Asus P5B VM - AiLifestyle Series Motherboard User manual

Motherboard
P5BV-M

ii
E3463
First Edition
October 2007
Copyright © 2007 ASUSTeK COMPUTER INC. All Rights Reserved.
No part of this manual, including the products and software described in it, may be reproduced,
transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language in any form or by any
means, except documentation kept by the purchaser for backup purposes, without the express written
permission of ASUSTeK COMPUTER INC. (“ASUS”).
Product warranty or service will not be extended if: (1) the product is repaired, modied or altered, unless
such repair, modication of alteration is authorized in writing by ASUS; or (2) the serial number of the
product is defaced or missing.
ASUS PROVIDES THIS MANUAL “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. IN NO EVENT SHALL ASUS, ITS
DIRECTORS, OFFICERS, EMPLOYEES OR AGENTS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL,
INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF PROFITS,
LOSS OF BUSINESS, LOSS OF USE OR DATA, INTERRUPTION OF BUSINESS AND THE LIKE),
EVEN IF ASUS HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES ARISING FROM ANY
DEFECT OR ERROR IN THIS MANUAL OR PRODUCT.
SPECIFICATIONS AND INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS MANUAL ARE FURNISHED FOR
INFORMATIONAL USE ONLY, AND ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AT ANY TIME WITHOUT NOTICE,
AND SHOULD NOT BE CONSTRUED AS A COMMITMENT BY ASUS. ASUS ASSUMES NO
RESPONSIBILITY OR LIABILITY FOR ANY ERRORS OR INACCURACIES THAT MAY APPEAR IN THIS
MANUAL, INCLUDING THE PRODUCTS AND SOFTWARE DESCRIBED IN IT.
Products and corporate names appearing in this manual may or may not be registered trademarks or
copyrights of their respective companies, and are used only for identication or explanation and to the
owners’ benet, without intent to infringe.

iii
Contents
Notices....................................................................................................... viii
Safety information ...................................................................................... ix
About this guide .......................................................................................... x
Typography ................................................................................................. xi
P5BV-M specications summary ............................................................. xii
P5BV-M Series specications summary................................................. xiv
Chapter 1: Product introduction
1.1 Welcome! ...................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Package contents......................................................................... 1-1
1.3 Serial number label...................................................................... 1-1
1.4 Special features............................................................................ 1-2
1.4.1 Product highlights ........................................................... 1-2
1.4.2 Innovative ASUS features ............................................... 1-4
Chapter 2: Hardware information
2.1 Before you proceed ..................................................................... 2-1
2.2 Motherboard overview................................................................. 2-2
2.2.1 Placement direction ........................................................ 2-2
2.2.2 Screw holes .................................................................... 2-2
2.2.3 Motherboard layout ......................................................... 2-3
2.2.4 Layout contents............................................................... 2-4
2.3 Central Processing Unit (CPU) ................................................... 2-5
2.3.1 Installing the CPU ........................................................... 2-5
2.3.2 Installing the CPU heatsink and fan................................ 2-8
2.3.3 Uninstalling the CPU heatsink and fan ......................... 2-10
2.4 System memory ......................................................................... 2-11
2.4.1 Overview ........................................................................2-11
2.4.2 Memory congurations...................................................2-11
2.4.3 Installing a DIMM .......................................................... 2-13
2.4.4 Removing a DIMM ........................................................ 2-13
2.5 Expansion slots.......................................................................... 2-14
2.5.1 Installing an expansion card ......................................... 2-14
2.5.2 Conguring an expansion card ..................................... 2-14

iv
Contents
2.5.3 Interrupt assignments ................................................... 2-15
2.5.4 PCI Express x8 slot ...................................................... 2-16
2.5.5 PCI slots........................................................................ 2-16
2.6 Jumpers ...................................................................................... 2-17
2.7 Connectors ................................................................................. 2-20
2.7.1 Rear panel connectors.................................................. 2-20
2.7.2 Internal connectors ....................................................... 2-21
Chapter 3: Powering up
3.1 Starting up for the rst time........................................................ 3-1
3.2 Powering off the computer.......................................................... 3-2
3.2.1 Using the OS shut down function.................................... 3-2
3.2.2 Using the dual function power switch.............................. 3-2
Chapter 4: BIOS setup
4.1 Managing and updating your BIOS ............................................ 4-1
4.1.1 Creating a bootable oppy disk....................................... 4-1
4.1.2 AFUDOS utility................................................................ 4-2
4.1.3 ASUS CrashFree BIOS 3 utility ...................................... 4-5
4.2 BIOS setup program .................................................................... 4-7
4.2.1 BIOS menu screen.......................................................... 4-8
4.2.2 Menu bar......................................................................... 4-8
4.2.3 Navigation keys............................................................... 4-8
4.2.4 Menu items ..................................................................... 4-9
4.2.5 Sub-menu items.............................................................. 4-9
4.2.6 Conguration elds ......................................................... 4-9
4.2.7 Pop-up window ............................................................... 4-9
4.2.8 Scroll bar......................................................................... 4-9
4.2.9 General help ................................................................... 4-9
4.3 Main menu .................................................................................. 4-10
4.3.1 System Time [xx:xx:xx] ................................................. 4-10
4.3.2 System Date [Day xx/xx/xxxx]....................................... 4-10
4.3.3 Legacy Diskette A [1.44M, 3.5 in.]................................. 4-10
4.3.4 Primary IDE Master/Slave, SATA1, SATA 2,
SATA3, SATA4 ...............................................................4-11

v
Contents
4.3.5 IDE Conguration.......................................................... 4-12
4.3.6 System Information ....................................................... 4-13
4.4 Advanced menu ......................................................................... 4-14
4.4.1 USB Conguration ........................................................ 4-14
4.4.2 Remote Access Conguration....................................... 4-16
4.4.3 Trusted Computing........................................................ 4-17
4.4.4 MPS Conguration........................................................ 4-17
4.4.5 CPU Conguration ........................................................ 4-18
4.4.6 Chipset Conguration ................................................... 4-19
4.4.7 Onboard Devices Conguration.................................... 4-21
4.4.8 PCI PnP ........................................................................ 4-22
4.5 Power Conguration.................................................................. 4-23
4.5.1 APM Conguration........................................................ 4-24
4.5.2 Hardware Monitor ......................................................... 4-25
4.6 Boot menu .................................................................................. 4-27
4.6.1 Boot Device Priority ...................................................... 4-27
4.6.2 Boot Settings Conguration .......................................... 4-28
4.6.3 Security ......................................................................... 4-29
4.7 Exit menu.................................................................................... 4-32
Chapter 5: RAID conguration
5.1 Setting up RAID ........................................................................... 5-1
5.1.1 RAID denitions .............................................................. 5-1
5.1.2 Installing hard disk drives................................................ 5-2
5.1.3 Setting the RAID item in BIOS ........................................ 5-2
5.1.4 RAID conguration utility................................................. 5-2
5.2 LSI Logic Embedded SATA RAID Setup Utility ......................... 5-3
5.2.1 Creating a RAID 0 or RAID 1 set .................................... 5-4
5.2.2 Creating a RAID 10 set ................................................. 5-10
5.2.3 Adding ot viewing a RAID conguration........................ 5-14
5.2.4 Initializing the logical drives .......................................... 5-17
5.2.5 Rebuilding failed drives................................................. 5-22
5.2.6 Checking the drives for data consistency ..................... 5-24
5.2.7 Deleting a RAID conguration....................................... 5-27

vi
5.2.8 Selecting the boot drive from a RAID set...................... 5-25
5.2.9 Enabling the WriteCache .............................................. 5-29
5.3 Intel®Matrix Storage Manager Option ROM Utility ................. 5-30
5.3.1 Creating a RAID 0 set (stripe)....................................... 5-31
5.3.2 Creating a RAID 1 set (mirror) ...................................... 5-33
5.3.3 Creating a RAID 10 set (strip+mirror) ........................... 5-34
5.3.4 Creating a RAID 5 set (parity)....................................... 5-35
5.3.5 Deleting a RAID set ...................................................... 5-37
5.3.6 Resetting Disks to Non-RAID........................................ 5-38
5.3.7 Exiting the Intel®Matrix Storage Manager ................... 5-38
5.3.8 Rebuilding the RAID ..................................................... 5-39
5.3.9 Setting the Boot array in the BIOS Setup Utility............ 5-40
5.4 Global Array Manager ................................................................ 5-41
Chapter 6: Driver installation
6.1 RAID driver installation ............................................................... 6-1
6.1.1 Creating a RAID driver disk ............................................ 6-1
6.1.2 Installing the RAID controller driver ................................ 6-4
6.2 LAN driver installation............................................................... 6-13
6.2.1 Windows®2000/2003 Server ........................................ 6-13
6.3 VGA driver installation............................................................... 6-15
6.3.1 Windows®2003 Server ................................................. 6-15
6.4 Management applications and utilities installation ................ 6-16
6.4.1 Running the support CD ............................................... 6-16
6.4.2 Drivers menu................................................................. 6-16
6.4.3 Management Software menu........................................ 6-17
6.4.4 Utilities menu ................................................................ 6-17
6.4.5 Contact information....................................................... 6-18
Appendix A: Reference information
P5BV-M block diagram...................................................................A-1

vii
Notices
Federal Communications Commission Statement
This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the
following two conditions:
• This device may not cause harmful interference, and
• This device must accept any interference received including interference that
may cause undesired operation.
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a
Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are
designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a
residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio
frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with manufacturer’s
instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However,
there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If
this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception,
which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is
encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following
measures:
• Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
• Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
• Connect the equipment to an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the
receiver is connected.
• Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
Canadian Department of Communications Statement
This digital apparatus does not exceed the Class B limits for radio noise emissions
from digital apparatus set out in the Radio Interference Regulations of the
Canadian Department of Communications.
This class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.
The use of shielded cables for connection of the monitor to the graphics card is
required to assure compliance with FCC regulations. Changes or modications
to this unit not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance
could void the user’s authority to operate this equipment.

viii
Safety information
Electrical safety
• To prevent electrical shock hazard, disconnect the power cable from the
electrical outlet before relocating the system.
• When adding or removing devices to or from the system, ensure that the
power cables for the devices are unplugged before the signal cables are
connected. If possible, disconnect all power cables from the existing system
before you add a device.
• Before connecting or removing signal cables from the motherboard, ensure
that all power cables are unplugged.
• Seek professional assistance before using an adapter or extension cord.
These devices could interrupt the grounding circuit.
• Make sure that your power supply is set to the correct voltage in your area.
If you are not sure about the voltage of the electrical outlet you are using,
contact your local power company.
• If the power supply is broken, do not try to x it by yourself. Contact a
qualied service technician or your retailer.
Operation safety
• Before installing the motherboard and adding devices on it, carefully read all
the manuals that came with the package.
• Before using the product, make sure all cables are correctly connected and the
power cables are not damaged. If you detect any damage, contact your dealer
immediately.
• To avoid short circuits, keep paper clips, screws, and staples away from
connectors, slots, sockets and circuitry.
• Avoid dust, humidity, and temperature extremes. Do not place the product in
any area where it may become wet.
• Place the product on a stable surface.
• If you encounter technical problems with the product, contact a qualied
service technician or your retailer.
The symbol of the crossed out wheeled bin indicates that the product (electrical
and electronic equipment, Mercury-containing button cell battery ) should not
be placed in municipal waste. Check local regulations for disposal of electronic
products.

ix
About this guide
This user guide contains the information you need when installing and conguring
the motherboard.
How this guide is organized
This manual contains the following parts:
• Chapter 1: Product introduction
This chapter describes the features of the motherboard and the new
technology it supports.
• Chapter 2: Hardware information
This chapter lists the hardware setup procedures that you have to perform
when installing system components. It includes description of the switches,
jumpers, and connectors on the motherboard.
• Chapter 3: Powering up
This chapter describes the power up sequence, the vocal POST messages,
and ways of shutting down the system.
• Chapter 4: BIOS setup
Tells how to change system settings through the BIOS Setup menus.
Detailed descriptions of the BIOS parameters are also provided.
• Chapter 5: RAID conguration
Provides information on RAID congurations for this motherboard.
• Chapter 6: Driver installation
This chapter provides information on RAID and LAN driver installation for this
motherboard.
• Appendix: Reference information
This appendix includes additional information that you may refer to when
conguring the motherboard.
Where to nd more information
Refer to the following sources for additional information and for product and
software updates.
1. ASUS websites
The ASUS website provides updated information on ASUS hardware and
software products. Refer to the ASUS contact information.
2. Optional documentation
Your product package may include optional documentation, such as warranty
yers, that may have been added by your dealer. These documents are not
part of the standard package.

x
Conventions used in this guide
To make sure that you perform certain tasks properly, take note of the following
symbols used throughout this manual.
Typography
Bold text Indicates a menu or an item to select.
Italics Used to emphasize a word or a phrase.
<Key> Keys enclosed in the less-than and
greater-than sign means that you must
press the enclosed key.
Example: <Enter> means that you must
press the Enter or Return key.
<Key1> + <Key2> + <Key3> If you must press two or more keys
simultaneously, the key names are linked
with a plus sign (+).
Example: <Ctrl> + <Alt> +<Del>
Command Means that you must type the command
exactly as shown, then supply the
required item or value enclosed in
brackets.
Example: At the DOS prompt, type the
command line: format A:/S
DANGER/WARNING: Information to prevent injury to yourself
when trying to complete a task.
CAUTION: Information to prevent damage to the components
when trying to complete a task.
NOTE: Tips and additional information to help you complete a
task.
IMPORTANT: Instructions that you MUST follow to complete a
task.

xi
P5BV-M specications summary
(continued on the next page)
Processor / System Bus 1 * Socket LGA775
Intel® CoreTM 2 Duo
Dual-Core Intel® Xeon® 3000 sequence
Quad-Core Intel® Xeon® 3200 sequence
Dual Core/Quad Core
FSB 800/1066/1333MHz EM64T, EIST, VT
Core Logic Intel® 3200 Memory Contoller Hub (MCH)
Intel® ICH7R I/O Controller HUB (ICH)
Form Factor u ATX, 9.6” * 9.6”
ASUS
Features
Smart Fan Smart Fan I- Thermal Cruise Mode
Rack Ready
(Rack and
Pedestal dual
use)
V
ASWM2.0 V
Memory Total Slots 4 (2-channel)
Capacity Maximum up to 8GB
Memory Type DDR2 667 / 800 Unbuffered , ECC / Non
ECC
Memory Size 256MB, 512 MB, 1 GB, 2GB
Expansion
Slots
(follow SSI
Loacation #)
Total PCI/PCI-
X/PCI-E Slots
4
Slot Loacation 4 1 * PCI 32bit/33 MHz
Slot Loacation 5 1 * PCI 32bit/33 MHz
Slot Loacation 6 1 * PCI-E x8 (x8 link, PCIE2 slot)
Slot Loacation 7 1 * PCI-E x8 (x4 link, PCIE1 slot)
Additional Slot 1 1 * SO-DIMM socket for optional ASMB3-
SOL/ASMB3-iKVM
Storage IDE Controller Intel® ICH7R:
1 * IDE support UltraATA 33 / 66 / 100
SATA Controller Intel® ICH7R:
4 SATA2 300MB/s ports
Intel Matrix Storage (for Windows only)
(Support software RAID 0, 1, 10 & 5)
LSI® MegaRAID (for Linux/Windows)
(Support software RAID 0, 1& 10)
Networking LAN 2 * Broadcom® BCM5721 PCI-E GbE LAN

xii
P5BV-M specications summary
Graphic VGA XGI® Z9s DDR2 32MB
Onboard I/O
Connectors
Floppy Connector 1
PSU Connector 24-pin ATX power connector + 4-pin ATX 12V
power connector
Management
Connector
1* SO-DIMM socket for optional ASMB3-SOL/
ASMB3-iKVM
USB Connectors 1 (support 2 USB ports)
Fan Header 3 * 4pin
System panel
connector
1
TPM connector 1
Auxiliary panel
connector
1
Serial Port Header 1
Rear I/O
Connectors
External Serial Port 1
External USB Port 2
VGA Port 1
RJ-45 2
RJ-45 for iKVM 1
PS/2 KB/Mouse 1
Management
Solution
Software ASWM2.0
Out of Band Remote
Management
Optional (ASMB3-SOL/ASMB3-iKVM)
Monitoring CPU Temperature V
FAN RPM V
EMI US (FCC, CFR47
Part 15, Class B)
V
Europe (CE,
EN55022 &
EN55024)
V
Environment Operation temperature: 10℃ ~ 35℃
Non operation temperature: -40℃ ~ 70℃
Non operation humidity: 20% ~ 90% ( Non
condensing)
*Specications are subject to change without notice.

1
Product
introduction
This chapter describes the motherboard
features and the new technologies
it supports.

ASUS P5BV-M
Chapter summary 1
1.1 Welcome! ....................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Package contents........................................................................... 1-1
1.3 Special features ............................................................................. 1-2

ASUS P5BV-M 1-1
1.1 Welcome!
Thank you for buying an ASUS®P5BV-M motherboard!
The motherboard delivers a host of new features and latest technologies, making it
another standout in the long line of ASUS quality motherboards!
Before you start installing the motherboard, and hardware devices on it, check the
items in your package with the list below.
1.2 Package contents
Check your motherboard package for the following items.
If any of the above items is damaged or missing, contact your retailer.
P5BV-M
Retail Pack
P5BV-M
Bulk Pack
Cables Serial ATA signal cable 4 -
Serial ATA power cable 2 -
2-in-1 Floppy/Ultra ATA
disk drive cable
1 -
SATA to SAS cable - -
Accessories I/O shield 1 10
Application CD Support CD 1 10
Documentation User guide 1 10
Packing Quantity Motherboard 3 pieces per
Carton
10 pieces per
Carton
1.3 Serial number label
Before requesting support from the ASUS Technical Support team, you must take
note of the motherboard's serial number containing 12 characters xxM0Axxxxxxx
shown as the gure below. With the correct serial number of the product, ASUS
Technical Support team members can then offer a quicker and satisfying solution
to your problems.
xxM0Axxxxxxx
P5BV-M Made
in
China
合格

1-2 Chapter 1: Product introduction
1.4 Special features
1.4.1 Product highlights
Latest processor technology
The motherboard comes with a 775-pin surface mount Land Grid Array (LGA)
socket that supports Intel® CoreTM 2 Duo, Intel® Xeon®3000/3200 series Dual-
Core/Quad-Core processors with 1333/1066/800 MHz Front Side Bus (FSB). The
motherboard also supports the Intel®Hyper-Threading Technology and is fully
compatible with Intel®O6, 05B/05A or 04B/04A processors.
Intel®EM64T
The motherboard supports Intel®Pentium®4 CPUs with the Intel®EM64T
(Extended Memory 64 Technology). The Intel®EM64T feature allows your
computer to run on 64-bit operating systems and access larger amounts of system
memory for faster and more efcient computing.
Enhanced Intel SpeedStep®Technology (EIST)
The Enhanced Intel SpeedStep®Technology (EIST) intelligently manages the
CPU resources by automatically adjusting the CPU voltage and core frequency
depending on the CPU loading and system speed or power requirement.
Intel®3200 and Intel®ICH7R chipset
The Intel®3200 Memory Controller Hub (MCH) and the Intel®ICH7R (I/O controller
hub) provide the vital interfaces for the motherboard.
The MCH provides the processor, dual-channel DDR2-667/800 memory, and PCI
Express interfaces. The ICH7R is a new generation server class I/O controller hub that
provides the interface for PCI 2.3, USB 2.0, and SATA among others.
DDR2 memory support
The motherboard supports DDR2 memory which features data transfer rates of
up to 800 MHz to meet the higher bandwidth requirements of the latest server
applications. The dual-channel memory architecture doubles the bandwidth of your
system memory to boost system performance, eliminating bottlenecks with peak
bandwidths of up to 12.8 GB/s.
PCI Express™ interface
The motherboard fully supports PCI Express, the latest I/O interconnect technology
that speeds up the PCI bus. PCI Express features point-to-point serial
interconnections between devices and allows higher clockspeeds by carrying data
in packets. This high speed interface is software compatible with existing PCI or
PCI-X specications.

ASUS P5BV-M 1-3
Gigabit LAN solution
The motherboard comes with dual Gigabit LAN controllers and ports to provide
a total solution for your networking needs. The onboard Broadcom BCM5721
Gigabit LAN controllers use the PCI Express interface and could achieve network
throughput close to Gigabit bandwidth.
Serial ATA II technology
The motherboard supports the Serial ATA II technology through the Serial ATA
interfaces controlled by the Intel® ICH7R. The SATA specication allows for thinner,
more exible cables with lower pin count, reduced voltage requirement, and up to
300 MB/s data transfer rate.
IR
The LSI Logic Integrated RAID solution provides cost benets for the server
or workstation market where the extra performance, storage capacity, and/or
redundancy of a RAID conguration are required. The two components of
Integrated RAID are:
Integrated Mirroring (IM), which provides features of RAID 1 and RAID 1E
(RAID 1 Enhanced). RAID 1E is also called Mirroring Enhanced (IME).
Integrated Striping (IS), which provides features of RAID 0. By simplifying the
IM and the IS conguration options and by providing rmware support in its
host adapters, LSI Logic can offer the Integrated RAID solution at a lower cost
than a hardware RAID implementation.
•
•

1-4 Chapter 1: Product introduction
Fusion-MPT rmware supports IM and IS volumes. �ou can congure IM and IS rmware supports IM and IS volumes. �ou can congure IM and IS rmware supports IM and IS volumes. �ou can congure IM and IS
volumes together on the same LSI Logic SAS controller.
Built-in SATA RAID solution
The Intel® ICH7R allows RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 10, and RAID 5 conguration for
SATA hard disk drives via the Intel®Matrix Storage Manager (under Windows
Operating System) or the LSI Logic Embedded SATA RAID Setup Utility (no RAID
5).
USB 2.0 technology
The motherboard implements the Universal Serial Bus (USB) 2.0 specication,
dramatically increasing the connection speed from the 12 Mbps bandwidth on USB
1.1 to a fast 480 Mbps on USB 2.0. USB 2.0 is backward compatible with USB 1.1.
Temperature, fan, and voltage monitoring
The CPU temperature is monitored by the ASIC (integrated in the Winbond
hardware monitor) to prevent overheating and damage. The system fan rotations
per minute (RPM) is monitored for timely failure detection. The ASIC monitors the
voltage levels to ensure stable supply of current for critical components.
1.4.2 Innovative ASUS features
CrashFree BIOS 3
The ASUS CrashFree BIOS 3 allows users to restore corrupted BIOS data from a
USB ash disk containing the BIOS le.
ASUS MyLogo2™
This new feature present in the motherboard allows you to personalize and add
style to your system with customizable boot logos.
ASUS Smart Fan technology I
The ASUS Smart Fan technology smartly adjusts the fan speeds according to the
system loading to ensure quiet, cool, and efcient operation.

2
Hardware
information
This chapter lists the hardware setup
procedures that you have to perform
when installing system components. It
includes description of the jumpers and
connectors on the motherboard.

ASUS P5BV-M Series
Chapter summary 2
2.1 Before you proceed........................................................................ 2-1
2.2 Motherboard overview.................................................................... 2-2
2.3 Central Processing Unit (CPU) ...................................................... 2-8
2.4 System memory ........................................................................... 2-15
2.5 Expansion slots............................................................................ 2-17
2.6 Jumpers ....................................................................................... 2-20
2.7 Connectors................................................................................... 2-24