dbx Type IV Conversion System Quick reference guide

dbxType IV™ Conversion System
White Paper
Roger Johnsen
®

The dbx Type IV™ Conversion System is a proprietary analog-to-digital (A/D)
conversion process that combines the best attributes of digital conversion and analog
recording processes to preserve the essence of the analog signal when it is converted to a
digital format. dbxType IV™ not only exploits the wide linear dynamic range of today’sA/D
converters, but also enhances it and extends the useable dynamic range beyond the linear
range. By providing a logarithmic“Type IV™ Over Region”above the linearA/D range,we
benefit from the extended high-level headroom that is inherent in analog recording without
compromising the noise performance of theA/D conversion process.
Digital conversion and recording processes proliferated in the 1980’s primarily due
to the “cleaner” sound of digital versus analog, an advantage resulting from the compara-
tively wider linear dynamic range of digital. Anyone who is familiar with the technical
specifications of digital equipment knows that the typical maximum signal-to-noise specifi-
cations for 16-bit systems is in the neighborhood of 90-something dB. Compare this to the
typical signal-to-noise specifications for professional analog tape of about 55 dB without the
aid of noise reduction and around 75 to 85 dB with noise reduction such as dbxType I™
orType II™ applied.
This seemingly tremendous signal-to-noise advantage of digital over analog would
suggest that digital would become the unanimous choice for recording. For the most part
this has occurred, not totally due to its signal-to-noise advantage, but as much due to the
benefits of digital storage such as random access and the inherent ability to withstand
degradation,unlike that of analog tape or LP’s. In spite of the benefits of digital,no one in
the audio world can refute the rediscovery of analog recording and tube gear that has
occurred in the 90’s,attributable to the quest for that“analog character”that is missing from
digital recordings. This continued use of analog gear with modern digital systems brings to
light a favorable characteristic of analog recording which those who abandoned analog and
jumped on the digital bandwagon were either never aware of or simply took for granted.
Anyone who has ever used analog tape knows that you can “hit it hard” without
destroying the recording. The printed specifications of analog tape don’t take into account
the practical headroom available. The max signal-to-noise specification of analog tape is
measured by defining the“max”signal as the point where a given signal level and frequency
produces a given percentTotal Harmonic Distortion (THD)—typically the level at which a
1 kHz signal produces 3%THD. In actual use,the signal can easily exceed this“max”signal
level by 5, 10, or even 15 dB on peaks, depending on the type of signal being recorded,
without unacceptable artifacts. High signal levels can be tolerated (i.e.more headroom) at
the expense of increasedTHD which,incidentally,is often desirable as an effect,evidenced
by the renewed popularity of tube equipment.
The obvious conclusion is that analog recording actually has more useable dynamic
range than the specifications seem to indicate. For example,let’s say we’re recording a kick
drum. If analog tape measures 55 dB from the 3%THD point down to the RMS noise floor
and the peaks of the kick drum exceed the 3% THD level by,say,15 dB and it still sounds
good,then we have 15 dB of extra useable headroom. Therefore,we end up with 70 dB of
useable dynamic range. Throw in noise reduction and we push into the 90-something dB
dynamic range territory of 16-bit digital. This explains why well-recorded analog master
tapes make good-sounding CD’s with no objectionable noise.
One main drawback of digital is that it inherently lacks this forgiving and beneficial
characteristic of analog recording. Although digital conversion exhibits wide linear dynamic
range,when you run out of headroom for high-level signals,hard clipping or even ugly signal
Type IV™ Conversion System White Paper - August 1998 Page 1
dbxType IV™ Conversion System
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wrap-around occurs, not to mention that A/D converters have their own nasty side effects
such as going unstable when their modulator is overdriven with high-level signals.
This shortcoming of digital conversion has drastically affected the way users operate
their equipment. Users are paranoid of overdriving the converter input and end up
recording at lower levels to ensure that there is ample headroom to allow for the large peaks
that would ruin an otherwise perfect recording. This,of course,compromises signal-to-noise
performance since the signal is now closer to the noise floor. Because users of digital
equipment have to be extremely careful not to exceed 0 dB FS (full-scale), they must use
peak-reading headroom meters. On the other hand, the forgiving nature of analog tape
allows users of analog recording equipment the luxury of only needing to monitor the
average level using VU meters, often having no peak indicators whatsoever. If only digital
were more forgiving like analog,we could really exploit its wide dynamic range and more
completely capture the essence of the musical performance.
Enter the dbx Type IV™ Conversion System. Like its related predecessor
technologies—Type I™,Type II™,andType III™—dbxType IV™ succeeds in preserving the
wide dynamic range of the original analog signal within a limited dynamic range medium.
WhereasType I™ andType II™ expand the dynamic range of analog tape and other limited
dynamic range media, and the simultaneous encode/decode process of Type III™ similarly
expands the limited dynamic range through minimum-delay devices,Type IV™ breaks new
ground by greatly enhancing the useable dynamic range of the analog-to-digital conversion
process.
The dbx Type IV™ Conversion System combines proprietary analog and digital
processing techniques to capture a much wider dynamic range than theA/D converter could
by itself, preserving the maximum amount of information from the analog signal. This
information is then encoded within the available bits of whichever A/D converter is used.
This means thatType IV™ improves the performance of any A/D converter,from low-cost
16-bit to high-performance 24-bit! And no decoding is necessary beyond the conversion
process!
As we have previously mentioned,digital systems have a wide linear region compared
to analog tape and the dynamic range ofA/D converters has improved significantly in recent
years. The dbxType IV™ Conversion System takes advantage of this and utilizes the top 4
dB of theA/D converter’s linear dynamic range to create a logarithmic“overload region.”This
allows high-level transient signals passing far above the point where the overload region
begins to be adequately represented in just 4 dB of the converter’s dynamic range,whereas
a typicalA/D converter would clip. WithType IV™,you can never clip theA/D converter!
Fig. 1 illustrates this concept showing the level of the converted signal below and
above the start of the overload region. The converted signal level is plotted along theY-axis
(vertical axis) of the plot vs.the level of the input signal along the X-axis (horizontal axis).
The logarithmic mapping of the overload region begins 4 dB below 0 dB FS (full-scale) of the
A/D converter. What this shows is that below -4 dB FS,in the linear region,the output signal
is the same as the input signal. Above this,in the logarithmic region,high-level input signals
get“mapped”into the top 4 dB of theA/D converter. This mapping is analogous to the signal
compression effect that occurs when recording high-level signals onto analog tape.
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dbxType IV™ Conversion System

Fig.2 illustrates the mapping function in a different way. Input levels are shown on the left
of the graph,while converted levels are shown on the right. Notice the mapping of large
signal excursions to the 4 dB“Type IV™ Over Region.”
L
o
g
a
r
i
t
h
m
i
c
R
e
g
i
o
n
-4
-4
0 +4 +8 +12 dB
dB FS
Input
Signal
Level
Converted
Signal
Level
Linear Region
0A/D Clip Point
Figure 1 - Converted Level vs. Input Level
Figure 2 - Input Signal Levels Mapped to Type IV Over Region
-4 dB -4
0
+4
+8
+12
Input
Signal
Level
Converted
Signal
Level
0 dB FS
TYPE IV™
Over
Region
Noise Floor
A/D Converter
Linear Region
Am
Type IV™ Conversion System White Paper - August 1998 Page 3
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dbxType IV™ Conversion System

One might question the validity of such an approach—trying to represent a lot of
signal information within a smaller“space.” The reason why this is not only valid but makes
a whole lot of sense is that the digital codes in a converter are linear, or evenly-spaced,
meaning that each consecutive code represents the same change in voltage of the input
signal. This implies that half of the digital codes are used to represent input signals whose
voltage level is below 1/2 of the full-scale A/D input voltage, while the other half of the
codes are used to represent signals above 1/2 of the full-scaleA/D input voltage. This seems
reasonable until you realize that 1/2 of the full-scale input is only 6 dB below full-scale! So
half of the codes are used to represent only the top 6 dB of signal information, while the
other half are used to represent the remaining 80 to 110 dB of signal information,
depending on the quality of the converter. It seems not only reasonable,but also desirable,
to utilize the increased signal resolution afforded by this density of digital codes to represent
more input dynamic range in this region.
Another advantage of the logarithmic mapping of our dbx Type IV™ Conversion
System is that it preserves the high-frequency detail of the signal in the overload region.
Figs.3a through 3d illustrate what happens when you overload an A/D converter without
Type IV™. Fig. 3a shows an input signal having both low-frequency and high-frequency
components. When the signal overloads, or clips, (Fig. 3b) at the A/D converter, a dispro-
portionate amount of high-frequency signal information is lost compared with the low-
frequency information. The low and high-frequency components of the signal are separated
in Fig.3c to illustrate this more clearly. As you can see,the low frequency signal simply gets
distorted but maintains most of its signal characteristics, while sections of the high-
frequency signal are completely lost! With dbx Type IV™, its mapping preserves high-
frequency signal information,as illustrated in Fig.3d,since the signal is confined within the
Type IV™ Over Region and never clips. The dashed line indicates the original input signal
level. Below the Over Region no mapping occurs,while above this,mapping keeps all peaks
of the signal below the A/D clip level, thus preserving the high-frequency content of the
signal.
Type IV™ Conversion System White Paper - August 1998 Page 4
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Fi
g
ure 3a - Si
g
nal Havin
g
Low and Hi
g
h Fre
q
uenc
y
Content
o
r
Amplitude
Time
dbxType IV™ Conversion System

Type IV™ Conversion System White Paper - August 1998 Page 5
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Figure 3b - Signal of Fig. 3a Going Beyond the A/D Clip Level
Amplitude
Time
A/D Clip Level
A/D Clip Level
Figure 3c - Disproportionate Loss of High-Frequency Information Due to Clipping
Amplitude
Time
High-Frequency Information Completely Lost High-Frequency Content
A/D Clip Level
A/D Clip Level
Low-Frequency Content
High-Frequency Information Completely Lost
dbxType IV™ Conversion System

Now you’re probably wondering, “What’s the catch? I can’t get something for
nothing so what did I give up?” You may be worried that your A/D noise floor got 4 dB
worse because we borrowed the top 4 dB of your converter. This is certainly a valid
concern. Fortunately, we have the answer! Without going into the confidential technical
details, by using our proprietary analog and digital Type IV™ processing, we reclaim the
originalA/D noise level! So what you get is free headroom!
The benefits of the dbx Type IV™ Conversion System can easily be heard by
switching it in and out while listening to signals with high-level peaks captured in theType
IV™ Over Region. You will notice an obvious audible difference. WithType IV™ bypassed,
you can’t help notice the harsh,edgy sound of theA/D converter clipping. WithType IV™
enabled,those nasty artifacts disappear revealing a more open and natural sound. WithType
IV™ enabled, you will get a more accurate and pure representation of the original wide-
dynamic-range signal. You will absolutely agree that we really do give you “something for
nothing.” We give you peace of mind knowing that you never have to worry about clipping
yourA/D again! And when you listen to the noise floor of your A/D, you’ll realize that we
never compromise your noise performance withType IV™!
The dbxType IV™ Conversion System succeeds in combining the best of the analog
and digital worlds to capture the truest essence and fullest dynamic range of audio signals.
Who else but dbx would bring you this technology!
Type IV™ Conversion System White Paper - August 1998 Page 6
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dbxType IV™ Conversion System
A/D Clip Level
TYPE IV™ Over Region
Figure 3d - Type IV Mapping Preserves High-Frequency Information
Amplitude
Time
}
TYPE IV™ Over Region
}A/D Clip Level
0 dB FS
0 dB FS
-4
-4

®
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Sandy, Utah 84070
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