field Sales Engineer Support and sales contact person responsible for
limited sales area.
0xhh [HEX] Hexadecimal
All numbers beginning with 0x are stated as
hexadecimal numbers. All other numbers are
decimal unless notified .
HIGH High signal level Signal level equals VCC.
LOW Low signal level Signal levels equals 0 Volts.
LPM Low power mode Operation mode for reduced power consumption.
LRM Long range mode Tx mode increasing the RX sensitivity by using
spreading and forward error correction.
LSB Least significant bit
MSB Most significant bit
PL Payload The real, non-redundant information in a frame /
packet.
RF Radio frequency Describes everything relating to the wireless
transmission.
UART
Universal
Asynchronous
Receiver Transmitter
The UART allows communicating with the module
of a specific interface.
US UserSettings
Any relation to a specific entry in the UserSettings
is marked in a special font and can be found in the
chapter 8 .
VCC Supply voltage
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Contents
Overview of helpful application notes 10
1. Introduction 11
1.1. Operational description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2. Blockdiagram..................................... 12
1.3. Orderinginformation................................. 12
2. Electrical specifications 13
2.1. Recommended operating conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2. Absolute maximum ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3. Powerconsumption.................................. 14
2.3.1. Static..................................... 14
2.4. Radiocharacteristics................................. 15
2.5. Pincharacteristics .................................. 15
3. Pinout 16
4. Quickstart 19
4.1. Minimal pin configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2. Powerup ....................................... 19
4.3. Quickstartexample.................................. 20
5. Functional description 22
5.1. Operatingmodes................................... 22
5.1.1. Determine operating mode on start-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.1.2. Switching from transparent to command mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.1.3. Switching from command to transparent mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.1.4. Transparentmode.............................. 23
5.1.5. /RTS signal, module busy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.1.6. Commandmode .............................. 24
5.2. Physicallayer..................................... 25
5.3. MACandnetworklayer ............................... 25
5.3.1. Addressingmodes ............................. 25
5.3.2. Unicast.................................... 26
5.3.3. Multicast/Broadcast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.3.4. Acknowledgement and retries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.3.5. Packet sniffer mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.3.6. Repeater mode and mesh network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.4. System configuration parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6. Host connection 28
6.1. Serialinterface:UART................................ 28
7. The command interface 29
7.1. Overview ....................................... 29
7.2. Data transfer and reception in the command mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
7.2.1. CMD_DATA_REQ.............................. 31
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7.2.2. CMD_DATAEX_REQ ............................ 31
7.2.3. CMD_DATAEX_IND............................. 33
7.2.4. CMD_REPEAT_IND ............................ 34
7.2.5. CMD_DUTYCYCLE_IND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
7.2.5.1. Example................................. 35
7.3. Requesting parameters, actions and events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7.3.1. CMD_RESET_REQ............................. 36
7.3.2. CMD_RESET_IND ............................. 36
7.3.3. CMD_SHUTDOWN_REQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7.3.4. CMD_STANDBY_REQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7.3.5. CMD_STANDBY_IND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7.3.6. CMD_RSSI_REQ.............................. 38
7.4. Modification of volatile parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
7.4.1. CMD_SET_PAPOWER_REQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
7.4.1.1. Example................................. 39
7.4.2. CMD_SET_CHANNEL_REQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
7.4.2.1. Example................................. 40
7.4.3. CMD_SET_DESTNETID_REQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
7.4.4. CMD_SET_DESTADDR_REQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.4.5. CMD_SET_MODE_REQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.5. Modification of non-volatile parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
7.5.1. CMD_SET_REQ .............................. 42
7.5.2. CMD_GET_REQ .............................. 43
7.5.3. CMD_FACTORY_RESET_REQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7.6. Messageoverview .................................. 45
8. UserSettings - Module configuration values 46
8.1. Difference between volatile and non-volatile settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
8.2. Modifying the UserSettings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
8.2.1. UART_Baudrate: Configure the UART speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
8.2.1.1. Example1................................ 47
8.2.1.2. Example2................................ 47
8.2.2. RADIO_DefaultRfProfile: Configure the RF-settings . . . . . . . . . . . 48
8.2.2.1. Example1................................ 48
8.2.2.2. Example2................................ 49
8.2.3. RADIO_DefaultRfTXPower: Configure the RF TX-power . . . . . . . . 50
8.2.3.1. Example1................................ 50
8.2.3.2. Example2................................ 50
8.2.4. RADIO_DefaultRfChannel: Configure the RF channel . . . . . . . . . . 51
8.2.4.1. Example1................................ 51
8.2.4.2. Example2................................ 51
8.2.5. MAC_DefaultAddressMode: Configure the address mode . . . . . . . 52
8.2.5.1. Example1................................ 53
8.2.5.2. Example2................................ 53
8.2.6. MAC_NumRetrys: Configure the number of retries . . . . . . . . . . . 54
8.2.6.1. Example1................................ 54
8.2.6.2. Example2................................ 54
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8.2.7. MAC_DefaultDestNetID: Configure the destination network id . . . . . 55
8.2.7.1. Example1................................ 55
8.2.7.2. Example2................................ 55
8.2.8. MAC_DefaultDestAddr: Configure the destination address . . . . . . . 56
8.2.8.1. Example1................................ 56
8.2.8.2. Example2................................ 56
8.2.8.3. Example3................................ 56
8.2.9. MAC_SourceNetID: Configure the source network id . . . . . . . . . . 58
8.2.9.1. Example1................................ 58
8.2.9.2. Example2................................ 58
8.2.10. MAC_SourceAddr: Configure the source address . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
8.2.10.1. Example1................................ 59
8.2.10.2. Example2................................ 59
8.2.10.3. Example3................................ 59
8.2.11. OpMode: Default operating mode of the module . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
8.2.11.1. Example1................................ 61
8.2.11.2. Example2................................ 61
8.2.12. OpMode_Flags: Configure transmission trigger for transparent mode . 62
8.2.12.1. Example1................................ 62
8.2.12.2. Example2................................ 63
8.2.13. UART_Timeout: Configure timeout for transparent mode . . . . . . . . 64
8.2.13.1. Example1................................ 64
8.2.13.2. Example2................................ 64
8.2.14. UART_ETX_Character0: Configure ETX characters for transparent
mode..................................... 65
8.2.14.1. Example1................................ 65
8.2.14.2. Example2................................ 65
8.2.14.3. Example3................................ 66
8.2.15. UART_ETX_Character1: Configure ETX character for transparent mode 67
8.2.15.1. Example1................................ 67
8.2.15.2. Example2................................ 67
8.2.16. CfgFlags: Configure the configuration flags of the module . . . . . . . 68
8.2.16.1. Example1................................ 68
8.2.16.2. Example2................................ 68
8.2.17. RpFlags: Configure the repeater flags of the module . . . . . . . . . . 70
8.2.17.1. Example1................................ 70
8.2.17.2. Example2................................ 71
8.2.18. RP_NumSlots: Configure the repeater data base . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
8.2.18.1. Example1................................ 72
8.2.18.2. Example2................................ 73
8.2.19. FactorySettings: Read out the factory settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
8.2.19.1. Example1................................ 74
8.2.20. FirmwareVersion: Read out the firmware version . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
8.2.20.1. Example1................................ 75
9. Timing parameters 76
9.1. Resetbehavior .................................... 76
9.1.1. Reset via /RESET pin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
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9.1.2. Reset as result of a serious error condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
9.2. Latencies when leaving standby or shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
9.2.1. Wake-up latency from standby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
9.2.2. Wake-up latency from shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
9.3. Latencies during data transfer / packet generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
10.Radio parameters 78
10.1. Channelassignment ................................. 78
11.Battery powered operation 80
12.Custom firmware 81
12.1. Custom configuration of standard firmware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
12.2. Customer specific firmware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
12.3. Customerfirmware.................................. 81
12.4. Contact for firmware requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
13.Flooding mesh: Using the repeater functionality 83
13.1. Setup of the network and repeater device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
13.2. Examplenetwork................................... 85
13.2.1. Application in parallel networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
14.Firmware updates 87
14.1. Firmware flashing using the production interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
14.2. Update via ACC software and UART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
15.Firmware history 89
15.1. Firmwarepreview................................... 90
16.Design in guide 91
16.1. Advice for schematic and layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
16.2. Dimensioning of the micro strip antenna line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
16.3. Antennasolutions .................................. 94
16.3.1.Wireantenna ................................ 95
16.3.2.Chipantenna ................................ 95
16.3.3.PCBantenna ................................ 95
16.3.4. Antennas provided by Würth Elektronik eiSos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
16.3.4.1. 2600130081 - Hyperion-I - 868 MHz dipole antenna . . . . . . . . 96
16.3.4.2. 2600130083 - Hydra-I - 915 MHz dipole antenna . . . . . . . . . . 97
17.Reference design 98
17.1. Schematic....................................... 99
17.2. Layout.........................................101
18.Manufacturing information 103
18.1. Moisture sensitivity level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
18.2. Soldering .......................................103
18.2.1.Reflowsoldering ..............................103
18.2.2.Cleaning...................................105
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18.2.3. Potting and coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
18.2.4.Othernotations ...............................105
18.3. ESDhandling.....................................106
18.4. Safety recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
19.Physical specifications 108
19.1. Dimensions......................................108
19.2. Weight.........................................108
19.3. Moduledrawing....................................109
19.4. Footprint........................................110
20.Marking 111
20.1. Lotnumber ......................................111
20.2. General labeling information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
21.Information for explosion protection 113
22.Regulatory compliance information 114
22.1. ImportantnoticeFCC ................................114
22.2. Conformity assessment of the final product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
22.3. Exemptionclause...................................114
22.4. FCC Compliance Statement (US) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
22.4.1.FCCcertificate ...............................115
22.5. IC Compliance Statement (Canada) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
22.5.1.ICcertificate.................................116
22.6. FCC and IC requirements to OEM integrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
22.7. Pre-certified antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
23.Important notes 119
23.1. General customer responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
23.2. Customer responsibility related to specific, in particular safety-relevant appli-
cations.........................................119
23.3. Best care and attention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
23.4. Customer support for product specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
23.5. Productimprovements................................120
23.6. Productlifecycle ...................................120
23.7. Propertyrights ....................................120
23.8. General terms and conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
24.Legal notice 121
24.1. Exclusionofliability..................................121
24.2. Suitability in customer applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
24.3. Trademarks ......................................121
24.4. Usagerestriction ...................................121
25.License terms 123
25.1. Limitedlicense ....................................123
25.2. Usageandobligations ................................123
25.3. Ownership.......................................124
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25.4. Firmwareupdate(s)..................................124
25.5. Disclaimer of warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
25.6. Limitationofliability..................................125
25.7. Applicable law and jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
25.8. Severabilityclause ..................................125
25.9. Miscellaneous.....................................125
A. Additional CRC8 Information 127
A.1. Example CRC8 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
A.2. CRC8TestVectors..................................127
B. Example codes for host integration 128
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Overview of helpful application notes
Application note ANR008 - Wireless Connectivity Software Development Kit
http://www.we-online.com/ANR008
To ease the integration of the Würth Elektronik eiSos radio modules into an application, Würth
Elektronik eiSos offers the corresponding Software Development Kit (SDK) for most commonly
used host processors. This SDK contains drivers and examples in C-code to communicate
with the corresponding radio module. This application note shows which SDKs are available
and describes how to download and use them.
Application note ANR010 - Range estimation
http://www.we-online.com/ANR010
This application note presents the two most used mathematical range estimation models, Friis
and two ray ground reflection, and its implementation in the range estimation tool of the RED-
EXPERT.
Application note ANR015 - From 868 MHz To 915 MHz
http://www.we-online.com/ANR015
Due to radio regulation laws in Europe and North America different frequencies are used in
the sub-GHz range for radio data transmission. Therefore Würth Elektronik eiSos offers each
product operating in the European 868 MHz range an counterpart operating in the American
915 MHz range. This application note shows which modules are comparable, where they differ
and what to consider when switching from 868 to 915 MHz and vice versa.
Application note ANR016 - Radio module migration guide
http://www.we-online.com/ANR016
Due to our long term availability policy Würth Elektronik eiSos offers beside radio modules
with most recent technology and chipset still the predecessor modules. This application note
describes what to consider when switching in between module generations.
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1. Introduction
This manual is valid for following Themisto-I variants:
•2609041191000
1.1. Operational description
The Themisto-I is a radio sub module for wireless communication between devices such as
control systems, remote controls, sensors etc. It offers several radio configurations, address
modes and relieves the host system of radio-specific tasks such as
•checksum calculation,
•address resolution and
•repetition of unacknowledged telegrams (if enabled).
It can be deployed wherever the wireless exchange of data packets between two or more
parties is required. A serial interface (UART) whose data rate and format can be adjusted
flexibly is available for communicating with the host system.
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1.2. Block diagram
Figure 1: Block diagram
1.3. Ordering information
WE order code Former order code Description
2609041191000 Themisto-I Radio module 915 MHz with antenna pad, Tape &
Reel
Table 1: Ordering information
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2. Electrical specifications
As not otherwise stated measured on the evaluation board Themisto-I-EV with T = 25 °C,
VDDS = 3.3 V, internal DC-DC converter active and a 50 Ωconnection. Any radio transmission
in the standard firmware uses boost mode independent of the chosen output power.
2.1. Recommended operating conditions
Description Min. Typ. Max. Unit
Ambient temperature -40 25 85 °C
Supply voltage (VDDS) 2.213.0 3.7 V
Rising supply voltage slew rate 0 100 mV/µs
Falling supply voltage slew rate 0 20 mV/µs
Falling supply voltage slew rate, with low power flash settings 3 mV/µs
Table 2: Recommended operating conditions
2.2. Absolute maximum ratings
Description Min. Typ. Max. Unit
Supply voltage (VDDS) -0.3 3.8 V
Voltage on any digital pin -0.3 VDDS + 0.3, max 3.8 V
Input RF level 10 dBm
Output RF level 12 25 25 dBm
Table 3: Absolute maximum ratings
1Below 2.2V the chipset stops immediately working. A certain buffer for voltage drops should be considered by
for example supplying with 2.4V.
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2.3. Power consumption
As a DC/DC voltage regulator is integrated, the current consumption is strongly
depending on the supplied voltage level.
The transmit and receive currents are depending on the impedance matching,
and therefore may vary depending on antenna selection and matching.
The indicated values are the complete current consumption for radio and ac-
tive MCU. Not to be confused with only radio or only CPU core currents, as
sometimes stated by others.
A stable power supply is indispensable to ensure valid operating conditions for
the module.
2.3.1. Static
The current consumption is the sum of the CPU current and Radio TX or RX current in active
modes. Measurements on Themisto-I-EV with T = 25 °C, VDDS = 3.6 V, internal DC-DC
converter active and a 50 Ωconnection unless specified otherwise.
Description Typ. Unit
TX current 25 dBm output power @ VCC 3.3 400 mA
RX current @ VCC 3.3 12 mA
Low power (standby) radio off, UART off, RTC running, full RAM retention 2 µA
Low power (shutdown) radio off, UART off, RTC off, no RAM retention 0.9 µA
Table 4: Power consumption
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2.4. Radio characteristics
Description Min Typ. Max Unit
Frequency band 902.5 905 927.5 MHz
Radio data rate 30 400 400 kbit/s
RX sensitivity Profile 6 -99 dBm
RX sensitivity Profile 8 -105 dBm
RX sensitivity Profile 9 -111 dBm
TX power 0 25 25 dBm
Table 5: Radio characteristics
2.5. Pin characteristics
Property typ. Value Unit
Default GPIO maximum current 2 mA
Maximum current of RX_IND,TX_IND 4 mA
Pull up current VDDS=1.8 V 71.7 µA
Pull down current VDDS=1.8 V 21.1 µA
Pull up current VDDS=3.8 V 277 µA
Pull down current VDDS=3.8 V 113 µA
VIH, Lowest GPIO input voltage reliably interpreted as a HIGH 0.8 VCC
VIL, Highest GPIO input voltage reliably interpreted as a LOW 0.2 VCC
Table 6: Pin characteristics
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3. Pinout
GND
BOOT
RX_IND
TX_IND
URXD
VCC
GND
UTXD
TEST
TEST
TEST
TEST
112
i1
i4
13
23
WAKE-UP
ANT
/RTS
RESERVED
/RESET
RESERVED
RESERVED
RESERVED
RESERVED
MODE_1
RESERVED
RESERVED
RESERVED
RESERVED
RESERVED
Figure 2: Pinout (top view)
No Designation I/O Description
1ANT Antenna connector 50Ω
2GND Supply Ground
3VCC Supply Supply voltage
4UTXD Output UART module TX
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5URXD Input UART module RX, uses internal pull-up.
6/RTS Output UART Flow Control. Module busy = HIGH.
7 RESERVED I/O Reserved for future use. Uses an internal pull-up.
Do not connect.
8 RESERVED I/O Reserved for future use. Uses an internal pull-
down. Do not connect.
9 RESERVED I/O Reserved for future use. Uses an internal pull-
down. Do not connect.
10 RESERVED I/O Reserved for future use. Uses an internal pull-
down. Do not connect.
11 RESERVED I/O Reserved for future use. Uses an internal pull-
down. Do not connect.
12 BOOT Input
Connect LOW level to use application firmware.
Connect HIGH level or leave open to enable the
UART bootloader for firmware updates. Uses in-
ternal pull up during start up sequence.
Details see chapter Quickstart .
13 RESERVED I/O Reserved for future use. Uses an internal pull-
down. Do not connect.
14 WAKE-UP Input Apply a falling edge to wake-up from shutdown or
standby mode. Uses an internal pull-down.
15 MODE_1 I/O
Starts in OpMode (default: command mode) when
left unconnected.
Apply LOW level during boot to start-up in com-
mand mode.
Apply HIGH level during boot to start-up in trans-
parent mode.
The respective level shall also be steadily applied
during normal module operation to prevent leakage
current.
16 RESERVED I/O Reserved for future use. Uses an internal pull-
down. Do not connect.
17 RESERVED I/O Reserved for future use. Uses an internal pull-
down. Do not connect.
18 RESERVED I/O Reserved for future use. Uses an internal pull-
down. Do not connect.
19 /RESET Input Uses an internal pull-up. LOW holds the module in
reset state.
20 RX_IND Output Indicates RF data reception, active = high.
21 TX_IND Output Indicates RF data transmission, active = high.
22 RESERVED I/O Reserved for future use. Uses an internal pull-
down. Do not connect.
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23 GND Supply Ground
i1 TEST Input Debug interface. Do not connect.
i2 TEST Input Debug interface. Do not connect.
i3 TEST Input Debug interface. Do not connect.
i4 TEST Input Debug interface. Do not connect.
Table 7: Pinout
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