Aico Residential Fire Detection RFD User manual

A Guide to
Residential Fire Detection
With Reference to BS 5839: Pt.6: 2004
Ahead on Quality
Ahead on Performance
Ahead on Features
(68.52) X

2
Ei ELECTRONICS -
THE MANUFACTURER
Ei Electronics is Europe’s largest and most
experienced manufacturer of residential
smoke and heat alarms. The company
has built up a wealth of experience over
more than 30 years and is now by far the
UK’s leading supplier of smoke alarms for
residential use, as well as the first choice
supplier for local authorities and housing
associations throughout the UK.
Ongoing commitment to research and
development has enabled Ei Electronics to
achieve many significant industry firsts: it was
first to obtain the BSI Kitemark on the entire
range of harmonised 9 Volt and mains
powered smoke alarms; first to offer
rechargeable back-up power; and first to
develop a fully compatible mains powered
heat alarm, as well as a range of ancillary
products. The company also became the
first to offer ‘hush’ button technology - as
recommended by BS 5839: Pt.6 - across the
full spectrum of alarm types; the first to offer
uniquely simplified installation and
maintenance through its patented ‘Easi-fit’
designs; and the first to offer private
landlords and local authorities a low cost
alternative to panel systems in some HMO
applications through its innovative ‘Modifire’
modular system. Most recently, Ei has
become the first company to introduce
mains powered wireless interconnect bases
for smoke alarms through its innovative
RadioLINK range, offering major savings on
time and installation costs.
Furthermore, Ei Electronics is the only
manufacturer to have responded positively
to the need to protect more vulnerable
members of the community - again, as
raised in BS 5839: Pt.6 - by manufacturing a
range of harmonised products for the deaf
and hearing impaired.
Ei Electronics continues to launch new
products utilising the latest technology and
bringing other significant innovations into the
market place and currently offers the largest
range of residential mains powered fire
detection products in the UK.
AICO -
THE SPECIALIST SUPPLIER
Many years of experience in both its
professional management and technical
sales support teams, coupled with a high
standard of service and back-up, have
enabled Aico to firmly establish the Ei
Professional range of fire detection products
as the first choice for specifiers, installers,
housing associations, local authorities and
builders throughout the UK.
In-house technical support continues to play
a very vital role, together with a dedicated
ongoing education process for wholesalers,
specifiers and installers. Aico is also fully
committed to an ongoing programme of
total product awareness, demonstrating the
need for effective fire detection and
providing guidance on all aspects of system
design, installation and maintenance through
seminars, professional videos, CD-ROMs and
support literature.
High quality products demand a high
standard of service and support. Making it as
easy as possible for customers to buy “what
they want - when they want” is another
priority, and high levels of stock (plus a rapid
delivery service to wholesale distributors) is a
further demonstration of Aico’s total
commitment to the fire safety industry.
Aico Ltd is a wholly owned subsidiary of Ei
Electronics, Europe's leading manufacturer of
residential smoke alarms and accessories.
Contents
Company Profiles 2
Introduction 3
Fire Safety - Statistics 4
The Essential Changes to
BS 5839: Pt.6: 2004 5
BS 5839: Pt.6 - An Introduction 7
The Scope of BS 5839: Pt.6 7
System Design - Risk Analysis 8
Fire Risk - Where Do Fires Start? 9
Who is most at risk? 9
Property Protection 10
Types of Alarm Technology 10
System Planning 11
Silencing and Disablement 11
Quality and Compatibility 12
The Grade System 12
Levels of Protection 12
Selecting the Right System 13
Choosing Which Alarms To Use 14
Siting of Smoke Alarms 15
Audibility 16
Special Needs Provision 16
Installation of Grade D & E Systems 16
Power Source 16
Wiring Smoke Alarms 17
Certification 17
Testing and Maintenance 17
Negligence 17
Rapid Reference Guide 18
Disposal 21
RadioLINK RF Interconnection 22
Ancillary Fire Detection Products 23
Technical Support 27
Trouble Shooting 27

recommendations of BS 5839: Pt.6
more clearly understood, and to offer
advice on how to design, install and
maintain a system that meets the
requirements, with reference to the
2004 amendments.
At the same time, this guide is
designed to help answer the most
commonly asked questions about fire
detection; for example, ‘which types
of detector to use and where not to
use them’, and to help dispel the myth
that alarms are all the same. They are
not, as the Code itself is all too anxious
to point out.
This latest edition of the Guide has
been produced to take on board
new developments since the
introduction of the Code, both in
terms of fire statistics and evolving
fire safety technology.
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INTRODUCTION
When first introduced in 1995, the BS
5839: Pt.6 Code of Practice became the
most important set of recommendations
ever made on fire safety in the home.
It had an immediate impact on
architects, system designers, installers and
landlords in the private or public sector, all
of whom were required to familiarise
themselves with these important
recommendations. Landlords in particular
needed to abide by these
recommendations, as legal liability with
regard to ‘duty of care’ would
undoubtedly become a serious issue
should a fire occur in an inadequately
protected property.
In short, BS 5839: Pt.6 became the
essential guide to providing adequate
fire protection in all dwelling types.
In September 2004, the Code of
Practice was extensively revised and
updated by the publication of
BS 5839: Pt.6: 2004 and immediately
superseded BS 5839: Pt.6: 1995, which
is now withdrawn. The changes
therein are important and need to be
fully understood and appreciated by
all those with responsibility for fire
safety in domestic dwellings.
This document is intended as a guide
to BS 5839: Pt.6: 2004, highlighting the
changes that have come into effect
with the introduction of the 2004
edition while still remaining a
comprehensive guide to BS 5839 as
a whole.
This guide is not intended as a
substitute for reading the Code of
practice itself. Instead, it’s designed
to help make the implications and

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Further evidence of the vital importance of
smoke alarms comes from American
studies. In American States where
residential fire protection is mandatory,
some 92% of homes have the required fire
alarm systems. 50% of ALL the fire deaths
which occur happen within the 8% where
no alarms are fitted.
BS 5839: Pt.6: 2004 itself says:
“It has been estimated that, in dwellings
without smoke detectors, a substantial
proportion of the fatalities from fire could be
avoided if smoke detectors were installed”
SMOKE ALARM
PERFORMANCE
In 34,450 fires in 2003, no smoke alarm
was present in the fire area. 261 people
died in these fires, and a further 6,100
were injured.
In the cases where an alarm was present,
the alarm operated correctly in 18,821
cases (29% of dwelling fires), operated but
failed to raise the alarm in 3,100 cases
(5%) and failed to operate altogether in
7,445 cases (12%).
SMOKE ALARM RELIABILITY
It is worth quoting the Fire Statistics in detail
here. The report notes that, in those
dwellings subject to a fire in 2003, alarms
failed to operate in 12% of cases:
“However, this overall figure masks a wide
difference in performance between battery
powered alarms and mains powered alarms
– 40% of all battery powered smoke alarms
failed in 2003 compared to just 13% of mains
powered alarms.”
The Report goes on to clarify:
“The main reason for smoke alarm failures
each year is missing or flat batteries. In 2003
they accounted for 63% of failures in battery
powered alarms. The main reason for failure
of mains powered alarms was that the fire
products did not reach the detectors (43% of
cases)”.
The message is still all too clear: it’s vital to
select, properly install and adequately
maintain the best, most reliable smoke
alarms possible - and to have both
adequate back-up and measures for
preventing tampering with alarms.
BATTERY POWERED ALARMS
The high failure rate of alarms with
replaceable batteries is truly frightening.
Landlords relying on battery powered alarms
to protect tenants cannot be there all the
time to check that batteries are present and
working – but responsibility still lies with them.
Essentially, the time when a smoke alarm
with a replaceable battery was considered
adequate has long passed. BS 5839: Pt.6
itself recognises that, while they save lives,
they are all too vulnerable to tampering to
offer landlords much of a defence under
‘duty of care’. It is no surprise to learn that,
when one Council made an inspection of its
properties fitted with battery units, it found
that in excess of 50% of them were
‘defective’ in some way, due mainly to
neglect or from removal of the batteries.
COVERAGE
Inadequately or improperly installed fire
alarms can have a significant bearing on
their performance, as borne out by the
Fire Statistics.
A badly installed alarm may have its
reaction time cut in half - offering
occupants as little as 90 seconds or two
minutes to get out. By this time, routes of
escape may have become impassable,
forcing people to jump from high windows.
Or flames may have reached them.
An incorrectly installed fire alarm may
again leave landlords in both the private
and public sector vulnerable to
compensation claims from injured
tenants or from families of victims.
After one such fire tragedy in which a
tenant died, one local authority found that
the compensation it had to pay out, plus
the cost of litigation, far exceeded the cost
of installing quality fire alarms in every
single council property in their area. To a
private landlord without the resources of a
local authority, such a compensation pay
out could have been completely ruinous.
The message of BS 5839: Pt.6 is therefore
to not only install an adequate number of
smoke alarms, but to ensure that they are
installed and maintained correctly in
every respect.
FIRE SAFETY - THE STATISTICS
According to the latest UK figures the
majority - over three quarters - of all fire
casualties occur in the home.
Until the introduction of BS 5839: Pt.6,
business and commercial premises were
the subject of far more stringent fire
safety regulations than residential
dwellings. BS 5839: Pt.6 was introduced
to start redressing the balance.
Every year around 450 people die in fires
in this country, and close to 13,000 are
injured. The death toll is reducing and
this is acknowledged to be directly
related to increasing and more
professional use of smoke alarms. At the
time of the introduction of BS 5839 in
1995, we were talking around 600 deaths
and 15,000 annual injuries.
A brief look at ‘Fire Statistics United
Kingdom, 2003’, published by the Office
of the Deputy Prime Minister in March
2005, provides an invaluable insight into
incidents of dwelling fires and the
effectiveness of smoke alarms.
• In 2003, dwelling fires fell to 63,800. The
number of accidental dwelling fires also
fell to 50,000 – the lowest figures for more
than a decade
• However, around 80% of all fire-related
casualties occur in dwellings
• In 2003, 447 people lost their lives in
fires in the home. (That compares with
430 in 2002 and 483 in 2001)
• 12,600 people were injured, a
reduction of 7% compared with 2002
MORTALITY STATISTICS
• In 2003, 68 people lost their lives in fires in
homes where an alarm was present,
operated and raised the alarm
• In comparison, in the same period, 379
people died in homes where either an
alarm was not installed or an alarm was
present but failed to raise the alarm
The report suggests that 76% of households
now have alarms, so the huge difference in
death rates is strongly indicative not only of
the need for smoke alarms, but also smoke
alarms which work when they are needed.

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THE ESSENTIAL CHANGES TO
BS 5839: Pt.6: 2004 – AT A
GLANCE
THE DOCUMENT ITSELF
Each clause of the document is now split
into 2 parts. Firstly, there is the
commentary – in italics – this sets out the
reasoning behind what at first sight may
appear to be arbitrary recommendations.
The recommendations are in normal type,
so it is quite possible to simply refer to
these alone. The intention is to make the
document easier to use; whether it
succeeds in this aim is a matter of
personal perception.
NEW BUILD PROPERTIES
There are now extended
recommendations with regard to new
build properties. Essentially these are:
• All properties must have mains
powered alarms with a back-up
supply – Grade D system
• Smoke alarms should be positioned
in escape routes
• Heat alarms should be fitted in
the kitchen and possibly the
principal habitable room. The
definition of a principal habitable
room is ‘habitable room that is
normally the most frequently used
room for daytime living purposes’.
This would normally be the living
or dining room
CHANGES TO GRADES
There is essentially no change to
Grade F, although a five year
minimum battery life is
recommended in tenanted
properties, along with a
recommendation that the battery
can only be removable by the use
of a special tool. A slot headed
screwdriver is not considered as
meeting this requirement as many
articles can be used as an
alternative.
Grade C systems now require a central
control, rather than a level of control as
previously. This implies that some form of
panel is required and security systems are
put forward as a possible means of
meeting this requirement.
Grades D, E and F now include heat
alarms.
FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT
Fire Risk Assessment receives brief
coverage at the start, with much greater
emphasis given to the subject in Annex A
at the back of the document.
It is worth noting the Commentary of
Section 4.1: “It is considered that the level
of fire risk in dwellings covered by this part
of BS 5839 is unlikely ever to be sufficiently
low to obviate the need for some form of
fire detection and fire alarm system”.
LEVEL OF COVERAGE
LD1, LD2 and LD3 remain unchanged.
However, the terminology has changed.
The Code now refers to ‘Category’ of
system instead of ‘Type’ of system.

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SYSTEM VARIATIONS
Where a modification to a system is
made, the standard now refers to it as a
‘Variation’ rather than a ‘Deviation’, as
the latter term implied that the system
was in some way inferior. Note that, in
cases where a variation from the
recommendations is proposed, the
system certificate has to be signed and
agreed by all parties.
RF INTERCONNECTION –
WIRELESS SYSTEMS
Although the previous version of the
document didn’t preclude the use of RF
as a form of interconnecting smoke
alarms, it called for a single final circuit. This
potential confusion has been resolved.
Now, because of the introduction of new
‘wireless’ or ‘radio’ interconnect systems,
Clause 15.5 paragraph b says: “If smoke
alarms and heat alarms are of a type
that can be interconnected by wiring, all
smoke and heat alarms should be
connected on a single final circuit”. This
is clearly intended for hard wired
systems, as a note added to this
recommendation states: ‘This
recommendation does not apply if the
form of interconnection is not capable
of conducting current, e.g. if the means
of interconnection comprises radio
communication rather than wiring.’
OTHER ALARM TYPES
For the first time, BS 5839: Pt.6 now covers
CO fire alarms and multi-sensor alarms.
Heat alarms are given far more
importance, as you will have noted
from the New Build changes above, for
example. Heat Alarms should always
comply with BS 5446: Pt.2.
FALSE ALARM CONTROL
A detailed commentary is given on false
alarm control, which should be studied
as this is probably the major reason that
smoke alarms are disabled
by the user.
Among its recommendations are:
• Not using ionisation type alarms in
escape routes
• The use of heat alarms where nuisance
alarms could be a problem – only in
areas other than escape routes
• A high level of maintenance to
reduce the incidence of false alarms
• No automatic connection to the Fire
Brigade, because of the high level of
false alarms generated in the home
ALARMS FOR THE DEAF
AND HARD OF HEARING
BS 5839: Pt.6 now has specific
recommendations to make on the use of
specialist alarms for the deaf or hearing
impaired. Strobes and vibrating pads are
discussed, as are signalling requirements
in daytime rooms. Specific reference is
made to the BS 5446: Pt.3 standard.

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BS 5839: Pt.6 - AN
INTRODUCTION
BS 5839: Pt.6 is not intended for
householders themselves, but to
provide guidance and
recommendations for architects and
other building professionals, enforcing
authorities, contractors and others
responsible for implementing fire
precautions in buildings.
The Code of Practice should not be
quoted as if it was a specification and
the standard itself warns that
particular care should be taken to
ensure that claims of compliance are
not misleading.
It is also pointed out that compliance
with a British Standard cannot
automatically confer legal immunity.
However, for a landlord or installer,
compliance with the latest Code is
obviously the best line of defence in
any claim made against them.
THE SCOPE OF BS 5839:
Pt.6
This Code of practice covers every type
of fire detection ‘system’, from a simple
self-contained battery smoke alarm right
through to major hard wired 24V systems.
The new 2004 Code further takes into
consideration “changes in technology,
custom and practice, and changes in
guidance that supports national building
regulations” since 1995.
BS 5839: Pt.6 also covers almost every
conceivable type of premises,
including:
Bungalows
Multi-storey houses
Individual flats
Individual maisonettes
Mobile homes
Individual sheltered
accommodation
Houses in multiple occupation (HMOs)
NHS housing in the community
Both new and existing dwellings are
covered.
Communal parts of flats, maisonettes,
sheltered accommodation and
hostels are not included; neither are
caravans.
BS 5839: Pt.6 is primarily concerned with
saving lives and reducing injuries.
However, it does contain within it
recommendations for helping to reduce
property damage too. The 2002/3 British
Crime Survey, issued by the Office of the
Deputy Prime Minister, notes that the
mean cost of financial damage caused
by a domestic fire is now estimated to be
£980 – up a very significant £230 from the
£750 estimated in 2001/2. Gross losses to
domestic fires have increased by 24% in
just one year. This has clear financial
implications for the landlord. Good fire
safety practice and adherence to the
Code can give the best possible early
warning of fire and so reduce the financial
impact as well as human suffering.
SYSTEMS
BS 5839: Pt.6 defines a fire detection and
alarm system as "a system that
comprises a means for automatically
detecting one of the characteristic
phenomena of fire and a means for
providing a warning to occupants". This
means that it could simply comprise one
smoke alarm or, at the other extreme, a
full commercial panel system.
Firstly, it is worth quoting the
recommendations in Clause 4.2 of the
Code:
“A fire detection and fire alarm system
complying with this part of BS 5839, should
be installed in all dwellings.. whether new
or existing”.
“Final design.. should, where reasonably
practicable, be based on a form of fire
risk assessment..”
The effectiveness of a system is now
based upon the probability of system
operation (incorporating reliability,
monitoring and maintenance issues) and
the ‘success rate’ of the system (the
number of alarms, their location, audibility
issues and the lifestyle of occupants).

8
On the other hand, a low fire risk may
not justify the cost, complexity and
extent of such a system.
For example, the single occupant of a
small bungalow might be adequately
protected by the installation of one
mains powered smoke alarm, whereas
the risk to which families in a six storey
house in multiple occupation are
exposed would warrant much greater
expenditure on a more complex and
comprehensive system.
This sort of common sense approach
permeates the Code and this, coupled
with its acknowledgement of economic
constraints, makes the Code particularly
simple to adhere to.
The design of the system - which
includes considerations such as the
number of and siting of alarms, and the
form of power supply required should
take the following factors into account:
1. The probability of fire occurring
2. The probability of injury or death of
occupants if fire occurs
3. The probability of the system operating
correctly at the time of a fire
4. The probability of early detection
and warning to occupants in the
event of fire
Points one and two combined define
the ‘fire risk’, while point three relates to
system reliability. The fourth point is
defined by the standard as ‘a form of
success rate for the system’.
The Code recommends that fire risk be
assessed by taking into account a
number of different factors. These are
now to be found in Annex A of the
2004 Code.
Firstly, it recommends that each room in a
dwelling be assessed for its own particular
fire risk, taking into account current
statistical information. How likely is it that
a fire will start in a living room, for
example? Or a bedroom? What are the
possible sources of ignition in that room?
Statistically, what are the chances of
injury or death to an occupant if a fire
does break out in that type of room?
ASSESSING FIRE RISK
The Code discusses the generally
relevant factors in carrying out a fire risk
assessment to determine the most
appropriate design of fire detection and
fire alarm system. However, it also notes
that the lifestyle of the occupants may
require a change to the assessment.
The Code looks at where fatal fires
typically break out and where occupants
may be at the time.
First and foremost, it notes that the
greatest impediment to escape in the
event of a fire is smoke obscuring the
escape route. Any fire which starts in a
circulation area - or spreads to a
circulation area - needs to be detected
as soon as possible. The Code says that
“smoke detectors need to be installed in
the circulation areas of all dwellings”.
SYSTEM DESIGN - FIRE RISK
ASSESSMENT
How can a system be designed to
meet the latest standards?
The Code recommends that a system is
designed – where reasonably
practicable - based on a fire risk
assessment of the property.
This needs to take into account:
• The probability of fire
• Ignition sources
• Possible fire prevention methods
• The lifestyle of the occupants
• The probability and extent of harm
• Means of escape
• Number of storeys in the dwelling
• Flammable materials (e.g. smoking)
• The age, physical condition and socio-
economic nature of the occupant
Fire risk then is essentially a combination
of the probability of fire occurring and the
magnitude of the consequences of fire.
In this way, the Code is recognising that
you don’t have to buy the most
expensive fire detection system available.
You must, however, ensure that the system
is adequate for the risks involved.
A high fire risk demands high reliability
to ensure early detection of fire and
warning to occupants, regardless of
where the fire starts, and high
reliability on the part of the system to
operate correctly when required.
BALANCE BETWEEN FIRE RISK & SYSTEM RELIABILITY & SUCCESS RATE

Fires caused by electrical appliances
account for some 10% of all household
fires, but result in only 6% of deaths. Electric
blankets and bed warmers cause 40% of
all the deaths in fires due to faulty electrical
appliances. The Code says that ‘use of
electric blankets, particularly by high risk
groups such as the elderly, increases the
justification for providing smoke alarms in
bedrooms’. As with smoking materials, by
the time an alarm in an adjacent area
detects smoke, it may be too late.
Finally, the new 2004 Code acknowledges
that there is a very worrying increase in the
incidence of arson, just as it did back in
1995. Malicious ignition is the second most
common source of ignition in all fires in
dwellings. Arson is particularly worrying in
multiple occupancy dwellings and the Code
stresses that the level of fire protection in
such places needs to be very high if there is
a significant risk of malicious fire-raising. It
even goes so far as to suggest installing
alarms near the door in case inflammable
materials are pushed through the letterbox.
WHO IS MOST AT RISK?
The occupants of a property are another
significant factor which needs to be
considered.
The Code acknowledges that elderly
people are at ‘significantly greater risk’
from fire than other age groups. For those
over 80, the probability of dying in a fire is
several times that for those aged from 30
to 59. Those aged between 60 and 80
are also at increased risk. Children under
five are at greater risk than adults.
For that reason, the Code recommends
greater levels of fire protection in
dwellings occupied by the elderly or
those with young children.
9
FIRE RISK -
WHERE DO FIRES START?
Just over half of all fatalities occur in the
room where the fire breaks out; in HMOs,
this rises to 60%. The Code notes that, in
the United Kingdom, some 40% of all
fatal fires start in living rooms or dining
rooms, whereas 30% of fatal fires start in
bedrooms. For this reason, the Code
recommends that if alarms are to be
installed within rooms, the living room
and the dining room should be the first
priority. However, this consideration
could be reversed if the bedroom
presents a particular fire risk, such as the
occupant smoking in bed or using an
electric blanket.
The Code also specifically warns that
occupants – especially those asleep
and/or with a closed door between
them and the alarm - may not hear the
alarm in time. It stresses that it is
‘therefore essential that fire detection
and fire alarm systems are capable of
operating correctly when occupants
are asleep and are capable of rousing
occupants from normal sleep.’ This is
another reason why - if there is a
significant fire risk in a particular room -
consideration should be given to
installing alarms in that room - and
interlinking the entire system.
After kitchen fires and electrical
appliances and wiring, smoking
continues to be the next most common
cause of accidental fires in the home.
However, it is the number one cause of
fire deaths. Around 40% of all fire
deaths are caused through matches or
a discarded cigarette (the figure was
33% in1995 when the Code was first
published). In most cases, the item
ignited is bedding or furniture. If
occupants are known to smoke, there is
a greater need to install smoke alarms in
the living room or dining room areas. If
the occupants smoke in bed, the Code
suggests considering installing smoke
alarms in the bedroom itself. Ominously,
statistics reveal that - if such a fire begins
in a room where an occupant is asleep -
their chances of survival are greatly
reduced. By the time an alarm sounds in
an adjacent area, it may very well
already be too late.
Fires caused by space heating
appliances are also particularly life
threatening. After fires caused by
smoking and cooking appliances, these
types of fires account for more deaths
than any other cause - around 12% of
accidental fire deaths. These fires often
occur when something inflammable is
placed too close to the heater. The
Code suggests that, if portable heaters
or solid fuel fires are used at night, there
may be good justification for installing
smoke alarms in the relevant rooms -
particularly bedrooms.
MOST COMMON CAUSES OF ACCIDENTAL FIRES

10
People with impaired mobility require
more time to escape. They need the
earliest possible warning of a fire and
greater alarm coverage. The hearing
impaired also have very particular
needs, and these are dealt with later in
this document.
It is obvious to any landlord - in the
public or private sector - that those
judged to be most at risk and in need
of a high level of protection are those
who form a typical cross section of
their tenants.
PROPERTY PROTECTION
BS 5839: Pt.6 also adds other
considerations for the protection of
property. However, it stresses that only in
exceptional circumstances, for example
in a house of historical importance
where no-one sleeps, should the
principle objective of a fire detection
system ever be the preservation of
property rather than lives.
If property damage is the decisive
factor, the Code recommends
installing a system which results in the
fire brigade being called early enough
to limit property damage.
As a fire that starts anywhere will cause
damage, consideration should be given
to providing detectors in some or all
rooms of the building. Coverage in
circulation areas alone is unlikely to be
adequate. Once again, areas with a
statistically greater fire risk, such as
kitchens and boiler rooms, where likely
sources of ignition are present, should
have priority for detectors.
Property damage should, of course,
never be a deciding factor for a
landlord, but it is worth bearing in mind
not only the human cost but also the
financial cost of a fire breaking out in
a property. Insurance premiums may
rise, renovation costs may be
expensive and revenue from the
property will be lost while it is being
made habitable, to say nothing of the
cost of re-housing tenants. Once
again, the cost-effectiveness of a
quality fire alarm system offering the
earliest possible warning is self-evident.
TYPES OF ALARM
TECHNOLOGY
The next issue raised by the Code is
the types of alarm available.
BATTERY OPERATED
SMOKE ALARMS - GRADE F
BS 5839: Pt.6 acknowledges the
advantages of the single, battery
operated smoke alarm. They’re
simple to install and offer protection
at very low cost. Battery operated
smoke alarms conforming to BS
5446: Pt.1 are recommended.
However, these alarms do have
serious drawbacks. Occupants on
a tight budget may not be able to
afford to replace the batteries. A
significant number of tenants have
also been shown to remove the
batteries to prevent false alarms or
to use in other battery powered
devices and then forget to replace
them. For this reason, the Code
recommends that these alarms
should not be used to protect
tenants in properties of more than
one storey – and even then the
batteries should be sealed-in and
have a life in excess of 5 years.
As an aside, landlords have now
been found liable in cases where
tenants themselves have disabled
an alarm. For this reason, it is
unlikely that landlords will be able
to trust tenants to adequately look
after the alarms. The Code
highlights the fact that battery
powered alarms are only suitable
for owner-occupied properties if
the likelihood is that batteries will
be replaced within five days of a
low battery signal.
Interestingly, the Code acknowledges
that people on a low income are
more at risk than other groups, which
is borne out by statistics from the
British Crime Survey. They may not be
able to afford to replace batteries in
smoke alarms and the Code
consequently points out that ‘a more
reliable power supply for the fire
detection and alarm system is
essential’. This worry, coupled with the
fear of alarms being cut off to poorer
residents along with their electricity
supply, permeates the entire
document and needs to be stressed.
People living in a house in multiple
occupation are between eight and
ten times more likely to die in a fire
than those in single family homes, it
has been estimated. However, the
Code distinguishes between
properties commonly designated as
HMOs. On the one hand, a family
living with a lodger might not be
classed as an HMO as the fire risk may
be no greater than a normal dwelling.
It identifies the greatest risk in houses
converted into bedsits and to elderly
people in sheltered accommodation.
Generally, the risk is also greater if the
property exceeds two storeys in
height. Here the Code recommends
“where the risk in an HMO is relatively
high, it is essential that there is
protection by a highly reliable fire
detection and fire alarm system. It is
also essential that a warning is given
in the event of a fault that impairs the
standard of protection”.

SYSTEM PLANNING
BS 5839: Pt.6 quite reasonably points
out that, no matter how good the
system is, people will only have an
adequate chance of escape if there
are enough detectors installed and if
the alarms can successfully rouse them
from sleep.
SILENCING & DISABLEMENT
The Code is very aware of the grave
danger posed by tampering with
alarms and their wilful disablement. It
acknowledges that false alarms are a
major reason why householders disable
alarms, and looks at practical steps to
help prevent this. Foremost among
these recommendations is a built-in
method by which alarms can be
silenced without the use of a tool of
any kind, for example a “Hush” or False
Alarm Control button.
The Code stresses the role of
specifying “good quality equipment”
in reducing false alarms, and makes
helpful distinctions between alarm
sensor types in reducing sensitivity to
environmental factors liable to cause
false alarms, such as cooking
vapours.
However, the need to avoid false
alarms should never take priority over
the need for early fire detection.
The 2004 Code says that the high rate
of false alarms in dwellings makes it
‘generally inappropriate’ to connect
domestic smoke alarms direct to a fire
and rescue service. However, it
acknowledges that vulnerable people
such as the disabled might benefit
from such a connection.
11
MAINS POWERED SMOKE
ALARMS - GRADE E
The Code states that mains powered
smoke alarms are potentially more
reliable and are recommended to
be installed in existing dwellings
occupied by people who are unlikely
to be able to change a smoke
alarm’s battery.
However, mains powered systems
have their drawbacks; power cuts or
the termination of supply for
whatever reason disables them
totally. They can also be rendered
useless by the tripping of a protective
device, or even - in some cases - by
the fire itself. Householders may also
disable them at the mains all too
easily if false alarms are a problem.
MAINS POWERED SMOKE
ALARMS WITH STAND-BY
SUPPLY - GRADE D
The problems outlined above can
be overcome by using alarms that
incorporate, within each alarm, a
stand-by supply such as a primary
or rechargeable battery.
This sort of system should be
considered, says the Code, if the
reliability of the mains supply is not
high, or if the fire risk is likely to be
high during periods of failure or
disconnection of the mains supply
to the dwelling. In new build and
tenanted two storey properties this
type of alarm is now considered
essential.
This begs a simple question of
landlords - can they be sure that
their tenants are paying their
electricity bills? Given that many
tenants may have low incomes (in
many local authorities, 70% or
more of all tenants are on
subsidised incomes), they may
well experience periods of
disconnection - and yet the
landlord could well be liable if the
alarm fails to sound because the
tenant has not paid his or her bills!
Unfair or not, as the law stands, it
obviously makes good
commercial sense to ensure that
a reliable, high quality back-up
battery facility is in place.
The minimum back-up duration
recommended is 72 hours, and the
Code acknowledges that there
could well be circumstances where
a longer stand-by period is justified
e.g. tenants’ inability to pay their
electricity bill.
FIRE DETECTORS
SUPPLIED WITH
POWER FROM A
COMMON POWER
SUPPLY UNIT
Beyond this, more expensive high
specification systems can offer
connection of all fire detection
devices to a common power supply
via low voltage transformers, or
interlinked fire and security systems.
Again, a minimum 72 hour back-up is
recommended by the Code.
OTHER SYSTEMS
For larger applications, such as
mansions and HMOs, or for areas
with a high risk of fire, higher grade
systems are recommended.

12
equipment to BS EN 54-2, and power
supply to BS EN 54-4, installed to BS
5839: Pt.1 with some minor
exceptions
• Grade B - Fire detection and alarm
system comprising fire detectors
(other than smoke alarms), fire alarm
sounders and control and indicating
equipment to either BS EN 54-2 (and
power supply to BS EN 54-4), or to
Annex C of BS 5839: Pt.6
• Grade C - System consisting of smoke
detectors and sounders (which may
be smoke alarms) connected to a
common power supply, comprising
normal mains and stand-by supply,
with central control equipment
• Grade D - System incorporating one
or more mains powered smoke alarms
(and heat alarms if required) each
with an integral stand-by supply
• Grade E - System of mains powered
smoke alarms (and heat alarms if
required) with no stand-by supply
• Grade F - System of one or more
battery powered smoke alarms (and
heat alarms if required)
The changes from the previous edition
are relatively small: Grade A & B now
refer to the latest European Standards
and there are minor changes in
requirements. Grade C now requires
central control of the system. Grades E,
D & F now have reference to heat
alarms in addition to smoke alarms.
Concerned by problems with battery
powered units in Grade F, the
prescriptive advice in the Code now
recommends a minimum five year
battery life and batteries that are
secured so that a special tool is
required to remove them for use in
tenanted single storey properties.
As the overwhelming number of
residential applications in the UK will fall
into the D to F categories, this is the
area on which this guide will naturally
focus. If you are particularly interested
in unusual grades of protection, you are
invited to look further at the relevant
clauses of the Code.
Of course, installers and specifiers may
install a system with greater safety
features than laid down in the letter of
the Code. For example, rather than a
Grade E system landlords might think it
prudent to install a Grade D system
instead. This is especially true
considering the many restrictions that
apply to the use of Grade E systems.
LEVELS OF PROTECTION
CATEGORIES OF SYSTEM
This was previously referred to as ‘type’
of system. It relates to the level of
protection afforded by the system.
Within the A - F grades defined earlier,
the Code identifies three different
categories of protection:
• LD1 - A system installed throughout
the dwelling, incorporating detectors
in all circulation spaces that form
part of the escape routes from the
dwelling, and in all rooms and areas
in which fire might start, other than
toilets, bathrooms and shower rooms
• LD2 - A system incorporating
detectors in all circulation spaces
that form part of the escape routes
from the dwelling, and in all rooms or
areas that present a high risk of fire
• LD3 - A system incorporating
detectors in all circulation spaces
that form part of the escape routes
from the dwelling
Apart from the change of name, there
are no changes to the ‘Categories’
from the previous version of the code.
It is noted that an LD3 type system is
intended to protect escape routes for
those not directly involved in the fire
and may not save the life of anyone in
the immediate vicinity of the fire.
The Code also features two grades of
protection for property - PD1 and PD2.
Briefly, PD1 offers comprehensive
coverage of all areas, while a PD2
system includes detectors in only those
areas where there has been judged a
fire risk. Only by quoting Grade and
Category can a meaningful and
effective alarm system be specified,
e.g. Grade D, Category LD2.
QUALITY & COMPATIBILITY
The quality of equipment installed is a
factor that needs to be carefully
considered. The Code states that, in
general, all components should conform
to relevant British Standards and should
have undergone type testing to those
Standards. Suppliers should preferably
have approval to a recognised quality
approval scheme such as the relevant BS
EN ISO 9000 series standard. If no British
Standards apply, reasonable care should
be taken that components are fit for the
purpose intended.
The Code recommends that all
individual system components should
be mutually compatible.
Conformance to the relevant British
Standard is no guarantee that the
components of a system will be
compatible. Consequently, this should be
confirmed at the design stage.
THE GRADE SYSTEM
Relates to system engineering not level
of protection.
BS 5839: Pt.6 grades fire detection
systems from Grade A down to Grade F.
Generally speaking, the greater the fire
risk and the more demanding the
application, the more comprehensive
the system needs to be.
• Grade A - Fire detection system
incorporating control and indicating

and principal living room (smoke
detectors are an acceptable alternative
in the living room).
Existing Properties
Single storey - owner occupied
Grade F, Category LD3
Grade E should be installed if there is
doubt regarding the ability of the
occupier to replace batteries, or Grade
D if the reliability of the mains power
supply is suspect.
Single storey - rented
Grade F, Category LD3
The battery should have an expected
life in excess of 5 years and should only
be accessible by means of a special
tool. Grade E should be installed if there
is doubt regarding the ability of the
occupier to replace batteries, or Grade
D if the reliability of the mains power
supply is suspect.
2 or 3 storey house or maisonette -
owner occupied
Grade F, Category LD3
Grade E should be installed if there is
doubt regarding the ability of the
occupier to replace batteries, or Grade
D if the reliability of the mains power
supply is also suspect.
2 or 3 storey house or maisonette -
rented Grade D, Category LD3
Category LD2 if a risk assessment
justifies additional alarms.
Houses in Multiple
Occupation
Up to 2 storey - New Build
Grade D, Category LD2
Smoke alarms should be installed in
circulation spaces, heat alarms in
kitchen and principal living room (smoke
alarms are an acceptable alternative in
the living room).
Up to 2 storey - Existing property
Grade D, Category LD3
Category LD2 if a risk assessment justifies
additional alarms.
All other types
Grade D, Category LD3 in individual
dwelllings. Grade A, Category LD2 in
communal areas.
Where fire precautions are subject to
legislative control, the enforcing authority
should be consulted before a decision on
the appropriate Grade and Category of
system is reached.
13
SELECTING THE RIGHT
SYSTEM
How do you choose which grade of
system to install? The Code states that
the grade of system that should be
installed depends “on the nature of the
dwelling, the level of the fire risk and the
characteristics of the occupants.”
It points out that Grade F systems
(battery alarms) are the least reliable
and the system used in new dwellings
should be Grade D (mains powered
with integral back-up supply) or higher.
Existing owner occupied dwellings can
be covered by a Grade F system
provided:
• The fire risk is not high
• There is a reasonable certainty that
batteries will be replaced within a
short time, that is, no more than five
days after a low battery signal
If these criteria cannot be met, a Grade
E or higher system should be installed.
Existing tenanted dwellings of two or
more storeys should have Grade D
systems installed.
From a landlord’s point of view, the case
for a Grade D system (mains with stand-
by) seems to be quite obvious. Can
they be ‘reasonably certain’ that a
tenant will replace smoke alarm
batteries within five days? Do they have
‘absolutely no worries about their
tenants paying their electricity bills’?
The Code is asking for that level of
assurance.
Once you have decided what Grade of
system to use, you then need to ask
yourself just how comprehensive the
system needs to be, and this is what
governs the LD ‘Category’ system.
All dwellings should be covered to at least
an LD3 standard, with the decision being
based primarily on fire risk.
If there is a high risk to occupants from
fire in any part of the building, Category
LD1 or LD2 protection level should be
considered. Those who are infirm or
elderly might particularly benefit from a
higher level of coverage. If people are
likely to be in a room where a fire may
break out, this level of coverage is also
recommended.
The Code acknowledges that in
situations where a large number of
properties are involved i.e. the housing
stock of a Local Authority, it is perhaps
not practical to undertake a Fire Risk
Assessment on every one of these
properties. To take account of this a
table listing the ‘Minimum Grade and
Category of fire detection and fire
alarm system for protection of life in
typical dwellings’ – often referred to as
‘Prescriptive Advice’ - is provided. At first
sight this appears to be an easy method
of deciding on the appropriate system
to use in any specific property type.
However, care should be exercised in
applying these recommendations as in
many cases there are notes qualifying
them; this is particularly relevant to
those given for existing properties. If the
notes are overlooked, there is a risk of
applying an incorrect assessment to the
property and as a result specifying what
may be interpreted as an inadequate
system. In view of this, it may be worth
considering applying the ‘New Build’
recommendations to existing properties
to minimise this risk.
PRESCRIPTIVE ADVICE
SUMMARY
New Build
Up to 3 storey - owner occupied or rented
Grade D, Category LD2
Smoke alarms should be installed in
circulation spaces, heat alarms in kitchen
and principal living room (smoke alarms are
an acceptable alternative in the living
room).
Over 3 storey - owner occupied or rented
Grade B, Category LD2
Smoke detectors should be installed in
circulation spaces, heat detectors in kitchen

14
The Code also looks at a third type of
alarm - heat. More emphasis is placed
upon the use of heat alarms than
previously. The Code recommends that
they should comply with BS 5446: Pt.2 and
suggests they be used where nuisance
alarms from other sensor types are a
concern. In new build properties heat
alarms are now recommended both in
the kitchen and possibly the principal
habitable room, such as the living room.
Domestic heat alarms require less
maintenance than any other type of unit
and aren’t prone to false alarms caused
by contamination or smoke caused by
cooking. For this reason, heat alarms were
originally specifically designed for use in
kitchens or garages, where other alarms
are less reliable and more likely to go off
accidentally. Fire deaths from fires
originating in the kitchen are sadly
increasing and such fires can often cause
extensive property damage and,
therefore, landlords might consider them
good insurance. Heat alarms are
generally less sensitive than smoke alarms
and must not be used in circulation areas.
BS 5839: Pt.6 recommends that heat
alarms have a role to play in Category
LD2 systems.
The Code acknowledges that a mix and
match approach to systems is sensible,
installing different detector types in areas
where they are most effective.
For more information on the different
types of detection technology
available, please see the product
information section towards the back of
this guide.
CO and Multi-sensor fire alarms are
introduced into the 2004 Code. CO fire
alarms are specifically designed for
detecting carbon monoxide produced
in a fire and can respond quicker than
heat detectors, but are almost always
slower to respond than a smoke alarm.
The type used for detecting CO gas
from faulty appliances etc are
designed to respond at much higher
levels of CO. Consequently, CO alarms
conforming to BS 7860 or BS EN 50291
should not be used as CO fire alarms. It
is not likely that CO fire alarms have a
significant role to play in domestic
dwellings at present.
A Multi-sensor alarm is defined in the
standard as a “fire detector that monitors
more than one physical and/or chemical
phenomenon associated with fire”. An
alarm consisting of an optical sensor and
a heat sensor, or one containing an
ionisation sensor and a CO sensor, would
fit this definition. The benefit of this type of
detector is that a broader response to
different fire types can be achieved with,
often, a reduction in false alarm
problems. At present there are no
suitable types available for use with
smoke alarm systems.
CHOOSING WHICH
ALARMS TO USE
BS 5839: Pt.6 also looks in depth at the
different kind of fire alarm sensors on offer.
Sensibly, it points out that there is no single
type of alarm that is most suitable in all
cases and the final choice of which type
of alarm to use will depend on individual
circumstances.
In general, these circumstances are the
desire to afford the earliest possible
warning of a fire and the need to
minimise false alarms.
This means, in plain English, that the
most suitable alarm should always be
installed - and not just the cheapest
option. This is a point that landlords
cannot overlook in meeting their ‘duty
of care’ obligations.
The Code recommends that optical
smoke alarms should be installed in
circulation spaces, such as hallways
and near kitchens. They should also
be considered in areas where a likely
cause of fire is ignition of furniture or
bedding by a cigarette.
Ionisation alarms are recommended
more for use in living rooms or dining
rooms, where a fast burning fire may
present a greater danger than a slow
smouldering one, though due
consideration needs to be given to the
potential for false alarms. The new 2004
Code does not recommend the use of
ionisation types in escape routes.
SINGLE STOREY DWELLING
Optical or Ionisation smoke alarm as best suited for the particular circumstances
Optical smoke alarm
Smoke or heat alarm as best suited for the particular circumstances
Heat alarm
Do not install smoke or heat alarms in bathrooms, shower rooms or toilets

Positioning of Smoke
Alarms:
There are a number of factors one
has to take into consideration
when positioning and maintaining
a smoke alarm. The design and
occupation of the premises will
obviously be one of the influencing
factors in deciding where to
position the units as well as the
likely types of fire and also the
maintenance required. There are,
however, some general guidelines
that apply to all smoke alarms.
Ceiling Mounting:
Hot smoke rises and spreads out so
a central ceiling position is the
preferred location. The air in
corners is “dead” and does not
move, therefore smoke alarms must
be mounted away from corners
and walls. Place the alarm at least
300mm from any light fitting or
decorative object that might
obstruct smoke entering the smoke
alarm.
On a Sloping Ceiling:
In areas with sloping or peaked
ceilings install the smoke alarm
900mm from the highest point
measured horizontally, because
“dead” air at the apex may
prevent smoke reaching the unit.
Positioning Heat Alarms:
A heat alarm must be placed on
the ceiling, preferably in the
centre, or close to the likely source
of fire. Air within the corners is
dead and so heat alarms should
be placed away from any corners.
The alarms should be placed at
least 300mm from any light fitting
or decorative object that might
obstruct the heat travelling to the
sensor. Interconnection with smoke
alarms is essential.
Spacing recommendations say
that, under flat horizontal type
ceilings, the horizontal distance
from any point in the protected
area to the detector nearest to
that point should not exceed 5.3
metres for heat detectors and 7.5
metres for smoke detectors.
15
SITING OF SMOKE ALARMS
How you position smoke alarms can be
as important as choosing the right type
of alarm to use.
As a minimum, a typical bungalow
would need at least one alarm, a two
storey dwelling two alarms and so
forth.
In all Category LD systems, at least one
smoke alarm should be located
between the sleeping areas and the
most likely source of fire - the living
room and kitchen.
In a single storey dwelling with one
alarm, the alarm should be placed as
close as possible to the living
accommodation, but consideration
must be given to audibility in the
bedroom. To achieve audibility of
85dB(A) at the bedroom doorway,
alarms should be sited within 3m of
bedroom doors.
In a multi-storey house, at least one
smoke alarm should be located on the
ground floor between the staircase and
any room in which a fire is liable to
start. A smoke alarm should also be
installed on each main landing. In LD2
and LD1 systems, additional alarms
need to be provided.
Loft Conversion
Bedroom Bedroom
LivingRoom KitchenGarageHallway
Landing
AVERAGE TWO STOREY HOUSE
Optical or ionisation smoke alarm as best suited for the particular circumstances
Optical smoke alarm
Smoke or heat alarm as best suited for the particular circumstances
Heat alarm
Do not install smoke or heat alarms in bathrooms, shower rooms or toilets
x
x
x
x
x
x
P
P
Sitingalarmsin hallwaysand landings
Correct ceilingsitingposition for alarms
P
Do not install alarmshere
x

16
In the event of a fire being detected, a
small vibrating pad located beneath the
sleeper’s pillow gently alerts them. At the
same time a powerful strobe light flashes
to provide a further visual warning.
Devices such as these are now
increasingly cited as important
considerations and should be considered
as a matter of course in applications
where the residents are likely to be
elderly, as in a nursing home for example,
or in sheltered accommodation.
The 2004 Code notes that the final system
applied should take into account the
assessed needs of the person being
protected. However, it should always
conform to BS 5446: Pt.3 (Grade A and B
systems aside, where other standards
quoted may be more appropriate).
INSTALLATION OF GRADE
D AND E SYSTEMS
Once these considerations have all
been taken into account and the
system adequately planned, it can then
be installed, tested and commissioned.
Systems should be installed in
accordance with BS 7671 (IEE
Regulations 16th Edition) by a qualified
installer. All alarms should be fitted into
place securely and permanently, and
attention given to protecting all wiring
from impact or rodent damage by
recessing or trunking.
If you intend to install the alarms in a new
building, however, it is usually necessary to
wait until all other work on site has been
completed and the building has been
fully cleaned before installing any smoke
alarms. This is because excess dust and
debris from building work can
contaminate the alarms and render them
prone to false alarms. However, new ‘Easi-
fit’ style alarms are a useful exception,
with the wiring able to be completed
during ‘first fix’ and the detector head
simply slotted into place when all
cleaning work has been completed.
If, for any reason, other types of alarms
have to be installed before all work is
complete, ensure that they are
completely covered, particularly around
the edges, with the dust cover that should
be supplied with each alarm. Only when
all cleaning is finished should these dust
covers be removed.
POWER SOURCE
The normal supply for Grade D and E
systems is the public mains supply. A Grade
D system should be connected either to an
independent circuit at the dwelling’s main
distribution board (with no other electrical
equipment attached except for a
dedicated monitoring device) or a
separate, electrically protected, regularly
used local lighting circuit. A Grade E
system may only use the former option.
Hard wired interconnected smoke alarms
should be on one final circuit. However, the
2004 version of the code now accepts
that smoke and heat alarms using a radio
signal for the interconnect can be
separately wired from the nearest lighting
circuit with a permanent mains supply.
RADIO LINKED SYSTEMS
Pages 41-44 of the 2004 Code now set out
the criteria for radio-linked systems. It is
acknowledged now that Grades D-F systems
may use radio interconnection. However, it
warns about the potential drawbacks of
battery powered units being interconnected
in such a way if there is a need to replace
the batteries at regular intervals (by
implication mains powered radio-linked
alarms do not have these drawbacks).
As is typical with the Code, it stresses the
need to ensure that such a system meets
the needs of the application.
The new publication also goes out of its
way to recognise that the old Code
AUDIBILITY
Audibility is another factor to be
considered. The Code comments that
ideally, an alarm system should be
capable of producing a sound level of
75dB(A) at the bedhead, but that this
is unlikely to be achieved unless there
is a sounder/smoke alarm in the
bedroom itself. As there is no evidence
of life being lost in single family
dwellings due to the lower sound level
achieved by siting an alarm within 3
metres of the bedroom doors, in many
dwellings this would be acceptable. In
HMOs, where higher levels of ambient
noise is likely, additional
alarms/sounders may be necessary.
A practical way to check audibility is with
the alarm sounding in its intended
location, check that the occupant is able
to hear it in each bedroom with the door
closed above the sound of a radio set to
a reasonably loud conversation level. In
this case, interconnected alarms provide
an ideal solution, a remote alarm picking
up the fire and a sounder being triggered
to wake the occupier.
SPECIAL NEEDS
PROVISION
Back in 1995, the original Code
acknowledged the special needs of
people who are deaf or hearing
impaired and recommended the use of
alternative fire alarm systems to meet
their needs. More attention is paid to the
issue in the new 2004 update.
A special alarm can be incorporated
into domestic mains fire alarm systems
to protect people with impaired
hearing.
It’s a simple, yet ingenious idea.

operation, testing, maintenance, false
alarms, escape plans and siting.
TESTING AND MAINTENANCE
Regular routine testing and maintenance
is very important and should be
considered at the design stage.
The Code states that the user has a
responsibility for routinely testing the
system and should be supplied with
simple instructions on how to do this.
All smoke alarm systems should be tested
at least weekly using the integral test
button. Remote test and false alarm
control switches can be used to avoid
the need for the user to reach up to the
alarms. Systems should also be checked
if the occupier has been away or the
power has failed.
In Grade D to F applications, smoke
alarms should be cleaned periodically in
accordance with manufacturers’
recommendations. Where experience
shows that excessive levels of dust are
compromising the effectiveness of the
system, more frequent cleaning and
servicing may be required.
NEGLIGENCE
The exact question of negligence and
liability falls outside the scope of the
standard. It is up to the courts to judge
these issues.
From some considered opinion covering
the area of legal liability we quote
below extracts from an article written on
behalf of the National Housing and
Town Planning Council (NHTPC) by
Martin Daley, to whom we are grateful
for granting us permission to quote from
his work.
According to Daley, the NHTPC has
been fortunate in having sight of
independent research on smoke alarm
liability by Dr Anne Everton. The
following ten situations, based on Dr
Everton’s research, should, says Daley,
‘be avoided at all costs’:
1 Where the smoke alarm is defective
in design
17
provisions might have previously
technically precluded the use of wireless
systems and overcomes this by pointing
out that issues relating to power supplies,
fault monitoring and integrity and
performance may not be the same for
hard wired and radio linked systems.
Special recommendations are also
given to their use in HMOs.
WIRING OF MAINS
POWERED SMOKE AND
HEAT ALARMS
When installing, any cable may be
used which is suitable for domestic
mains wiring, provided it is in
accordance with the relevant parts of
BS 7671.
• There is no requirement for fire
resistant cable and the use of red-
sheathed cable is not required
when installing Grade D, E and F
systems
• 6243Y mains cable is recommended
using the third core for the
interconnect circuit. The earth wire
must not be used for the
interconnect circuit. The maximum
recommended cable run is 250
metres, with 1mm2or 1.5mm2cable
Amendment No 2 to BS 7671: 2001
allows 'harmonised' cable colours to
be used for installations after 31st
March 2004 (they must be used for
installations commencing after 31st
March 2006). The NICEIC
recommends that 6243Y cable with
the following colours should be used
for smoke alarm systems.
Live - Brown
Neutral - Grey (oversleeve
blue at terminations)
Interconnect - Black
Great care should be exercised in
ensuring correct identification of the
wiring connections as an
interconnected smoke/heat alarm
system will suffer irreparable damage if
the live and neutral connections are
reversed, or if a 240V phase conductor
is connected to the interconnect
terminal.
• Connect to an independent circuit
at the distribution board if the alarm
does not have a standby supply -
Grade E
• RCD Protection is generally not
required, but if used it should be
dedicated only to the smoke alarm
circuit or be independent of circuits
supplying sockets or portable
equipment
•
Smoke alarms should not be
installed in new or renovated
buildings until all work is completed
(including floor coverings) and the
building has been fully cleaned,
unless using an Easi-fit style alarm.
Excessive dust and debris from
building work can contaminate the
smoke chambers and cause false
alarms. It will also invalidate the
guarantee. If alarms must be
installed before work is finished,
either use an ‘Easi-fit’ alarm or
ensure that the alarm is completely
covered, particularly around the
edges, with the dust cover that is
supplied with each of our smoke
alarms
Where appropriate, cable penetrations
should be fire-stopped. If there is any
danger of impact damage, abrasion
or rodent attack, appropriate
protection should be fitted.
A convenient and reliable alternative
to hard wired interconnection is now
readily available in the form of
RadioLINK from Aico (see page 22).
CERTIFICATION AND
PAPERWORK
The installer should certify that the
installation conforms to BS 5839: Pt.6 for
the correct Category and Grade of
system. If any variations have been
agreed to, these should be duly noted.
The Code provides a model certificate
for installers to complete.
Suppliers of the equipment should
provide the occupier of the dwelling
with clear and readily understood
information on the system and its use.
All alarms should come complete with
user instructions, designed to be easily
understood, covering such topics as

18
It is clear that installing a battery
powered smoke alarm unit and thinking
that it is sufficient to protect the tenant is
an outdated notion. Moreover, even
mains powered systems without a
reliable long term stand-by cannot be
relied upon to provide adequate
protection, as landlords cannot
guarantee that tenants will never have
their power cut off. The implication is
clear that some form of stand-by supply
(Grade D) is therefore required in
tenanted properties.
With BS 5839: Pt.6 now reaching its tenth
birthday, it is well established and
recognised. There is now every reason
to assume that it has significantly more
weight behind it than when it was first
introduced.
RAPID
REFERENCE GUIDE
Ionisation Smoke Alarms
• Respond quickly to fast flaming fires,
less sensitive to larger smoke particles
• Can be prone to false alarms from
cooking vapours so should not be
located near to kitchens
• Suitable for general use, appropriate
for dining and living rooms and areas
where flaming fires could rapidly
block an escape route
Optical Smoke Alarms
• Sensitive to larger smoke particles,
more responsive to smouldering fires
from foam filled furniture, bedding or
burning PVC wiring
• Less vulnerable to false alarms from
cooking vapours but more prone to
false alarm from dust or insect ingress
• Suitable for general use but most
appropriate for circulation areas such
as hallways and near kitchens
Heat Alarms
• Fixed temperature type, temperature
range 54° - 62°C. Not prone to false
alarms from dust or vapours, but
generally less sensitive than smoke
alarms
• For use in areas where a
conventional smoke alarm is not
suitable e.g. kitchens, garages and
perhaps living and dining rooms, but
not circulation areas
• Must be interconnected with smoke
alarms to provide adequate early fire
warning
LOCATION
• Smoke alarms - within 7.5m of any
door to rooms where a fire is likely to
start, and within 3m of bedroom
doors
• Heat alarms - max 5.3m from any
potential source of fire
LOCATIONS TO AVOID
Do not place a Smoke Alarm in any
of the following areas: bathrooms,
kitchens, shower rooms, garages or
other rooms where the smoke alarm
may be triggered by steam,
condensation, normal smoke, fumes
or excessive dust. Keep the smoke
alarm at least 6m away from sources
of smoke or vapours that may cause
nuisance alarms.
Do not place Heat Alarms in any of
the following areas: bathrooms,
shower rooms or other rooms where
the unit may be triggered by steam
or condensation.
Do not place Smoke or Heat Alarms
in any of the following areas:
• Places where the normal
temperature can exceed 40°C or
fall below 4°C e.g. attics, furnace
rooms etc. Directly above ovens
or kettles as the heat/steam could
cause nuisance alarms
• Near a decorative object, door,
light fitting, window moulding etc.,
that may prevent smoke from
entering the smoke alarm
• Surfaces that are normally warmer
or colder than the rest of the room
(for example attic hatches,
uninsulated exterior walls etc.).
Temperature differences might
stop smoke from reaching the unit
• Next to or directly above heaters
or air conditioning vents, window
wall vents etc., that can change
the direction of the airflow
• In very high or awkward areas
where it may be difficult to reach
the alarm for testing
2Where the smoke alarm is defective in
manufacture
3 Where the smoke alarm is located
where it cannot operate
4 When there are not enough smoke
alarms
5Where the source of power fails
6 Where the source of power for the
smoke alarm is removed
7 When the smoke alarm has been
incorrectly installed
8Where the smoke alarm has been
damaged during installation
9Where the smoke alarm has been
damaged as a result of malice
10 Where the smoke alarm has been
removed from the property
No matter how circumspect the landlord
is, however, there is no cast iron guarantee
that they can fully protect themselves
against all possible liability claims.
However, with regards to fire safety, the
most fundamental step they can take
now is to install at least a Grade D mains
powered system. Failure to do so, for
whatever reason, would simply be
indefensible if and when a case came
to court.
‘Duty of care’ falls squarely upon the
landlord. Dr Ann Everton says that,
increasingly, landlords are under
pressure to install smoke alarms to avoid
the accusation that they are ‘failing to
fulfil their duty of care towards their
tenants’. This is particularly the case for
local authorities who, in enforcing
checks on private landlords, will have to
ask themselves if they too meet the
required standards!

19
• Do not locate unit within 1m of
dimmer controlled lights and wiring
- some dimmers can cause
interference
• Do not wire into the same circuit as
a dimmer
• Do not locate unit within 1.5m, or
route wiring within 1m of fluorescent
light fittings as electrical “noise”
and/or flickering may affect the unit.
Do not wire into the same circuit as a
fluorescent light
• Do not locate ceiling mounted units
within 30cm of walls or corners
• Do not locate near very dusty or dirty
areas, as dust build-up in the
chamber can make the unit too
sensitive and prone to false alarm
• Do not locate in insect infested areas.
Small insects getting into the chamber
can cause intermittent alarms
TESTING & MAINTENANCE
Minimum monthly, recommended weekly
(i) Check that the green mains indicator
light is on (if it is off check circuit
breakers, fuses and wiring)
(ii) Press the test button for at least ten
seconds to ensure that the smoke
chamber, electronics and sounder are
working and that all the alarms that
are interconnected are sounding. A
red light behind the test button, or on
the cover will flash rapidly while the
horn is sounding. The alarm will stop
soon after the button is released. Do
not test with a flame or smoke
(iii) Check for any sign of contamination
such as cobwebs or dust. Smoke
alarms must be cleaned regularly. This
is particularly true of optical alarms,
and alarms placed in dusty areas.
Use the narrow nozzle attachment of
a vacuum cleaner to remove dust,
insects or cobwebs from the sides
and cover slots where the smoke
enters. Turn off the mains and wipe
the cover with a damp cloth. Dry
cover thoroughly with a lint free
cloth. Other than the cleaning
described, no other customer
servicing of the product is required.
Repairs, when needed, must be
carried out by the manufacturer
(iv) Check the battery annually. Refer
to the specific user instructions
(v) Protect the alarm with the dust
cover supplied when any renovation
work or redecoration is being
carried out. Remove the cover
immediately when all work is
completed as the alarm will not
function correctly with the cover in
place. Alternatively, with ‘Easi-fit’
style alarms, simply remove the
detector head in the advised
manner
(vi) Do not paint an alarm or allow paint
to contaminate it when decorating
FALSE ALARMS
These can best be minimised by the
careful selection, siting and
maintenance of alarms. It is a good
idea to specify alarms with a ‘hush’
(false alarm control) button to
temporarily silence false alarms from
cooking vapours, steam or excessive
tobacco smoke, for example. This
facility will also help to reduce the risk of
users attempting to disable the alarm
by, for example, removing the battery or
tampering with the mains.
LIMITATIONS OF SMOKE
ALARMS
• Smoke alarms will not detect a
fire if sufficient smoke does not
reach the alarm. Smoke may be
prevented from reaching the alarm
if the fire is too far away or if the fire
is behind a closed door, in a
chimney or wall cavity for example,
or if prevailing draughts carry the
smoke away
• Installing smoke alarms in every
room, or a heat alarm in areas
where a smoke alarm is not suited,
will very significantly improve the
probability of early fire detection
• The alarm may not be heard. Once
installed in its intended location you
should check that you can hear the
alarm even with the door closed;
this is particularly important to test in
the bedroom. If it cannot be heard,
install more alarms. Remember
mains powered alarms must be
interconnected
• Smoke alarms may not detect every
type of fire early enough. As stated
earlier, ionisation alarms and optical
alarms respond differently to the
different types of fire. Fire caused by
escaping gas, violent explosions or
poor storage of flammable liquids
can spread too quickly for a smoke
alarm to give an early warning
• A heat alarm will not sense smoke
and will only trigger when the
ambient temperature reaches the
range 54°C to 62°C
• Smoke and heat alarms do not last
indefinitely. For example, a build up
of contamination can cause false
alarms, more so in the case of
optical smoke alarms. Over a
period, depending upon the
conditions, the electronic
components will degrade. For these
reasons, all manufacturers
recommend regular testing and
replacement after no more than
ten years

20
• Hush button for false alarm control
• Interconnects with other Ei Professional
mains powered smoke and heat alarms
• Separate mains and warning LEDs
• Time and money saving Easi-fit design
• 5 year guarantee
• Kitemarked to BS 5446: Pt.1: 2000
Ei144 Heat With Hush
• Ideal for protecting kitchens and areas
where smoke alarms are not
considered suitable
• Fixed temperature fast response
thermistor sensor, range 54° - 62°C
• Alkaline battery supplied already
connected to reduce installation errors
(does not draw power until alarm is
fitted to mounting plate)
• Hush button for false alarm control
• Interconnects with other Ei Professional
mains powered smoke and heat alarms
• Separate mains and warning LEDs
• Time and money saving Easi-fit design
• 5 year guarantee
• Kitemarked to BS 5446: Pt.2: 2003
Ei146 Optical With Hush
• More responsive to slow smouldering
fires
• Advanced optical chamber with
proven extended life capability. Fitted
with insect resistant screen
• Alkaline battery supplied already
connected to reduce installation errors
(does not draw power until alarm is
fitted to the mounting plate)
• Hush button for false alarm control
• Interconnects with other Ei Professional
mains powered smoke and heat
alarms
• Separate mains and warning LEDs
• Time and money saving Easi-fit design
• 5 year guarantee
• Kitemarked to BS 5446: Pt.1: 2000
MAINS POWERED ALARMS
WITH BUILT -IN
RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM
CELLS - DESIGNED TO LAST
THE LIFE OF THE ALARM
Why 10 year+ Technology -
Rechargeable Lithium Cells
Highest Capacity
• Over 6 months initial stand-by capacity
without mains power
• After 10 years on charge the stand-by
capacity is sufficient to power the
alarm for over 3 months without mains
power
Very Low Self Discharge
Off charge the cells lose only
approximately 2% of their total
capacity per year - so even after long
periods in storage, the cells could still
power a smoke alarm for a
considerable length of time prior to
recharging (for up to three months after
ten years). Cells can be discharged
and recharged many times.
Built-in Tamper Resistant
Construction
• Cells are soldered for reliable long term
connection
• Terminals are laser welded for high
reliability
• No cell maintenance required - cells
designed to outlast the life of the alarm
Safety
The cells have been tested and
approved by the British Standards
Institute and Underwriters Labs Inc (USA)
for use in this application. They have
also been comprehensively safety tested
both by the manufacturer (Panasonic)
and by Ei Electronics.
Easi-fit 160 SERIES MAINS
POWERED ALARMS WITH 10
YEAR+ RECHARGEABLE
LITHIUM CELLS
The 160 series offers all the advanced
detection capabilities and quality
lithium cell back-up afforded by the
proven and best-selling 150 series, but
combines it with the benefits of Easi-fit
design technology and offers a new
slimline, rounded shape.
Easi-fit DESIGN
TECHNOLOGY
One of the most significant developments
in the design of smoke alarms since the
introduction of BS 5839: Pt.6 has been the
introduction of new ‘Easi-fit’ design
technology. Easi-fit alarms are
exceptionally quick and simple to install,
helping to reduce installation costs.
Further cost-savings are also made
possible because Easi-fit alarms do not
require the separate purchase of an
additional wiring enclosure or mounting
kit. Easi-fit technology is now available on
both the 160 series and 140 series
detailed below.
INNOVATIVE DESIGN AND
QUALITY FEATURES
THROUGHOUT
Whether you chose 160 series alarms with
high performance 10 year+ rechargeable
lithium back-up power cells, or opt for the
140 series with conventional battery back-
up system, the detection technology and
build quality remain constant across every
unit built by Ei. Because we understand
that lives can depend on the
performance and reliability of an alarm,
even budget units are made to an
uncompromising specification.
Easi-fit 140 SERIES MAINS
POWERED ALARMS WITH 9V
ALKALINE BATTERY BACK-UP
Designed for applications where the
budget is a key consideration and there
is no requirement for lithium power cell
back-up. The 140 Series provides an
alkaline battery back-up instead of
rechargeable cells and comprises
competitively priced units built to the
same high standard as all Ei alarm
products. Further cost savings are
offered through the use of Ei’s innovative
and totally unique Easi-fit technology.
Ei141 Ionisation With Hush
• Responds quickly to fast flaming fires
• Unique and proven long life ionisation
smoke chamber
• Alkaline battery supplied already
connected to reduce installation errors
(does not draw power until alarm is
fitted to the mounting plate)