Acksys ETHERNET TO Wi-Fi GATEWAYS User manual

DTUS065 rev A.7 – June 27, 2014
ETHERNET TO Wi-Fi GATEWAYS
USER’S GUIDE
FOR 802.11A/B/G/H/N DEVICES

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DTUS065 rev A.7 – June 27, 2014
Wi-Fi GATEWAY USER GUIDE
COPYRIGHT (©) ACKSYS 2014
This document contains information protected by Copyright.
The present document may not be wholly or partially reproduced,
transcribed, stored in any computer or other system whatsoever, or translated
into any language or computer language whatsoever without prior written
consent from ACKSYS Communications & Systems - ZA Val Joyeux – 10,
rue des Entrepreneurs - 78450 VILLEPREUX - FRANCE.
REGISTERED TRADEMARKS ®
ACKSYS is a registered trademark of ACKSYS.
CISCO is a registered trademark of the CISCO company.
Windows is a registered trademark of MICROSOFT.
WireShark is a registered trademark of the Wireshark Foundation
DISCLAIMERS
ACKSYS ® gives no guarantee as to the content of the present document
and takes no responsibility for the profitability or the suitability of the
equipment for the requirements of the user.
ACKSYS ® will in no case be held responsible for any errors that may be
contained in this document, nor for any damage, no matter how substantial,
occasioned by the provision, operation or use of the equipment.
ACKSYS ® reserves the right to revise this document periodically or
change its contents without notice.
REGULATORY INFORMATION AND DISCLAIMERS
Installation and use of this Wireless LAN device must be in strict
accordance with local regulation laws and with the instructions included in
the user documentation provided with the product. Any changes or
modifications (including the antennas) to this device not expressly approved
by the manufacturer may void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.
The manufacturer is not responsible for any radio or television interference
caused by unauthorized modification of this device, or the substitution of the
connecting cables and equipment other than manufacturer specified. It is the
responsibility of the user to correct any interference caused by such
unauthorized modification, substitution or attachment. Manufacturer and any
authorized resellers or distributors will assume no liability for any damage
or violation of government regulations arising from failing to comply with
these guidelines.
10, rue des Entrepreneurs
Z.A. Val Joyeux
78450 VILLEPREUX - France
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Web site: www.acksys.fr
Hotline: [e-mail]
Sales: [e-mail]

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
IINTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................6
II PRODUCTS LINE OVERVIEW..................................................................................................................8
II.1 PRODUCTS GOALS...............................................................................................................................8
II.2 PRODUCTS COMMON FEATURES.....................................................................................................8
II.3 PRODUCTS RANGE...............................................................................................................................9
III DEVICE INSTALLATION.....................................................................................................................10
III.1 POWER SUPPLY..................................................................................................................................10
III.2 ANTENNA TYPES................................................................................................................................10
III.2.1 Omnidirectional antenna.................................................................................................................10
III.2.2 Patch antenna..................................................................................................................................11
III.2.3 Yagi antenna...................................................................................................................................11
III.2.4 Dish antenna ...................................................................................................................................12
III.2.5 MIMO antenna ...............................................................................................................................12
III.3 ANTENNA INSTALLATION...............................................................................................................12
III.3.1 Non 802.11n case ...........................................................................................................................12
III.3.2 802.11n...........................................................................................................................................13
III.4 RADIO CHANNEL CHOICE................................................................................................................14
III.5 REGULATORY DOMAIN RULES ......................................................................................................15
III.6 ANTENNA GAIN AND RF OUTPUT POWER...................................................................................15
III.6.1 FCC rules for 2.4 GHz band...........................................................................................................16
III.6.2 FCC rules for 5 GHz band..............................................................................................................17
IV ADMINISTRATION OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................18
IV.1 WEB INTERFACE ................................................................................................................................18
IV.2 RESET PUSHBUTTON.........................................................................................................................18
IV.3 ACKSYS NDM......................................................................................................................................18
IV.4 EMERGENCY UPGRADE ...................................................................................................................18
IV.5 SNMP AGENT.......................................................................................................................................18
VTECHNICAL REFERENCE ......................................................................................................................19
V.1 ADDRESSING IN NETWORK PROTOCOLS.....................................................................................19
V.1.1 TCP/IP network layers....................................................................................................................19
V.1.2 LAN layer: network interfaces .......................................................................................................21
V.1.3 IP layer: IP addresses and routing...................................................................................................22
V.2 WIRELESS ARCHITECTURES...........................................................................................................25
V.2.1 Infrastructure Mode........................................................................................................................25
V.2.2 Ad-hoc Mode..................................................................................................................................27
V.2.3 Mesh (802.11s) Mode.....................................................................................................................28
V.2.4 Wireless Network Name.................................................................................................................29
V.2.5 Virtual AP (multi-SSID) and multifunction cards..........................................................................29
V.3 802.11 MODES......................................................................................................................................30
V.3.1 802.11b...........................................................................................................................................30
V.3.2 802.11g...........................................................................................................................................30
V.3.3 802.11a...........................................................................................................................................30
V.3.4 802.11n...........................................................................................................................................31
V.4 802.11 CHANNELS & INTERNATIONAL COMPATIBILITY..........................................................32
V.5 WIRELESS SECURITY........................................................................................................................34
V.5.1 WEP encryption..............................................................................................................................34
V.5.2 WPA/WPA2 encryption .................................................................................................................35

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V.5.3 Pre-shared key mode (PSK)............................................................................................................36
V.5.4 Enterprise mode (802.1x, RADIUS)...............................................................................................36
V.5.5 Protected management frame (802.11w)........................................................................................37
V.5.6 Mesh Secure Authentication of Equals (SAE)................................................................................38
V.6 WIRED TO WIRELESS BRIDGING IN INFRASTRUCTURE MODE..............................................38
V.6.1 The problem....................................................................................................................................38
V.6.2 Solutions.........................................................................................................................................39
V.7 FAST ROAMING FEATURES.............................................................................................................43
V.7.1 Mono-channel vs. multichannel roaming .......................................................................................43
V.7.2 Proactive roaming vs. reactive roaming .........................................................................................43
V.7.3 What happens when the current AP fails........................................................................................44
V.7.4 Scanning.........................................................................................................................................45
V.7.5 Advanced Roaming settings ...........................................................................................................47
V.7.6 Authentication speed up .................................................................................................................49
V.8 ACKSYS MIB AND SNMP AGENT....................................................................................................52
V.8.1 Access methods ..............................................................................................................................52
V.8.2 Using the Acksys MIB ...................................................................................................................52
V.8.3 Managing configuration tables .......................................................................................................53
V.8.4 Using SNMP notifications (traps) ..................................................................................................54
V.8.5 Examples ........................................................................................................................................54
V.9 C-KEY HANDLING..............................................................................................................................56
V.9.1 Factory settings...............................................................................................................................56
V.9.2 Understanding configurations and their signature..........................................................................56
V.9.3 Not using the C-Key.......................................................................................................................57
V.9.4 Replacing a product on the field.....................................................................................................57
V.9.5 Working with the C-Key in the lab.................................................................................................57
V.9.6 Programming a set of identical C-Keys..........................................................................................58
V.10 SPANNING TREE PROTOCOL (STP).............................................................................................59
VI WEB INTERFACE REFERENCE.........................................................................................................60
VI.1 SETUP MENU.......................................................................................................................................60
VI.1.1 Physical interfaces..........................................................................................................................60
VI.1.2 Virtual interfaces ............................................................................................................................82
VI.1.3 Network..........................................................................................................................................85
VI.1.4 Routing / Firewall...........................................................................................................................87
VI.1.5 QOS................................................................................................................................................94
VI.1.6 Services...........................................................................................................................................97
VI.2 TOOLS MENU ....................................................................................................................................101
VI.2.1 Firmware upgrade.........................................................................................................................101
VI.2.2 Password Settings.........................................................................................................................101
VI.2.3 System ..........................................................................................................................................102
VI.2.4 Network........................................................................................................................................103
VI.2.5 Save Config / Reset ......................................................................................................................103
VI.3 STATUS MENU ..................................................................................................................................106
VI.3.1 Device Info...................................................................................................................................106
VI.3.2 Network ........................................................................................................................................106
VI.3.3 Wireless........................................................................................................................................107
VI.3.4 Services.........................................................................................................................................110
VII WIRELESS TOPOLOGIES EXAMPLES...........................................................................................111
VII.1 SIMPLE “WIRELESS CABLE”......................................................................................................111
VII.2 MULTIPLE SSID.............................................................................................................................112
VII.3 MULTIPLE SSID WITH VLAN .....................................................................................................113
VII.4 MULTIPLE SEPARATE SSID........................................................................................................115
VII.5 INFRASTRUCTURE BRIDGE + ROAMING................................................................................117
VII.6 POINT-TO-POINT REDUNDANCY WITH DUAL BAND ..........................................................118
VII.7 LINE TOPOLOGY REPEATER (SINGLE RADIO CARD)..........................................................120
VII.8 MULTIHOP TREE REPEATER .....................................................................................................122
VII.9 HIGH PERFORMANCE REPEATER.............................................................................................125
VII.10 FIXED MESH..................................................................................................................................127

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VII.11 802.11S MESH.................................................................................................................................130
VIII FIRMWARE UPGRADE ......................................................................................................................133
VIII.1 STANDARD UPGRADE.................................................................................................................133
VIII.2 BOOTLOADER UPGRADE ...........................................................................................................133
VIII.3 EMERGENCY UPGRADE .............................................................................................................133
VIII.4 FALLBACK AFTER AN INTERRUPTED UPGRADE OPERATION .........................................134
IX TROUBLESHOOTING.........................................................................................................................135
IX.1 BASIC CHECKS..................................................................................................................................135
IX.2 CHECK NETWORK CONFIGURATION..........................................................................................135
XFREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ...................................................................................................137
X.1 HOW IS THE WI-FI BIT RATE CHOSEN?.......................................................................................137
X.2 HOW MANY CLIENTS ARE HANDLED BY THE ACCESS POINT FUNCTION?......................137
X.3 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WMM, WME, IEEE802.11E?.......................................137
X.4 MY CISCO ACCESS POINT REJECTS MY CLIENT BRIDGE?.....................................................137
X.5 FAST ROAMING FEATURES...........................................................................................................138
X.5.1 What is the scan period when proactive roaming is enabled? ......................................................138
X.5.2 What is the roaming delay when the current access point disappears suddenly? .........................138
XI APPENDIX – GLOSSARY AND ACRONYMS..................................................................................139
XII APPENDIX – RADIO CHANNELS LIST...........................................................................................140
XII.1 11B/G (2.4GHZ)...............................................................................................................................140
XII.2 802.11A/H (5 GHZ) .........................................................................................................................141

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IINTRODUCTION
This reference guide applies to the following access points and bridges:
WLn-LINK-OEM-TTL
WLn-LINK-OEM-RJ
WLn-ABOARD family: /N, /24, /48, /72, /110, and /H4 option
WLn-xROAD
WLn_RAILBOX
Together with the quick start guide included in the product package, it
covers product installation, configuration and usage, and general information
about Wi-Fi protocols.
This reference guide describes the version 2.4.3 of the product firmware.
-If your product contains an earlier version, you can download a
firmware update from our Internet web site.
-If your product contains a more recent version, you can check our
web site to download a documentation update.
The firmware change log (which you can download from the ACKSYS web
site) explains which features are available depending on the firmware
version.
All recommendations for equipment installation, such as power supplies,
antennas and connection cables are documented in the quick installation
guide specific to each product.

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Regulatory information / Disclaimers
Installation and use of this Wireless LAN device must be in strict accordance with the
instructions included in the user documentation provided with the product. Any changes
or modifications (including the antennas) made to this device that are not expressly
approved by the manufacturer may void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.
The manufacturer is not responsible for any radio or television interference caused by
unauthorized modification of this device, or the substitution of the connecting cables and
equipment other than manufacturer specified. It is the responsibility of the user to
correct any interference caused by such unauthorized modification, substitution or
attachment. Manufacturer and any authorized resellers or distributors will assume no
liability for any damage or violation of government regulations arising from failing to
comply with these guidelines.
Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent
a commitment on the part of ACKSYS.
ACKSYS provides this document “as is”, without warranty of any kind, either expressed
or implied, including, but not limited to, its particular purpose.
ACKSYS reserves the right to make improvements and/or changes to this manual, or to
the products and/or the programs described in this manual, at any time.
Information provided in this manual is intended to be accurate and reliable.
However, ACKSYS assumes no responsibility for its use, or for any infringements on the
rights of third parties that may result from its use.
This product might include unintentional technical or typographical errors. Changes are
periodically made to the information herein to correct such errors and these changes are
incorporated in new editions of the publication.

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II PRODUCTS LINE OVERVIEW
II.1 Products goals
This line of products provides Wi-Fi connectivity for Ethernet devices.
Thanks to its configuration possibilities, the ACKSYS products line is able
to create different topologies see section “Wireless topologies examples” for
more details.
II.2 Products common features
Many features are common to all products in this product line.
General services:
Multi-interface bridging
Router with DSCP retagging, NAT, firewall
Optional DHCP server or client
Events handler, alarms
Configuration and maintenance:
HTTP and HTTPS Web browser configuration
Acksys NDM compatibility
SNMP agent for status and configuration
Browser-based firmware upgrades
Emergency upgrade mode
Wi-Fi capabilities:
Modes: Access point, bridging client, repeater, 802.11s mesh, ad-hoc
WME/WMM support
Access point: optional client isolation, 802.11x authenticator, slow
bit rates lockout, clients MAC filtering
Client modes: “4 addresses” or MAC translation, 802.11r support
Dual band (2.4 GHz and 5 GHz)
Support 802.11n, 20 or 40 MHz channel width, MCS 0 to 15
Backward compatible with 802.11a, b, g
Security (depending on the mode): WPA2, 802.1x (RADIUS)
A/B/G compatible security: WPA, WEP
Fast roaming configurations
Long-distance Wi-Fi
Ethernet capabilities:
10/100/1000 base T
Auto-crossing (MDX)
Automatic speed and duplex selection

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II.3 Products range
Some features are available only on dual radio products. The following table
shows in which range each product belongs.
This section focuses on the features that involve specific software
configuration. Other distinctive characteristics are covered in the quick
installation guide of each product.
Feature
WLn-
ABOARD
WLn-
LINK-OEM
WLn-
xROAD
WLn-
RAILBOX
Wi-Fi radios
2
1
1
1/2
802.11 spatial streams
2
2
3
3
Cellular radio
1, optional
Gigabit Ethernet
2
1
1
2
Serial port(1)

(RS422
/RS485)

(TTL)
C-Key


(TTL)

Alarm(2)


Dual power supply

option
PoE+
option
High power radio option


Rugged enclosure



(1) Reserved for customized versions – not supported in the standard
firmware
(2) Not supported in all firmware versions

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III DEVICE INSTALLATION
The quick start guide shipped with your product includes specific startup
instructions and recommendations. Please read it first.
III.1Power supply
The quick start guide gives the maximum power consumption for your
product. You should consider this value as the minimum that your power
supply must provide. Furthermore, there is an additional point to consider.
The WLn series includes Wi-Fi radio cards that can cause quick power
surges during wireless communication. These surges are included into power
consumption given by the quick start but, if your power supply is too slow to
deliver power, it can cause product reboots or unpredictable behavior.
III.2Antenna types
The following sections describe the most commonly used antenna type and
the way to install them.
These explanations rely on good understanding of what a radiation pattern
represents. If you are not familiar with it, please read this page first:
http://www.antenna-theory.com/basics/radPattern.html. This represents a
good starting point.
The radiation patterns shown in the next sections are given for example only
and just provide a better understanding of each antenna type distinctiveness.
III.2.1 Omnidirectional antenna
The radiated power is uniform in all the horizontal directions. Power drops
progressively while approaching the direction of the antenna axis (vertical).
The corresponding radiation pattern is given below.
This type of antenna is used to cover a wide area all around the antenna.
When using them, make sure that they are placed in the same plane.

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Antenna
Radiation pattern
III.2.2 Patch antenna
This kind of antenna focuses radiations on one side (see radiation pattern
below). This allows wall mounting without wasting radiations in the wall.
The gain is generally comprised between 7dBi and 9dBi.
Antenna
Radiation pattern
III.2.3 Yagi antenna
This kind of antenna also focuses radiations on one side (see radiation
pattern below). But its gain is usually higher than patch antenna (11dBi to
15dBi).
Antenna
Radiation pattern

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III.2.4 Dish antenna
This antenna focus the radiations in one point and then can achieve very
high gain (>20dBi).
Antenna
Radiation pattern
III.2.5 MIMO antenna
Antenna manufacturers provide MIMO version of each antenna type
described previously. MIMO antenna are basically a set of several (usually 2
or 3) standard antenna put together in a single enclosure.
In any case, refer to the antenna datasheet to get information about the
Radiation pattern and internal layout.
III.3Antenna installation
They are two major cases when considering antenna installation.
III.3.1 Non 802.11n case
You can establish Wi-Fi links from a few feet to several miles but it requires
some cautions:
You must adapt the EIRP of the products (but you must keep it in the
local regulations range) according to the distance and obstacles
between devices.
The link RSSI must be high enough, else when environment changes
(climatic conditions change or space reorganization) the link might
break.
To increase the EIRP you can:
Use an antenna with a larger gain
And / or
Use a product with a larger radio output power.

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For outdoor link, products must be “line of sight” from the other one. This is
a mandatory condition and should be considered with attention. The table
below explains what we mean by “line of sight”.
Product in line of sight
(We can see the top of
the mast where it is
installed)
Product not in line of
sight (the other product
is nowhere to be seen
clearly)
III.3.2 802.11n
With this norm, considerations about EIRP and RSSI are still relevant. But,
the 802.11n takes advantage of MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
technology and introduces new ways to use multiple antennas.
802.11a/b/g products already use more than one antenna but they were
limited to the diversity mode (only one antenna transmits at a time).
Moreover, bounces on walls or other obstacles cause multiple paths that
confuse the receiver (see figure below).

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802.11n uses these bounces to allow several independent streams (2 to 4) to
be sent and identified simultaneously. At the beginning of the transmission,
a well-known pattern is sent. The receiver uses that pattern to calibrate itself
and characterize the transmission channel for each antenna.
Using that information, the receiver is able to calculate which stream
belongs to what antenna.
In this case there must be at least one antenna per stream to be sent.
Supernumerary antennas are used to transmit additional spatial information.
Since 802.11n uses bounces to increase bandwidth, a line of sight outdoor
application will have poor performances compared to an indoor one, because
there are potentially no bounces at all. This problem can be solved by
sending polarized radio waves orthogonal to each other. Such so-called
“Slant Antennas” are actually made of 2 specifically polarized antennas put
together in a single case.
III.4 Radio channel choice
Wi-Fi standard compliant products can use two RF bands.
-The 2.4 GHz band covers the channels compatible with 802.11b/g/n
standards
-The 5 GHz band covers the channels compatible with 802.11a/n/ac
standards
Products performance is affected by the radio link quality (a.k.a. RSSI). The
better the RSSI is, the better the throughput and error rate can be.
A preliminary site survey is strongly recommended to detect overloaded
radio channels BEFORE buying band specific antenna.
An overloaded channel may strongly affects performances. It is
recommended to use a free channel.

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III.5Regulatory domain rules
All around the world there are 2 major regulatory rules sets in wide use:
-ETSI: for European countries.
-FCC: for American countries
The other regulatory domains (France, Brazil, Korean, Australia …) derive
from the major regulatory rules with several modifications.
The regulatory domain gives the rules to use each RF band.
To abide by your local laws, you must select the country where the product
will be installed before activating the Wi-Fi card.
III.6Antenna gain and RF output power
If you plan to use a high gain antenna, it is possible you exceed the EIRP
allowed in your country. In this case you must reduce manually the radio
transmit power of your product (please see Advanced Settings tab in section
VI.1.1.1a).
In the following section we give the FCC rules to adapt the product Tx
power to the antenna used.

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III.6.1 FCC rules for 2.4 GHz band
Definition of terms:
RF Output power: RF power radiated by the ACKSYS wireless device
without the antenna
EIRP: RF power radiated by the ACKSYS wireless device with the antenna.
EIRP = RF OUTPUT POWER + ANTENNA GAIN (dBi)
2.4 GHz point to multipoint: MAX EIRP = +36 dBm (4 Watts)
MAX RF Output POWER
(dBm / mW)
MAX Gain
(dBi)
MAX EIRP
(dBm / W)
30 / 1000
6
36 / 4
27 / 500
9
24 / 250
12
21 / 125
15
18 / 62.5
18
15 / 32
21
12 / 16
24
In other words, if you make use of antennas with a gain higher than 6dBi,
for every 1 dBi gain over 6 dBi, the MAX RF output power must be reduced
by 1 dB.
2.4 GHz point to point: MAX EIRP = special rules
MAX RF Output POWER
(dBm / mW)
MAX Gain
(dBi)
MAX EIRP
(dBm / W)
30 / 1000
6
36 / 4
29 / 800
9
38 / 6.3
28 / 630
12
40 / 10
27 / 500
15
42 / 16
26 / 400
18
44 / 25
25 / 316
21
46 / 39.8
24 / 250
24
48 / 63
23 / 200
27
50 / 100
22 / 160
30
52 / 158
If you make use of antennas with a gain higher than 6dBi, for every 3 dBi
gain over 6 dBi, the MAX RF output power must be reduced by 1 dB.

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III.6.2 FCC rules for 5 GHz band
Definition of terms:
RF Output power: RF power radiated by the ACKSYS wireless device
without the antenna
EIRP: RF power radiated by the ACKSYS wireless device with the antenna.
EIRP = RF OUTPUT POWER + ANTENNA GAIN (dBi)
5 GHz point to multipoint: MAX EIRP = special rules
BAND Freq.
(GHz) Channels Location
MAX
RF output
POWER
(dBm / mW)
MAX
Gain
(dBi)
MAX EIRP
(dBm / mW)
UNII
5.15-
5.25
36, 40, 44, 48 Indoor 16 / 40 6(1) 22 / 160
UNII-2 5.25-
5.35
52, 56, 60, 64 Indoor &
outdoor
23 / 200 6(1) 29 / 800
UNII-2
ext. 5.470-
5.725
100, 104,
108, 112,
116, 120,
124, 128,
132, 136, 140
Indoor &
outdoor 23 / 200 6(1) 29 / 800
UNII-3
5.725-
5.825
149 to 161 outdoor 29 / 800 6(1) 35 / 3.2 W
(1) If antennas higher than 6dBi gain are utilized, a reduction of 1 dB of the
MAX RF output POWER is required for every 1 dBi increase in the antenna
gain above 6dBi.
5 GHz point to point: MAX EIRP = special rules
BAND Freq.
(GHz) Channels Location
MAX
RF output
POWER
(dBm /mW)
MAX
Gain
(dBi)
MAX EIRP
(dBm / mW)
UNII
5.15-
5.25
36, 40, 44, 48 Indoor 16 / 40 6 22 / 160
UNII-2
5.25-
5.35
52, 56, 60, 64
Indoor &
outdoor
23 / 200 6 29 / 800
UNII-2
ext. 5.470-
5.725
100, 104,
108, 112,
116, 120,
124, 128,
132, 136, 140
Indoor &
outdoor 23 / 200 6 29 / 800
UNII-3
5.725-
5.825
149 to 161 outdoor 30 / 1 W 23(2) 53 / 200 W
(2) If antennas higher than 23 dBi gain are utilized, a reduction of 1 dB of
the MAX RF output POWER is required for every 1 dBi increase in the
antenna gain above 23 dBi.

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IV ADMINISTRATION OVERVIEW
IV.1 Web interface
The primary means to fully configure the product is the web browser
interface. It is described in more details in the “Web interface reference”
chapter.
To get access to the product you may have to set its IP address first, this is
done using the Acksys NDM software.
You can use any recent browser. Javascript must be enabled.
IV.2 Reset pushbutton
The RESET pushbutton has three uses:
-a short press (< 2 seconds) will reboot the product. The DIAG led
will turn red steadily when the reboot takes place, until the product is
operational.
-a long press (> 2 seconds)while the product is running will reset it to
factory settings.
-a long press at startup time (either at power-up or very shortly after a
reboot) will activate the “Emergency upgrade” mode. When the
mode is activated the DIAG LED will blink quickly. This mode
allows either to reload the firmware from Acksys NDM or to reset to
factory settings (see point 2).
IV.3 Acksys NDM
Acksys NDM can detect the WLn products, display their configuration and
set their IP address even when they are incorrectly configured.
Acksys NDM should be used to set a correct IP address, compatible with
your local network.
Acksys NDM can also be used to reload the firmware when the product is in
“Emergency upgrade” mode.
IV.4 Emergency upgrade
“Emergency upgrade” mode is entered only via the pushbutton. It allows to
recover when a product was powered down during a regular firmware
upgrade, or if the product experienced such conditions that it is completely
non-operational.
“Emergency upgrade” mode is described in more details in its own chapter.
IV.5 SNMP agent
The product embeds a SNMP agent allowing configuration and monitoring
from a SNMP manager like Acksys NDM, HP OpenView™ or net-snmp
commands.
The SNMP agent is described in more details in its own chapter.

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VTECHNICAL REFERENCE
V.1 Addressing in network protocols
In a device bearing multiple LAN interfaces the IP protocol can route data
packets from LAN to LAN considering its final target that may be several
“hops” farther.
If the LANs are compatible from the viewpoint of addresses and data frames
structure, the device can also implement a bridge, moving blindly data
frames without considering the final target.
Each of these levels of data transfer uses its own addressing scheme.
IP networks can be conceptually grouped into “zones” in order to assign
common administrative policies to them.
V.1.1 TCP/IP network layers
V.1.1.1 TCP/IP protocols stack
TCP/IP is the name of the protocols used by Internet and most Intranets.
In a device participating in a TCP/IP network, there are four software layers:
the application layer, the transport layer (TCP or UDP), the network
layer (IP), the LAN layer (Ethernet, Wi-Fi, point-to-point modems, etc.)
Each layer has its own purpose and addressing scheme.
The LAN layer address allows a device to send data to another device
connected to the same LAN. But there is not enough information in a LAN
address to send to a device connected on another LAN through a router.
The Network (IP) address solves this problem by defining addresses which
can be subject to routing. When the source and destination devices are not
on the same LAN, the source device can send data to an intermediate router
(also called gateway). The router has routing tables which allows it to
forward data to the destination device, maybe through other gateways.
The transport layer address, called a “port”, is used inside a destination
device to deliver data to the correct application process.
You can move packets between two physical links depending on their MAC
addresses, without changing the packets: this is called bridging or switching.
You can move packets between LANs by selecting their destination
depending on the IP addresses: this is called routing. Routing offers
additional features, like the possibility to masquerade IP addresses, or to
selectively disable routing: this is firewalling.

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V.1.1.2 IP Networks
IP is the part of the TCP/IP stack that manages computer addresses and
routing. Each network interface is seen by the IP as a separate LAN. Each
LAN must have an IP address, something like “192.168.1.2”, to enable it to
be used by IP. Within one computer, the IP protocol makes use of “IP
network interfaces” to access the various LANs. An IP interface is thus the
piece of software that drives one network hardware interface.
The set of all the LANs that can communicate together by means of routers
is an “internetwork”; the Internet itself is an example of such concept.
Routers themselves are nothing more than a computer equipped with several
network connections and used specifically to route packets.
Here is the path followed by a data packet routed through 2 routers. The
source and destination IP address never changes during the transit, contrary
to the MAC addresses which change at each routing point.
Computer 1
Application
IP routing
IP interface
Data flow for routed packets
Transport
layer
Computer 2
Application
IP routing
IP interface
Transport
layer
Router 1
IP routing
IP i/f
IP i/f
Router 2
IP routing
IP i/f
IP i/f
Configuration and monitoring tools
IP routing
IP interface
e.g.
Ethernet1
IP interface
e.g.
Wi-Fi client
IP interface
e.g.software bridge
Network
interface
e.g.
Ethernet2
Network
interface
e.g.Wi-Fi
access point
Network
interface
e.g.
Ethernet3
IP address 3
IP address 1
IP address 2
IP stack with network interface and software bridge