4Ddoors DX250 SA Manual

www.4ddoors.com.au
instructions for fitting, operating and maintenance
Hinge gate operator
DX250 SA

ENGLISH 2
Table of content
1 NOTES AND CONFORMITY 3
1.1 General safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . .3
1.2 Declaration of incorporation for an incomplete machine 3
1.3 About these Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
1.4 Further applicable documents for customer/users . . .4
1.5 Caution Indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
2 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS 4
2.1 Intended use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
2.2 Inappropriate use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
2.3 Fitter qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
2.4 Important instructions for a safe installation . . . . . . 4
2.5 Checking the gate / gate system . . . . . . . . . .4
2.6 Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
3 WARRANTY 5
3.1 Warranty period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
3.2 Prerequisites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
3.3 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
4 GATE DRAWINGS 6
5 PREPARATION FOR INSTALLATION 7
5.1 Install the gate operator . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
6 ELECTRICAL CONNECTION 9
6.1 Mains voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
6.2 Connect operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
7 HINGED GATE OPERATION 10
7.1 Instructing users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
7.2 Behaviour during a power failure . . . . . . . . . .10
7.3 optional unlock by bowden cable . . . . . . . . . .10
8 TECHNICAL DETAILS DX250 SA 11
8.1 Internal operator wiring. . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
8.2 Abbreviations for colour identiying used . . . . . . .11
9 INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE 11
10 OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES 11
11 DISMANTLING AND DISPOSAL 11
12 CABLE LAYING - TRACK PLAN 12
Copyright.
No reproduction even in part is allowed without our permission.
All details subject to change.

ENGLISH3
1 NOTES AND CONFORMITY
1.1 General safety instructions
CAUTION
To install gate correctly, read these instructions carefully.
If installed wrongly or in case of incorrect working
process, serious injury can be caused.
• Packaging materials (plastic, polystyrene, etc.) should
not be stored in reach of children. If necessary please
dispose properly.
• This product has been developed and produced for the
use mentioned in these instructions only. Different use
may be source to damage and risks.
• The producer refuses every liability for damages caused
by improper or not intended use of the drive.
• Conformity to EN-Standards:
Mechanical elements: EN 12604 and EN 12605.
Installation: EN 132411.
Safety devices: EN 12978
For countries not being part of the European Union
the above mentioned norms as well as the national
legal directives must be respected.
• The producer rejects every responsibility for
consequences, caused by non-professional production
of closing mechanisms or by deformation caused during
operation.
• Before every interference switch off power supply and
prevent from being switched on again.
• Install an all-poles separating safety switch with a
contact distance of at least 3mm before the power
supply line. In addition install an error current safety
switch using a trigger threshold of 0,03 A.
• Check if the grounding system was installed properly.
All metallic parts must be grounded.
• Install all safety devices (e.g. light barrier, safety strips
etc.) which avoid a person getting injured by jamming,
cutting or being dragged along.
• We recommend at least one flashing device for every
gate situation. In addition a warning sign should be
installed in sight.
• The producer rejects every liability regarding safety and
functioning of the installation site, if components of a
different brand are used.
• For maintenance and repair only original parts may be
used.
• No changes must be made to the components of the
installation site without permission of the producer.
• Familiarize the operator of the installation with the
correct handling of the installation. Explain the
emergency unlocking in case of power failure and hand
over the mounting instructions/ manual.
• No children or adults should stay near the installation
when in operation.
• The radio controls and every other transmitter should
be out of the reach of children to avoid an accidental
activation of the gate.
• The passing through should only take place when gate
does not move.
• The operator should not perform repairs or direct
interferences himself, he is supposed to contact
qualified professional staff.
• Service: Check functioning of gate, but especially
functioning of safety devices (including push force of
drive) and unlocking device at least twice a year.
• All procedures, not explicitly mentioned in this manual,
are not valid.
1.2 Declaration of incorporation for an
incomplete machine
Partly completed machinery as defined in the EC Directive
2006/42/EC is only intended to be incorporated into or
assembled with other machinery or other partly completed
machinery or equipment, thereby forming machinery to
which this Directive applies. This is why this product must
only be put into operation after it has been determined
that the entire machine/system in which it will be installed
corresponds with the guidelines of the EC Directive
mentioned above.
After installation, the installer of the gate system must
declare conformity to DIN EN 13241-1 in accordance
with the scope of application.

ENGLISH 4
Dear Customer,
Thank you for choosing this quality product from our company.
1.3 About these Instructions
• These instructions are original translation of an
operating instructions, outlined in the EC Directive
2006/42/EC.
• Read through all of the instructions carefully, as they
contain important information about the product.
• Pay attention to and follow the instructions provided,
particularly the safety instructions and warnings.
• Please keep these instructions in a safe place and make
sure that they are available to all users at all times.
1.4 Further applicable documents for
customer/users
Please ensure that the following guides were ultimately
delivered to the customer who uses the product:
• this guide / instructions
• Digital control board MS1024 guide
• Hinged gate guide / instructions
1.5 Caution Indications
The general warning symbol indicates a danger
that can lead to injury or death.
In the text, the general warning symbol will be used in
connection with the caution levels described below. In the
illustrated section, an additional instruction refers back to
the explanation in the text.
DANGER!
Indicates a danger that leads directly to death or
serious injuries.WARNING!
Indicates a danger that can lead to death or serious
injuries. CAUTION!
Indicates a danger that can lead to minor or moderate
injuries. ATTENTION!
Indicates a danger that can lead to damage or
destruction of the product.
2 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
2.1 Intended use
The hinged gate operator is designed and intended
exclusively for the operation of smooth-running hinged
gates in the domestic and commercial sector.
The maximum permissible gate size and maximum weight
must not be exceeded.
The gate must be easy to open and close by hand.
Please observe the manufacturer‘s specifications
regarding the door and operator combination.
Possible hazards as defined in EN 12604, EN 12445
and EN 12453 are prevented by the design itself and
by carrying out installation in accordance with our
guidelines. Gate systems used by the general public and
equipped with a single protective device, e.g. force limit,
may only be used when monitored.
2.2 Inappropriate use
The gate-operator is not designed for use with larger
heavy-weight or sluggish gates or gates with an
ascending slope.
2.3 Fitter qualification
Only correct fitting and maintenance in compliance with
the instructions by a competent/specialist company or a
competent/qualified person ensures safe and flawless
operation of the system. According to EN 12635, a
specialist is a person with suitable training, specialist
knowledge and practical experience sufficient to
correctly and safely fit, test, and maintain a gate system.
Work to be carried out (mounting, maintenance, repair
and dismantling) by qualified service personal only!
Should the hinged gate operator fail, a specialist must
be immediately entrusted with its inspection / repair.
2.4 Important instructions for a safe
installation
Any further processing must ensure that the national
regulations governing the operation of electrical
equipment are complied with.
2.4.1. After installation
The installer of the gate system must declare conformity
to DIN EN 13241-1 in accordance with the scope of
application.
2.5 Checking the gate / gate system
The design of the operator is not suitable nor intended
for the opening and closing of heavy gates, i.e. gates
that can no longer be opened or closed manually. Before
installing the operator, it is therefore necessary to check
the gate and make sure that it can also be easily moved
by hand.
In addition, check the entire gate system (gate pivots,
bearings and fastenings) for wear and possible damage.
Check for signs of corrosion or fractures. The gate
system may not be used if repair or adjustment work
needs to be carried out. Always remember that a fault
in the gate system or a misaligned gate can also cause
severe injury.
Note
Before installing the operator and in the interests of
personal safety, make sure that any necessary repairs
to the gate are carried out by a qualified service
engineer.

ENGLISH5
2.6 Warnings WARNING!
Danger of injury due to
unexpected gate travel!
Incorrect assembly or handling
of the operator may trigger
unwanted gate travel that may
result in persons or objects
being trapped.
Follow all the instructions provided in this manual.
Incorrectly attached control devices (e.g. buttons) may
trigger unwanted gate travel. Persons or objects may be
trapped as a result.
• Install control devices at a height of at least 1.5 m
(out of the reach of children).
• Fit permanently installed control devices (such as
buttons) so that the entire area of travel of the gate is
visible, but they are still away from moving parts.
Persons or objects may be trapped if the installed
safety equipment fails.
• In accordance with BGR 232, install at least one clearly
visible and easily accessible emergency command unit
(emergency OFF) near the gate so the gate can be
brought to a standstill in the case of danger.
WARNING!
Danger of injury during gate travel!
Gate motion can lead to injuries or damage.
• Make sure that no children play within the gate area and
no persons or objects are in the gate‘s travel range and
between the gate and the operator mechanics.
• Operate the gate operator if you are within sight of the
gate‘s area of travel and safety features are installed.
• Monitor the gate travel until the gate has reached the
end-of-travel position.
• Drive or pass through remote control gate systems only
if the gate stands still in its end-position GATE-OPEN!
3 WARRANTY
• We shall be exempt from our warranty obligations and
product liability in the event that the customer carries
out his own structural alterations or undertakes improper
installation work or arranges for same to be carried out
by others without our prior approval and contrary to the
fitting guidelines we have provided.
• Moreover, we shall accept no responsibility for the
inadvertent or negligent use of the operator and the
accessories nor for improper maintenance of the gate
and its counterbalance.
3.1 Warranty period
• In addition to the statutory warranty provided by the
dealer in the sales contract, we grant the following
warranty for parts from the date of purchase:
• 2 years for the operator mechanics, motor, motor
control, radio equipment, accessories.
• There is no warranty on consumables (e.g. fuses,
batteries, lamps).
• Claims made under the warranty do not extend the
warranty period. For replacement parts and repairs the
warranty period is six months or at least the remainder
of the warranty period.
3.2 Prerequisites
• A claim under this warranty is only valid for the country
in which the equipment was bought. The product
must have been purchased through our authorised
distribution channels.
• A claim under this warranty exists only for damage
to the object of the contract itself. Reimbursement
of expenditure for dismantling and fitting, testing of
corresponding parts, as well as demands for lost profits
and compensation for damages, are excluded from the
warranty.
• The receipt of purchase substantiates your right to claim
under the warranty.
3.3 Performance
• For the duration of the warranty we shall eliminate any
product defects that are proven to be attributable to a
material or manufacturing fault.
• We pledge to replace free of charge and at our
discretion the defective goods with nondefective goods,
to carry out repairs, or to grant a price reduction.
Damages caused by the following are excluded:
• improper fitting and connection
• improper initial start-up and operation
• external factors such as fire, water, abnormal
environmental conditions
• mechanical damage caused by accidents, falls, impacts
• negligent or intentional destruction
• normal wear or deficient maintenance
• repairs conducted by unqualified persons
• use of non-original parts
• removal or defacing of the data label
Replaced parts become our property.

ENGLISH 6
4 GATE DRAWINGS
DX250 SA1
350
350
184
245
95
234
28
35
01 - Dimensions of housing
2
DX250 SA
1000
300
L (mm)
max. kg
1500
250
2000
215
2500
200
140
253
0
382
90°
A (mm)
B (mm)
max. C (mm)
D (mm)
max. D
140
261
50
373
90°
140
264
100
370
90°
140
260
150
375
90°
200
147
200
417
90°
200
327
0
266
110°
200
309
100
305
105°
470E (mm) 470 470 470 440 420 420
C
D
B
A
L
D
E
160
220
185
412
90°
470
02 - gate dimensions

ENGLISH7
5 PREPARATION FOR INSTALLATION
WARNING!
Danger of injury due to damaged components!
A fault in the gate system or an incorrectly aligned gate
may lead to serious injuries!
• Do not use the gate system if repair or adjustment
work must be conducted!
• In addition, check the entire gate system (gate pivots,
bearings, springs and fastenings) for wear and
possible damage.
• Check for the presence of rust, corrosion, and cracks.
• For your own safety, only have a specialist conduct
maintenance and repair work!
Before installing the operator and in the interests of
personal safety, make sure that any necessary repairs to
the gate system are carried out by a qualified specialist.
Only correct fitting and maintenance in compliance with
the instructions by a specialist company or qualified
person ensures safe and flawless operation of the system.
The specialist carrying out the work must ensure that
installation is conducted in compliance with the prevailing
national job safety rules and regulations and those
governing the operation of electrical equipment.
The relevant national directives must be observed.
Potential hazards are avoided by construction and fitting
according to our guidelines.
• Prior to fitting, deactivate or completely disassemble any
mechanical locks not needed for power operation of the
gate. This includes in particular any locking mechanisms
connected with the gate lock.
• In addition, check that the gate is in a flawless
mechanical condition, so that it can be easily operated
manually and opens and closes properly (EN 12604).
Note
Check all safety and protective functions monthly.
• Instruct all persons who use the gate system on the
proper and safe use of the hinged gate operator.
Demonstrate and test the mechanical release as well as
the safety return.
WARNING!
Danger of injury during gate travel
Risk of injury on hand/fingers; do not touch/hold any
edges of the gate while the gate is moving.
If people or objects are in the area around the gate while
the gate is in motion, this can lead to injuries or damage.
WARNING!
Unsuitable fixing material
Use of unsuitable fixing material may mean that the
operator is insecurely attached and could come loose.
• The fitter must check that the fitting materials supplied
are suitable for the purpose and the intended fitting
location.
5.1 Install the gate operator
Note
dimensions given in „„01 - Dimensions of housing“
on page 6“ and „„02 - gate dimensions“ on page
6 are valid for gates with a max. width of 1.5 metres.
For higher gates, leafs must be smaller.
Do not use this operator for gates with ascending slope!
Mechanical limit stops for end-positions gate CLOSE
and OPEN should be mounted!
Use an electronic key lock at gate-CLOSED, if gates
with leafs >2.5 metres are used.
CAUTION!
Dirt
Drilling dust and chippings from drilling work can lead to
malfunctions.
• Cover the operator during drilling work.
5.1.1 Establishing the mounting dimensions
Always observe the mounting dimension, see page 6.
Note
wrong mounting dimension lead to bad function of the
gate-movement or even to failure. Adhere strictly the
given dimensions!
5.1.2 Fix gate-tarnish to post
3
57
27,5
140mm min.
E
03 distance to ground
5.1.3 Mount plate to post
• At least 140 mm distance from ground to mid of plate.
• Use four heavy-duty dowel for stiff and solid fixing.
4
04 - mount plate to post

ENGLISH 8
5.1.4 Mount operator motor
• Insert motor to plate, fix with screws/nuts.
5
05 mount motor
5.1.5 Mount articulated arm
• Mount articulated arm, fix arm on motor.
6
H
G
D
E
F
B2
H
B1
G
C
A
Note
Grease articulations before mounting. Switch on operator
not earlier than after complete mounting on gate
5.1.6 Adjust interruptor of end travel
●Disengage gate from operator (page 5), move gate into desired OPEN
/ CLOSE position (adjusting-ring must activate related end-of-travel
switch)
●Fix lower adjusting-ring with middle screw, upper adjusting-ring with
both side-screws.
5.1.7 Adjust end of travel: GATE CLOSED
●move gate into desired gate-CLOSED position.
●turn lower buckle (by key) until related end-switch is activated.
●fix screw in the middle.
5.1.8 Adjust end of travel: GATE OPENED
●move gate into desired gate-OPENED position.
●turn upper buckle (by key) until related end-switch is activated.
●fix both screws on the outside.
7
A
B
C
D
07 adjustment end travel interruptor
A = end travel OPEN interruptor B = end travel CLOSE interruptor
C = buckle OPEN D = buckle CLOSE
8door opendoor closed
key to
set buckles
lower buckle
upper buckle
08 adjustment of buckles
Caution!
Mechanical limit stops for end-positions gate CLOSE
and OPEN should be mounted!
Adjust both buckles to switch off at a position, the gate
contacts the mechanical limit stops. This way, the gate
will not „whip“ back!
Check adjustment after the gate is completely installed.
Open and close the gate several times. For smooth
operation, a „fine-adjustment“ is suggested.

ENGLISH9
6 ELECTRICAL CONNECTION
6.1 Mains voltage
DANGER!
Mains voltage
Contact with the mains voltage presents the danger of a
deadly electric shock. For that reason, observe the
following warnings under all circumstances:
• Electrical connections only be made by a qualified
electrician.
• On-site electrical installation must conform to
applicable protective regulations
(230/240 V AC, 50/60 Hz)!
• Ensure that the national regulations governing the
operation of electrical equipment are complied with.
• Before undertaking any electrical work, disconnect
the system from the mains supply and ensure that it
cannot be inadvertently turned on.
External voltage on the connecting terminals
• External voltage on the connecting terminals of the
control will destroy the electronics.
• Do not apply any mains voltage (230/240 V AC) to the
connecting terminals of the control.
6.2 Connect operator
• Lay cables (NYY power cable 5 x 1.5 mm²) to both
operators, max. 20 m.
• All cables must be inserted into the control unit from
below and free from distortion.
9M
F
C
C
F
C
O
C
O
M
12345
Motor
54321
09 mains connection operator
6.2.1. Connect operator as follows:
1 = motor (-)
2 = motor (+)
3 = end-of-travel switch common
4 = end-of-travel switch gate OPEN
5 = end-of-travel switch gate CLOSED
K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K
6
Z
2Z3Z4Z5Z6 K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K
6
Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6
(3)(5)(4) (1) (2)(3)(5)(4) (2) (1)
motor 1 motor 2
09 connect motors with MS1024 control board
10
B B
AA
230 V
NYY 5 x 1,5 mm2
10 lay cables
Aspraywater protected junction
box
Bflexible connection cable for
motor
Motor-connection and end-of-traffic switches (opener
contact) are already wired on a terminal strip inside the
MS1024 control board.
6.2.2. Connect control board as follows:
motor 1 - (mounting left)
Clamp Z3 motor (-)
Clamp Z4 motor (+)
Clamp K5 end-of-travel switch common
Clamp K1 end-of-travel switch gate OPEN
Clamp K2 end-of-travel switch gate CLOSED
motor 1 - (mounting right)
Clamp Z3 motor (+)
Clamp Z4 motor (-)
Clamp K5 end-of-travel switch common
Clamp K1 end-of-travel switch gate OPEN
Clamp K2 end-of-travel switch gate CLOSED
motor 2 - (mounting left)
Clamp Z5 motor (-)
Clamp Z6 motor (+)
Clamp K5 end-of-travel switch common
Clamp K3 end-of-travel switch gate OPEN
Clamp K4 end-of-travel switch gate CLOSED
motor 2 - (mounting right)
Clamp Z5 motor (+)
Clamp Z6 motor (-)
Clamp K5 end-of-travel switch common
Clamp K3 end-of-travel switch gate OPEN
Clamp K4 end-of-travel switch gate CLOSED
Note
If the motors turns into the wrong way, change
connections Z3/Z4 or Z5/Z6 with each other.
Install accessories after a trial-run with complete
controller functionality, a control device and correct
setting of end-of-travel switches.

ENGLISH 10
7 HINGED GATE OPERATION
WARNING!
Danger of injury during gate
travel!
If people or objects are in the
area around the gate while the
gate is in motion, this can lead
to injuries or damage.
Make sure that:
• Children are not allowed to
play near the gate system.
• Make sure that no persons
or objects are in the gate‘s
travel range.
• Make sure that no persons
or objects are located
between the gate and the
operator mechanics.
• If the gate has only one safety feature, only operate the
gate operator if you are within sight of the gate‘s area of
travel.
• Monitor the gate travel until the gate has reached the
end-of-travel position.
• Only drive or pass through remote control gate systems
if the gate is in the OPEN end-of-travel position!
7.2.1. Function tests
Check the function of the
mechanical release monthly.
• To check the safety reversal, stop the gate with both
hands while it is closing. The gate system must stop
and initiate a safety reversal.
• In the event of a failure of the safety reversal, a
specialist must be commissioned immediately for the
inspection and repair work.
7.1 Instructing users
• Instruct all persons who use the gate system on the
proper and safe use of the hinged gate operator.
• Demonstrate and test the mechanical release as well as
the safety return.
7.2 Behaviour during a power failure
WARNING!
Danger of injury due to unexpected gate travel!
Unexpected gate travel can result if the gate system is
inadvertently actuated by other persons.
• Disconnect the mains plug when performing any work
on the gate system.
• Safeguard the gate system against being switched on
again without authorisation.
To open or close the hinged gate during a power failure, it
must be disengaged from the operator.
• Turn key (A) clockwise to unlock hand gear (B).
• Unlock operator from gate by open hand gear (B).
If any other devices to lock are in use, unlock them.
11
A
B
1
2
11 disengage operator from gate
Akey (unlock operator) Bhand gear (unlock operator)
7.3 optional unlock by bowden cable
12
AB
C
D
12 unlock by bowden cable (optional)
Abowden cover cable Bbowden cable
Cbox for unlocking Dhand gear for unlocking

ENGLISH11
8 TECHNICAL DETAILS DX250 SA
Motor voltage 24 VDC
Current consumption 5 A
Power 80 W
Duty rating 60%
Max. torque 180 Nm
Duration gate open/close 13 - 24 sec. / 90°
Operating Temperature -20 ÷ +60 °C
Weight 8.3 Kg
8.1 Internal operator wiring
13
Mmotor
GY
BN
BU
WH
BN
-
+
12345
M
F
C
C
F
C
O
C
O
M
12345
motor
54321
AB
13 internal wiring
AEnd-of-travel switch
gate opened
BEnd-of-travel switch
gate closed
8.2 Abbreviations for colour identiying used
Abbreviations of the colours for identifying the cables,
conductors and components comply with the international
colour code according to IEC 757:
BK black RD red
BN brown WH white
GN green YE yellow
BU blue GY grey
9 INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE
• The gate operator is maintenance-free.
• In the interest of your own safety, we recommend
having the gate system inspected and maintained by a
qualified person in accordance with the manufacturer‘s
specifications. WARNING!
Danger of injury due to unexpected gate travel!
Unexpected gate travel can result during inspection and
maintenance work if the gate system is inadvertently
actuated by other persons.
• Disconnect the mains plug and, if applicable, the plug
of the emergency battery when performing all work on
the gate system.
• Safeguard the gate system against being switched on
again without authorisation.
An inspection or necessary repairs may only be carried
out by a qualified person. Contact your supplier for this
purpose.
A visual inspection may be carried out by the operator.
• Check all safety and protective functions monthly.
• Malfunctions and/or defects at hand must be rectified
immediately.
• We would like to point out that any repairs not carried
out properly or with due professionalism shall render the
warranty null and void.
10 OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES
Optional accessories are not included in the scope of
delivery.
Loading of the operator by all electrical accessories:
max. 500 mA.
The following accessories are available:
• External radio receivers
• External impulse buttons (e.g. key switch)
• External code and transponder switches
• One-way photocell
• Warning lamps/warning lights
• Electric lock for post locking
• Electric lock for floor locking
• Stop plate
• Security contact-strip
• Spray-water protected junction box
11 DISMANTLING AND DISPOSAL
Note
When disassembling, observe the applicable regulations
regarding occupational safety.
Have a specialist dismantle the gate operator in the
reverse order of these instructions and dispose of it
properly.

ENGLISH 12
12 CABLE LAYING - TRACK PLAN
NYY 3 x 1,5
230 VAC
NYY 5 x 1,5 *
3 x 0,8
RX 4 x 0,8
TX 2 x 0,8
TX 2 x 0,8
2
2 x 1
NYY 5 x 1,5 *
3 x 1,5
RX 4 x 0,8
9
7
7
5
5
841
110 4 6
3
2
overview hinged gate
* NYY 5 x 1,5 mm2(< 10 m cable lenght)
NYY 5 x 2,5 mm2(> 10 - max. 20 m cable lenght)
1hinged gate operator 2control board 3radio receiver 4photocell type 2 system,
mounted outside
5photocell type 1 system,
mounted inside
6key switch 7mechanical end-stop
gate opened
8warning-/flashing light 9hand transmitter 10 electronic key-lock
mechanical end-stop
gate closed

13

2905830 Rev. 1.0 / 23.10.2014 www.4ddoors.com.au
Instructions for Fitting, Operating and Maintenance
Hinge Gate operator
DX250 SA
Table of contents