Asus Crosshair II Formula - Republic of Gamers Series... User manual

Motherboard
Crosshair II
Formula

ii
E3769
Third Edition V3
March 2008
Copyright © 2008 ASUSTeK COMPUTER INC. All Rights Reserved.
No part of this manual, including the products and software described in it, may be reproduced,
transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language in any form or by any
means, except documentation kept by the purchaser for backup purposes, without the express written
permission of ASUSTeK COMPUTER INC. (“ASUS”).


product is defaced or missing.
ASUS PROVIDES THIS MANUAL “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. IN NO EVENT SHALL ASUS, ITS
DIRECTORS, OFFICERS, EMPLOYEES OR AGENTS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL,
INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF PROFITS,
LOSS OF BUSINESS, LOSS OF USE OR DATA, INTERRUPTION OF BUSINESS AND THE LIKE),
EVEN IF ASUS HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES ARISING FROM ANY
DEFECT OR ERROR IN THIS MANUAL OR PRODUCT.
SPECIFICATIONS AND INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS MANUAL ARE FURNISHED FOR
INFORMATIONAL USE ONLY, AND ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE,
AND SHOULD NOT BE CONSTRUED AS A COMMITMENT BY ASUS. ASUS ASSUMES NO
RESPONSIBILITY OR LIABILITY FOR ANY ERRORS OR INACCURACIES THAT MAY APPEAR IN THIS
MANUAL, INCLUDING THE PRODUCTS AND SOFTWARE DESCRIBED IN IT.
Products and corporate names appearing in this manual may or may not be registered trademarks or



iii
Contents
Contents ...................................................................................................... iii
Notices....................................................................................................... viii
Safety information ...................................................................................... ix
About this guide .......................................................................................... x
Crosshair II Formula specications summary........................................ xii
Chapter 1: Product introduction
1.1 Welcome! ...................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Package contents......................................................................... 1-1
1.3 Special features............................................................................ 1-2
1.3.1 ROG Intelligent Performance & Overclocking features... 1-2
1.3.2 ROG unique features ...................................................... 1-3
1.3.3 Product highlights ........................................................... 1-6
Chapter 2: Hardware information
2.1 Before you proceed ..................................................................... 2-1
2.2 Motherboard overview................................................................. 2-4
2.2.1 Placement direction ........................................................ 2-4
2.2.2 Screw holes .................................................................... 2-4
2.2.3 Motherboard layout ......................................................... 2-5
2.2.4 Audio card layout ............................................................ 2-5
2.2.5 Layout contents............................................................... 2-6
2.3 Central Processing Unit (CPU) ................................................... 2-8
2.3.1 Installing the CPU ........................................................... 2-8
2.3.2 Installing the heatsink and fan ...................................... 2-10
2.3.3 Installing the optional fans ............................................ 2-13
2.4 System memory ......................................................................... 2-14
2.4.1 Overview ....................................................................... 2-14
 .................................................. 2-15
2.4.3 Installing a DIMM .......................................................... 2-18
2.4.4 Removing a DIMM ........................................................ 2-18
2.5 Expansion slots.......................................................................... 2-19
2.5.1 Installing an expansion card ......................................... 2-19
  ..................................... 2-19
2.5.3 Interrupt assignments ................................................... 2-20
2.5.4 PCI slots........................................................................ 2-21

iv
Contents
2.5.5 PCI Express x1 slots..................................................... 2-21
2.5.6 PCI Express x16 slots................................................... 2-21
2.6 Slide switch ................................................................................ 2-23
2.7 Audio card, I/O shield, and LCD Poster installation ............... 2-24
2.7.1 Audio card Installation................................................... 2-24
2.7.2 I/O shield and LCD Poster Installation .......................... 2-25
2.8 Connectors ................................................................................. 2-26
2.8.1 Rear panel connectors.................................................. 2-26
2.8.2 Internal connectors ....................................................... 2-29
2.8.3 Onboard switches ......................................................... 2-40
Chapter 3: Powering up
3.1 Starting up for the rst time........................................................ 3-1
3.2 Turning off the computer............................................................. 3-2
3.2.1 Using the OS shut down function.................................... 3-2
3.2.2 Using the dual function power switch.............................. 3-2
Chapter 4: BIOS setup
4.1 Managing and updating your BIOS ............................................ 4-1
4.1.1 ASUS Update utility ........................................................ 4-1
4.1.2 ASUS EZ Flash 2 utility................................................... 4-4
4.1.3 Updating the BIOS .......................................................... 4-5
 ............................................ 4-7
4.1.5 ASUS CrashFree BIOS 2 utility ...................................... 4-8
4.2 BIOS setup program .................................................................... 4-9
4.2.1 BIOS menu screen........................................................ 4-10
4.2.2 Menu bar....................................................................... 4-10
4.2.3 Legend bar.....................................................................4-11
4.2.4 Menu items ....................................................................4-11
4.2.5 Sub-menu items.............................................................4-11
  ........................................................4-11
4.2.7 Pop-up window ............................................................. 4-12
4.2.8 General help ................................................................. 4-12
4.3 Extreme Tweaker menu ............................................................. 4-13
  ................... 4-13
4.4 Main menu .................................................................................. 4-22

v
Contents
4.4.1 System Time ................................................................. 4-22
4.4.2 System Date ................................................................. 4-22
4.4.3 Language ...................................................................... 4-22
4.4.4 Legacy Diskette A ......................................................... 4-22
4.4.5 Primary IDE Master/Slave............................................. 4-23
4.4.6 SATA 1–4.........................................................................................4-25
4.4.7 HDD SMART Monitoring ............................................... 4-26
4.4.8 Installed Memory........................................................... 4-26
4.4.9 Usable Memory............................................................. 4-26
4.4.10 System Information ....................................................... 4-26
4.5 Advanced menu ......................................................................... 4-27
4.5.1 AI NET2 ........................................................................ 4-27
4.5.2 PCIPnP ......................................................................... 4-28
 ...................................... 4-29
  ........................................................ 4-30
4.5.5 IDE Function Setup....................................................... 4-31
  ..................................................... 4-31
4.5.7 LCD Poster and Onboard LED Control......................... 4-32
4.6 Power menu................................................................................ 4-34
4.6.1 ACPI Suspend Type...................................................... 4-34
4.6.2 ACPI APIC support ....................................................... 4-34
 ........................................................ 4-35
4.6.4 Hardware Monitor ......................................................... 4-36
4.7 Boot menu .................................................................................. 4-40
4.7.1 Boot Device Priority ...................................................... 4-40
4.7.2 Removable Drives......................................................... 4-41
4.7.3 Hard Disk Drives ........................................................... 4-41
4.7.4 CDROM Drives ............................................................. 4-41
  ......................................... 4-42
4.7.6 Security ......................................................................... 4-43
4.8 Tools menu ................................................................................. 4-45
 ......................................................... 4-45
4.8.3 ASUS EZ Flash 2.......................................................... 4-47
4.9 Exit menu.................................................................................... 4-48

vi
Contents
Chapter 5: Software support
5.1 Installing an operating system ................................................... 5-1
5.2 Support DVD information ............................................................ 5-1
5.2.1 Running the support DVD ............................................... 5-1
5.2.2 Drivers menu................................................................... 5-2
5.2.3 Utilities menu .................................................................. 5-3
5.2.4 Make Disk menu ............................................................. 5-5
5.2.5 Manuals menu ................................................................ 5-6
5.2.6 Video menu..................................................................... 5-6
5.2.7 ASUS Contact information .............................................. 5-7
5.2.8 Other information ............................................................ 5-7
5.3 Software information ................................................................... 5-9
5.3.1 ASUS MyLogo3™........................................................... 5-9
5.3.2 AI NET 2.........................................................................5-11
5.3.3 AI Audio 2 (SoundMAX®... 5-12
5.3.4 ASUS PC Probe II......................................................... 5-21
5.3.5 ASUS AI Suite............................................................... 5-27
5.3.6 ASUS AI Gear 2 ............................................................ 5-29
5.3.7 ASUS AI Nap ................................................................ 5-30
5.3.8 ASUS Q-Fan Plus ......................................................... 5-31
5.3.9 ASUS AI Booster 2........................................................ 5-32
5.3.10 CPU Level Up ............................................................... 5-33
5.4 RAID congurations .................................................................. 5-34
  ............................................................ 5-34
5.4.2 NVIDIA®........................................ 5-35
5.5 Creating a RAID driver disk....................................................... 5-42
5.5.1 Creating a RAID driver disk without entering the OS.... 5-42
5.5.2 Creating a RAID/SATA driver disk in Windows®............ 5-42
Chapter 6: NVIDIA®technology support
6.1 NVIDIA®SLI™ technology ........................................................... 6-1
6.1.1 Requirements.................................................................. 6-1
6.1.2 Graphics card setup........................................................ 6-2
6.1.3 Installing the device drivers............................................. 6-6
6.1.4 Enabling the NVIDIA®SLI™ technology in Windows®.... 6-6

vii
Contents
6.2 NVIDIA®Hybrid SLI®Technology ............................................... 6-9
6.2.1 System requirements ..................................................... 6-9
6.2.2 Enabling GeForce®Boost and HybridPower™ ............. 6-10
Appendix: Debug code table
A.1 Debug code table .........................................................................A-1

viii
Notices
Federal Communications Commission Statement
This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the
following two conditions:
• This device may not cause harmful interference, and
• This device must accept any interference received including interference that
may cause undesired operation.
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a
Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are
designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a
residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio
frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with manufacturer’s
instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However,
there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If
this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception,
which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is
encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following
measures:
• Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
• Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
• Connect the equipment to an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the
receiver is connected.
• Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
Canadian Department of Communications Statement
This digital apparatus does not exceed the Class B limits for radio noise emissions
from digital apparatus set out in the Radio Interference Regulations of the
Canadian Department of Communications.
This class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.
The use of shielded cables for connection of the monitor to the graphics card is

to this unit not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance
could void the user’s authority to operate this equipment.

ix
Safety information
Electrical safety
• 
electrical outlet before relocating the system.
• When adding or removing devices to or from the system, ensure that the
power cables for the devices are unplugged before the signal cables are
connected. If possible, disconnect all power cables from the existing system
before you add a device.
• Before connecting or removing signal cables from the motherboard, ensure
that all power cables are unplugged.
• Seek professional assistance before using an adpater or extension cord.
These devices could interrupt the grounding circuit.
• Make sure that your power supply is set to the correct voltage in your area.
If you are not sure about the voltage of the electrical outlet you are using,
contact your local power company.
• 

Operation safety
• Before installing the motherboard and adding devices on it, carefully read all
the manuals that came with the package.
• Before using the product, make sure all cables are correctly connected and the
power cables are not damaged. If you detect any damage, contact your dealer
immediately.
• To avoid short circuits, keep paper clips, screws, and staples away from
connectors, slots, sockets and circuitry.
• Avoid dust, humidity, and temperature extremes. Do not place the product in
any area where it may become wet.
• Place the product on a stable surface.
• 
service technician or your retailer.
This symbol of the crossed out wheeled bin indicates that the product (electrical
and electronic equipment, and mercury-containing button cell battery) should
not be placed in municipal waste. Check local regulations for disposal of
electronic products.

x
About this guide

the motherboard.
How this guide is organized
This guide contains the following parts:
• Chapter 1: Product introduction
This chapter describes the features of the motherboard and the new
technology it supports.
• Chapter 2: Hardware information
This chapter lists the hardware setup procedures that you have to perform
when installing system components. It includes description of the switches,
jumpers, and connectors on the motherboard.
• Chapter 3: Powering up
This chapter describes the power up sequence and ways of shutting down
the system.
• Chapter 4: BIOS setup
This chapter tells how to change system settings through the BIOS Setup
menus. Detailed descriptions of the BIOS parameters are also provided.
• Chapter 5: Software support
This chapter describes the contents of the support DVD that comes with the
motherboard package.
• Chapter 6: NVIDIA®SLI™ technology support
This chapter tells how to install SLI-ready PCI Express graphics cards and
how to use the SLI™ and Hybrid SLI®features.
• Appendix: Debug code table
The Appendix includes the debug code table for the LCD Poster.
Where to nd more information
Refer to the following sources for additional information and for product and
software updates.
1. ASUS websites
The ASUS website provides updated information on ASUS hardware and
software products. Refer to the ASUS contact information.
2. Optional documentation
Your product package may include optional documentation, such as warranty

part of the standard package.

xi
Conventions used in this guide
To make sure that you perform certain tasks properly, take note of the following
symbols used throughout this manual.
Typography
Bold text Indicates a menu or an item to select.
Italics  
<Key> Keys enclosed in the less-than and greater-than sign
means that you must press the enclosed key.
Example: <Enter> means that you must press the
Enter or Return key.
<Key1+Key2+Key3> If you must press two or more keys simultaneously, the
key names are linked with a plus sign (+).
Example: <Ctrl+Alt+D>
Command Means that you must type the command exactly as
shown, then supply the required item or value enclosed
in brackets.
Example: At the DOS prompt, type the command line:
format A:/S
DANGER/WARNING: Information to prevent injury to yourself
when trying to complete a task.
CAUTION: Information to prevent damage to the components
when trying to complete a task.
NOTE: Tips and additional information to help you complete a
task.
IMPORTANT: Instructions that you MUST follow to complete a
task.

xii
Crosshair II Formula specications summary
CPU AMD®Socket AM2+ for AMD Phenom™ FX / Phenom /
Athlon™ / Sempron™ processors
AMD Socket AM2 for Athlon 64 X2 / Athlon 64 FX /
Athlon 64 / Sempron processors
AMD Cool ‘n’ Quiet™ Technology
Chipset NVIDIA®nForce®780a SLI™
System Bus 
AM2+ CPU
2000 / 1600 MT/s for AM2 CPU
Memory Dual-channel memory architecture
- 4 x 240-pin DIMM sockets support unbuffered ECC/
     
modules
- Supports up to 8 GB system memory
*DDR2 1066 is supported by some of the AM2+ CPUsDDR2 1066 is supported by some of the AM2+ CPUs
only. Refer to www.asus.com or this user manual for theRefer to www.asus.com or this user manual for the

VGA Integrated NVIDIA®GPU
Hybrid SLI Support (supports Windows®Vista™ only)
Maximum shared memory of 512MB
Supports HDMI™ Technology 1080P with a maximum
 
resolution of 1920 x 1200 bpp
Supports D-Sub with a maximum resolution of
 
Multi VGA output support: HDMI/DVI & D-Sub
Supports Microsoft®DirectX®10, OpenGL®2.0,
Pixel Shader 4.0
Support PCIe 2.0/1.0 architecture
Expansion Slots 3 x PCIe 2.0 x16 slots (support NVIDIANVIDIA®SLI™
technology @ dual x16 or 3-way x8 x8 x8 speed)@ dual x16 or 3-way x8 x8 x8 speed)
2 x PCIe x1 slots (PCIEX1_1 (black) is compatible with
the audio slot.)
2 x PCI 2.2 slots
Storage Chipset supports:supports:
- 1 x UltraDMA 133/100/66/33
- 6 x SATA 3.0 Gb/s connectors support RAID 0, 1,6 x SATA 3.0 Gb/s connectors support RAID 0, 1,
0+1, 5, and JBOD0+1, 5, and JBOD
(Use SATA 1–4 connectors for IDE mode)
LAN Dual Gigabit LAN, both featuring AI NET 2
High Denition Audio SupremeFX II Audio Card
  
- Noise Filter
Coaxial / Optical S/PDIF Out ports at back I/O
IEEE 1394 
panel)
(continued on the next page)

xiii
USB 12 x USB 2.0 ports (6 ports at midboard, 6 ports at back
panel)
ASUS ROG
Overclocking Features
Extreme Tweaker
New 8+2 phase power design
Intelligent overclocking tools:
- CPU Level Up
- AI Overclocking (intelligent CPU frequency tuner)
- AI Booster Utility
  
Overclocking protection:
- COP EX (Component Overheat Protection -EX)
- Voltiminder LED
- ASUS C.P.R. (CPU Parameter Recall)
ASUS ROG Special
Features
LCD Poster
ROG BIOS Wallpaper
Onboard Switches: Power / Reset / Clr CMOS (at rear)
Q-Connector
ASUS Q-Fan Plus
ASUS EZ Flash 2
ASUS Q-Shield
ASUS MyLogo 3™
Stack Cool 2
100% All High-quality Conductive Polymer Capacitors
Back Panel I/O Ports 1 x HDMI port
1 x VGA port
1 x PS/2 Keyboard (purple)
1 x S/PDIF Out (Coaxial + Optical)
1 x IEEE1394a port
2 x LAN (RJ45) ports
6 x USB 2.0/1.1 ports
1 x Clr CMOS switch
Internal I/O Connectors 3 x USB 2.0 connectors support additional 6 USB 2.0
ports
1 x Floppy disk drive connector
1 x IDE connector for two devices
6 x SATA connectors (Use SATA 1–4 connectors for IDE
mode)
8 x Fan connectors (1 x CPU / 1 x Power / 3 x Chassis /
3 x Optional)
3 x Thermal sensor connectors
1 x IEEE1394a connector
1 x S/PDIF Out connector
1 x Chassis Intrusion connector
24-pin ATX Power connector
8-pin ATX 12V Power connector
1 x En/Dis-able Clr CMOS slide switch
1 x LCD Poster connector
1 x System panel connector
(continued on the next page)
Crosshair II Formula specications summary

xiv
BIOS Features 8 MB AWARD BIOS, PnP, DMI2.0, WfM2.0,
SM BIOS 2.4, ACPI 2.0a Multi-Language BIOSSM BIOS 2.4, ACPI 2.0a Multi-Language BIOS
Manageability WOL by PME, WOR by PME, Chassis Intrusion, PXE
Accessories 3-Way SLI bridge
ASUS SLI bridge
LCD Poster
ASUS Optional Fan
SupremeFX II Audio Card
HDMI/DVI adapter
3 in 1 ASUS Q-connector kit
UltraDMA 133/100/66 cable
Floppy disk drive cable
Serial ATA cables
Serial ATA power cables
2-port USB2.0 + IEEE 1394a module
ASUS Q-Shield
Cable ties
User's manual
Software The hottest 3D game: Company of Heroes—Opposing
Fronts
Support DVD:
Drivers
ASUS PC Probe II
ASUS Update
ASUS AI Suite
Futuremark®3DMark®06 Advanced Edition
Kaspersky®Anti-virus software
Form Factor ATX Form Factor, 12”x 9.6” (30.5 cm x 24.5 cm)

Crosshair II Formula specications summary

1
Chapter 1: Product
introduction
This chapter describes the motherboard
features and the new technologies
it supports.

ASUS Crosshair II Formula
Chapter summary 1
1.1 Welcome! ...................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Package contents......................................................................... 1-1
1.3 Special features............................................................................ 1-2

ASUS Crosshair II Formula 1-1
1.1 Welcome!
Thank you for buying an ASUS®Crosshair II Formula motherboard!
The motherboard delivers a host of new features and latest technologies, making it
another standout in the long line of ASUS quality motherboards!
Before you start installing the motherboard, and hardware devices on it, check the
items in your package with the list below.
If any of the above items is damaged or missing, contact your retailer.
1.2 Package contents
Check your motherboard package for the following items.
Motherboard ASUS Crosshair II Formula
I/O module USB 2.0 + IEEE 1394a module
Cables Ultra DMA 133/100/66 cable
Floppy disk drive cable
Serial ATA cables
Serial ATA power cables
Accessories LCD PosterLCD Poster
SupremeFX II Audio Card
HDMI/DVI adapter
ASUS Q-Shield
3-Way SLI bridge
ASUS SLI bridge
ASUS Optional Fan
3-in-1 ASUS Q-Connector Kit
Cable ties
Application DVD/CD ASUS motherboard support DVD
The hottest game: Company of Heroes—Opposing
Fronts
Kaspersky®Anti-virus software
Futuremark®3DMark®06 Advanced Edition
Documentation User guide

1-2 Chapter 1: Product Introduction
1.3 Special features
1.3.1 ROG Intelligent Performance & Overclocking features
CPU Level Up
Ever wish that you could have a more expansive CPU? Upgrade your CPU at no
additional cost with ROG’s CPU Level Up! Simply choose a processor you want to
OC to, and the motherboard will do the rest for you. See the new CPU speed and
enjoy the performance instantly! Overclocking is never as easy as this. See pages
4-13 and 5-33 for details.
Component Overheat Protection -EX (COP EX)
The COP EX allows overclockers to increase chipset voltages without the worries
of overheating. It can also be used to monitor and save an overheating GPU.
The COP EX allows more freedom and less constraint for maximum performance
achievement.
Voltiminder LED
In the pursuit of extreme performance, overvoltage adjustment is critical but risky.

status for CPU, SB, PCIe bridge, and Memory in a intuitive color-coded fashion.
The Voltiminder LED allows quick voltage monitoring for overclockers. See pages
2-1 and 2-2 for details.
Extreme Tweaker

performance. No matter if you are looking for frequency adjustment, over-voltage
options, or memory timing settings, they are all here! See page 4-13 for details.
8+2 Phase Power Design
ASUS 8+2 Phase Power Design, with independent power to vital components,
ultimately enhances memory performance and ensures quick response and
stability of CPU under heavy loading or overclocking modes.
AI Booster 2
Overclocking has never been so fun with a user-friendly utility under Window that
provides accurate settings for the CPU, chipset and memory. Now it's even easier
to achieve astounding overclocking results without any hassles! See page 5-32 forSee page 5-32 for
details.

ASUS Crosshair II Formula 1-3
ASUS O.C. Prole


voltages, and even timings to give gamers a real professional level of overclocking

C.P.R. (CPU Parameter Recall)
When the system hangs due to overclocking failure, there is no need to open the
system chassis to clear CMOS data. Simply reboot the system, and the BIOS
automatically restores the CPU default settings for each parameter.
Due to the chipset behavior, AC power off is required before using C.P.R.
function.
1.3.2 ROG unique features
Supreme FX II features

of ROG. The SupremeFX II features unique audio innovations for gamers to spot
enemies in 3D environment during game play. SupremeFX II also provides a

and audible.
Noise Filter
This feature detects repetitive and stationary noises (non-voice signals) like
computer fans, air conditioners, and other background noises then eliminates
it in the incoming audio stream while recording.
External LCD Poster
The new LCD Poster now posts critical POST information in an ever friendly

automatically detects device failure and translates the errors on the LCD during
POST. Unlike other competing 2 digit displays, users do not need to read


1-4 Chapter 1: Product Introduction
Onboard Switches
With an easy press during overclocking, this exclusive onboard switch allows

moving jumpers. See page 2-40 for details.
BIOS Wallpaper
BIOS Wallpaper is designed to make BIOS with style. Unlike ordinary blue
and white BIOS screen, this feature allows you to set any photos you like as a
wallpaper for your BIOS. Now you have a unique BIOS screen like never before!
See page 4-43 for details.
Fanless Design–Stack Cool 2

temperature of critical heat generating components. The motherboard uses a
special design on the printed circuit board (PCB) to dissipate heat these critical
components generate.
AI Nap
With AI Nap, the system can continue running at minimum power and noise when
you are temporarily away. To wake the system and return to the OS environment,
simply click the mouse or press a key. See page 5-30 for details.
Optional Fan


ensuring effective heat dissipation for the entire system. See pages 2-13 for
details.
ASUS MyLogo 3
ASUS MyLogo 3 is a new feature present in the motherboard that allows you to

logos. See page 4-43 for details.