Intel BLKDP965LTCK - Conroe LGA775 1066 800FSB DDR2 Audio Lan SATA ATX 10Pack... User manual

September 2006
Order Number: D56017-002US
The Intel®Desktop Board DP965LT may contain design defects or errors known as errata that may cause the product to deviate from published specifications. Current
characterized errata are documented in the Intel Desktop Board DP965LT Specification Update.
Intel® Desktop Board
DP965LT
Technical Product Specification

ii
Revision History
Revision Revision History Date
-001 First release of the Intel®Desktop Board DP965LT Technical Product
Specification.
June 2006
-002 Second release of the Intel®Desktop Board DP965LT Technical Product
Specification. Changes in the following areas:
•Updated supported processors in Table 1 and Section 1.3.
•Updated supported total memory in Table 1 and Section 1.4.
•Listed specific SPD timings for DDR2 800 DIMMs in Section 1.4.
•Updated supported memory configurations in Table 3.
•Added Integrator’s Note to Section 1.4.1 regarding requirement that
Channel A, DIMM 0 always be populated.
•Revisions to Section 1.7, Audio Subsystem, to clarify audio jack
retasking support.
•Added a new subsection, DC Loading, within Section 2.10. New
subsection includes Table 30, DC Loading Characteristics.
•Updated component maximum temperature values in Table 32.
•Added Chapter 5. Moved battery disposal information from Chapter 1
to Chapter 5. Moved regulatory compliance information from
Chapter 2 to Chapter 5.
September 2006

iii
Disclaimer
This product specification applies to only the standard Intel®Desktop Board DP965LT with BIOS
identifier MQ96510A.86A.
Changes to this specification will be published in the Intel Desktop Board DP965LT Specification
Update before being incorporated into a revision of this document.
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or “undefined.” Intel reserves these for future definition and shall have no responsibility whatsoever for
conflicts or incompatibilities arising from future changes to them.
Intel®desktop boards may contain design defects or errors known as errata, which may cause the product
to deviate from published specifications. Current characterized errata are available on request.
Contact your local Intel sales office or your distributor to obtain the latest specifications before placing your
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Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.

Intel Desktop Board DP965LT Technical Product Specification
iv

v
Preface
This Technical Product Specification (TPS) specifies the board layout, components,
connectors, power and environmental requirements, and the BIOS for the Intel®
Desktop Board DP965LT. It describes the standard product and available
manufacturing options.
Intended Audience
The TPS is intended to provide detailed, technical information about the Desktop Board
DP965LT and its components to the vendors, system integrators, and other engineers
and technicians who need this level of information. It is specifically not intended for
general audiences.
What This Document Contains
Chapter Description
1 A description of the hardware used on the board
2 A map of the resources of the bard
3 The features supported by the BIOS Setup program
4 A description of the BIOS error messages, beep codes, and POST codes
5 Regulatory compliance and battery disposal information
Typographical Conventions
This section contains information about the conventions used in this specification. Not
all of these symbols and abbreviations appear in all specifications of this type.
Notes, Cautions, and Warnings
 NOTE
Notes call attention to important information.
# INTEGRATOR’S NOTES
Integrator’s notes are used to call attention to information that may be useful to
system integrators.
CAUTION
Cautions are included to help you avoid damaging hardware or losing data.

Intel Desktop Board DP965LT Technical Product Specification
vi
Other Common Notation
# Used after a signal name to identify an active-low signal (such as USBP0#)
GB Gigabyte (1,073,741,824 bytes)
GB/sec Gigabytes per second
Gbit Gigabit (1,073,741,824 bits)
KB Kilobyte (1024 bytes)
Kbit Kilobit (1024 bits)
kbits/sec 1000 bits per second
MB Megabyte (1,048,576 bytes)
MB/sec Megabytes per second
Mbit Megabit (1,048,576 bits)
Mbit/sec Megabits per second
xxh An address or data value ending with a lowercase h indicates a hexadecimal value.
x.x V Volts. Voltages are DC unless otherwise specified.
* This symbol is used to indicate third-party brands and names that are the property of their
respective owners.

vii
Contents
1Product Description
1.1 Overview........................................................................................ 12
1.1.1 Feature Summary ................................................................ 12
1.1.2 Board Layout ....................................................................... 14
1.1.3 Block Diagram ..................................................................... 16
1.2 Online Support................................................................................ 17
1.3 Processor ....................................................................................... 17
1.4 System Memory .............................................................................. 18
1.4.1 Memory Configurations ......................................................... 20
1.5 Intel®P965 Express Chipset ............................................................. 26
1.5.1 USB ................................................................................... 26
1.5.2 Serial ATA Interfaces ............................................................ 26
1.5.3 Parallel IDE Interface ............................................................ 27
1.5.4 Real-Time Clock, CMOS SRAM, and Battery .............................. 28
1.6 Legacy I/O Controller....................................................................... 28
1.6.1 Serial Port ........................................................................... 28
1.6.2 Parallel Port......................................................................... 28
1.6.3 Diskette Drive Controller ....................................................... 29
1.6.4 Keyboard and Mouse Interface ............................................... 29
1.7 Audio Subsystem............................................................................. 30
1.7.1 Audio Subsystem Software .................................................... 30
1.7.2 Audio Connectors and Headers ............................................... 31
1.8 LAN Subsystem............................................................................... 32
1.8.1 Intel®82566DC Gigabit Ethernet Controller ............................. 32
1.8.2 LAN Subsystem Software....................................................... 33
1.8.3 RJ-45 LAN Connector with Integrated LEDs .............................. 33
1.9 Hardware Management Subsystem .................................................... 34
1.9.1 Hardware Monitoring and Fan Control...................................... 34
1.9.2 Fan Monitoring..................................................................... 34
1.9.3 Chassis Intrusion and Detection.............................................. 34
1.9.4 Thermal Monitoring .............................................................. 35
1.10 Power Management ......................................................................... 36
1.10.1 ACPI .................................................................................. 36
1.10.2 Hardware Support ................................................................ 38
2Technical Reference
2.1 Memory Map................................................................................... 43
2.1.1 Addressable Memory............................................................. 43
2.2 DMA Channels................................................................................. 45
2.3 Fixed I/O Map ................................................................................. 46
2.4 PCI Configuration Space Map ............................................................ 47
2.5 Interrupts ...................................................................................... 48
2.6 PCI Interrupt Routing Map ................................................................ 49

Intel Desktop Board DP965LT Technical Product Specification
viii
2.7 Connectors and Headers................................................................... 50
2.7.1 Back Panel Connectors .......................................................... 51
2.7.2 Component-side Connectors and Headers ................................ 52
2.8 Jumper Block .................................................................................. 60
2.9 Mechanical Considerations ................................................................ 61
2.9.1 Form Factor......................................................................... 61
2.9.2 I/O Shield ........................................................................... 62
2.10 Electrical Considerations................................................................... 63
2.10.1 DC Loading.......................................................................... 63
2.10.2 Fan Header Current Capability................................................ 63
2.10.3 Add-in Board Considerations .................................................. 64
2.10.4 Power Supply Considerations ................................................. 64
2.11 Thermal Considerations.................................................................... 65
2.12 Reliability ....................................................................................... 67
2.13 Environmental ................................................................................ 67
3Overview of BIOS Features
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 69
3.2 BIOS Flash Memory Organization....................................................... 70
3.3 Resource Configuration .................................................................... 70
3.3.1 PCI Autoconfiguration ........................................................... 70
3.3.2 PCI IDE Support................................................................... 71
3.4 System Management BIOS (SMBIOS)................................................. 71
3.5 Legacy USB Support ........................................................................ 72
3.6 BIOS Updates ................................................................................. 72
3.6.1 Language Support ................................................................ 73
3.6.2 Custom Splash Screen .......................................................... 73
3.7 BIOS Recovery................................................................................ 73
3.8 Boot Options................................................................................... 74
3.8.1 CD-ROM Boot ...................................................................... 74
3.8.2 Network Boot....................................................................... 74
3.8.3 Booting Without Attached Devices........................................... 74
3.8.4 Changing the Default Boot Device During POST ........................ 74
3.9 Adjusting Boot Speed....................................................................... 75
3.9.1 Peripheral Selection and Configuration..................................... 75
3.9.2 BIOS Boot Optimizations ....................................................... 75
3.10 BIOS Security Features .................................................................... 76
4Error Messages and Beep Codes
4.1 Speaker ......................................................................................... 77
4.2 BIOS Beep Codes ............................................................................ 77
4.3 BIOS Error Messages ....................................................................... 77
4.4 Port 80h POST Codes ....................................................................... 78

Contents
ix
5Regulatory Compliance and Battery Disposal Information
5.1 Regulatory Compliance..................................................................... 83
5.1.1 Safety Regulations................................................................ 83
5.1.2 European Union Declaration of Conformity Statement................ 84
5.1.3 Product Ecology Statements................................................... 86
5.1.4 EMC Regulations .................................................................. 89
5.1.5 Product Certification Markings (Board Level)............................. 90
5.2 Battery Disposal Information............................................................. 91
Figures
1. Major Board Components.................................................................. 14
2. Block Diagram ................................................................................ 16
3. Memory Channel and DIMM Configuration ........................................... 21
4. Dual Channel (Interleaved) Mode Configuration with Two DIMMs............ 22
5. Dual Channel (Interleaved) Mode Configuration with Three DIMMs ......... 22
6. Dual Channel (Interleaved) Mode Configuration with Four DIMMs ........... 23
7. Single Channel (Asymmetric) Mode Configuration with One DIMM .......... 24
8. Single Channel (Asymmetric) Mode Configuration with Three DIMMs....... 24
9. Flex Mode Configuration with Two DIMMs............................................ 25
10. LAN Connector LED Locations............................................................ 33
12. Thermal Sensors and Fan Headers ..................................................... 35
13. Location of the Standby Power Indicator LED....................................... 41
14. Detailed System Memory Address Map ............................................... 44
15. Back Panel Connectors ..................................................................... 51
16. Component-side Connectors and Headers ........................................... 52
17. Connection Diagram for Front Panel Header ........................................ 57
18. Connection Diagram for Front Panel USB Headers ................................ 59
19. Connection Diagram for IEEE 1394a Header ........................................ 59
20. Location of the Jumper Block............................................................. 60
21. Board Dimensions ........................................................................... 61
22. I/O Shield Dimensions...................................................................... 62
23. Localized High Temperature Zones..................................................... 66
Tables
1. Feature Summary............................................................................ 12
2. Board Components Shown in Figure 1 ................................................ 15
3. Supported Memory Configurations ..................................................... 18
4. Memory Operating Frequencies ......................................................... 19
5. Audio Jack Retasking Support ........................................................... 30
6. LAN Connector LED States ................................................................ 33
7. Effects of Pressing the Power Switch .................................................. 36
8. Power States and Targeted System Power........................................... 37
9. Wake-up Devices and Events ............................................................ 38
10. System Memory Map ....................................................................... 45
11. DMA Channels................................................................................. 45

Intel Desktop Board DP965LT Technical Product Specification
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12. I/O Map ......................................................................................... 46
13. PCI Configuration Space Map ............................................................ 47
14. Interrupts ...................................................................................... 48
15. PCI Interrupt Routing Map ................................................................ 49
16. Component-side Connectors and Headers Shown in Figure 16................ 53
17. HD Audio Link Header ...................................................................... 54
18. Front Panel Audio Header ................................................................. 54
19. Serial ATA Connectors...................................................................... 54
20. Serial Port Header ........................................................................... 54
21. Chassis Intrusion Header.................................................................. 55
22. Front and Rear Chassis Fan Headers .................................................. 55
23. Processor and Auxiliary Rear Chassis Fan Headers............................... 55
24. Processor Core Power Connector........................................................ 56
25. Main Power Connector...................................................................... 56
26. Front Panel Header .......................................................................... 57
27. States for a One-Color Power LED...................................................... 58
28. States for a Two-Color Power LED...................................................... 58
29. BIOS Setup Configuration Jumper Settings.......................................... 60
30. DC Loading Characteristics ............................................................... 63
31. Fan Header Current Capability........................................................... 63
32. Thermal Considerations for Components ............................................. 66
33. Desktop Board DP965LT Environmental Specifications........................... 67
34. BIOS Setup Program Menu Bar.......................................................... 70
35. BIOS Setup Program Function Keys.................................................... 70
36. Acceptable Drives/Media Types for BIOS Recovery ............................... 73
37. Boot Device Menu Options ................................................................ 74
38. Supervisor and User Password Functions............................................. 76
39. Beep Codes .................................................................................... 77
40. BIOS Error Messages ....................................................................... 77
41. Port 80h POST Code Ranges.............................................................. 78
42. Port 80h POST Codes ....................................................................... 79
43. Typical Port 80h POST Sequence........................................................ 82
44. Safety Regulations........................................................................... 83
45. Lead-Free Board Markings ................................................................ 88
46. EMC Regulations ............................................................................. 89
47. Product Certification Markings ........................................................... 90

11
1Product Description
What This Chapter Contains
1.1 Overview........................................................................................ 12
1.2 Online Support................................................................................ 17
1.3 Processor ....................................................................................... 17
1.4 System Memory .............................................................................. 18
1.5 Intel®P965 Express Chipset ............................................................. 26
1.6 Legacy I/O Controller....................................................................... 28
1.7 Audio Subsystem............................................................................. 30
1.8 LAN Subsystem............................................................................... 32
1.9 Hardware Management Subsystem .................................................... 34
1.10 Power Management ......................................................................... 36

Intel Desktop Board DP965LT Technical Product Specification
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1.1 Overview
1.1.1 Feature Summary
Table 1 summarizes the major features of the Desktop Board DP965LT.
Table 1. Feature Summary
Form Factor ATX (11.60 inches by 9.60 inches [294.64 millimeters by 243.84 millimeters])
Processor Support for the following:
•Intel®Core™2 Extreme processor in an LGA775 socket with a 1066 MHz
system bus
•Intel®Core™2 Duo processor in an LGA775 socket with a 1066 or 800 MHz
system bus
•Intel®Pentium®D processor in an LGA775 socket with an 800 or 533 MHz
system bus
•Intel®Pentium®4 processor in an LGA775 socket with an 800 or 533 MHz
system bus
•Intel®Celeron®D processor in an LGA775 socket with a 533 MHz system bus
Memory •Four 240-pin DDR2 SDRAM Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) sockets
•Support for DDR2 800, DDR2 667, or DDR2 533 MHz DIMMs
•Support for up to 8 GB of system memory using DDR2 667 or DDR2 533
DIMMs
•Support for up to 4 GB of system memory using DDR2 800 DIMMs
Chipset Intel®P965 Express Chipset, consisting of:
•Intel®82P965 Memory Controller Hub (MCH)
•Intel®82801HB I/O Controller Hub (ICH8)
Audio 6-channel (5.1) audio subsystem using the SigmaTel* STAC9227 audio codec
Legacy I/O Control Legacy I/O controller for diskette drive, serial, parallel, and PS/2* ports
USB Support for USB 2.0 devices
Peripheral
Interfaces
•10 USB ports
•Two IEEE-1394a interfaces: one back panel connector and one front-panel
header
•Four Serial ATA IDE interfaces
•One Parallel ATA IDE interface with UDMA 33, ATA-66/100/133 support
•One diskette drive interface
•One serial port
•One parallel port
LAN Support Gigabit (10/100/1000 Mbits/sec) LAN subsystem using the Intel® 82566DC
Gigabit Ethernet Controller
BIOS •Intel®BIOS (resident in the SPI Flash device)
•Support for Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI), Plug and Play,
and SMBIOS
Instantly Available
PC Technology
•Support for PCI Local Bus Specification Revision 2.3
•Support for PCI Express* Revision 1.0a
•Suspend to RAM support
•Wake on PCI, RS-232, front panel, PS/2 devices, and USB ports
continued

Product Description
13
Table 1. Feature Summary (continued)
Expansion
Capabilities
•One PCI Express x16 bus add-in card connector
•Three PCI Express x1 bus add-in card connectors
•Three PCI Conventional* bus connectors
Hardware Monitor
Subsystem
•Intel®Quiet System Technology for acoustically-optimized thermal
management
•Voltage sense to detect out of range power supply voltages
•Thermal sense to detect out of range thermal values
•Four fan headers
•Three fan sense inputs used to monitor fan activity
For information about Refer to
Available configurations for the Desktop Board DP965LT Section 1.2, page 17

Intel Desktop Board DP965LT Technical Product Specification
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1.1.2 Board Layout
Figure 1 shows the location of the major components.
Figure 1. Major Board Components
Table 2 lists the components identified in Figure 1.

Product Description
15
Table 2. Board Components Shown in Figure 1
Item/callout
from Figure 1
Description
A Rear chassis fan header
B PCI Express x1 connector
C PCI Express x1 connector
D High Definition Audio Link header
E PCI Conventional bus add-in card connector
F Front panel audio header
G PCI Conventional bus add-in card connector
H PCI Express x1 connector
I PCI Express x16 connector
J Back panel connectors
K Processor core power connector
L Rear chassis fan connector
M LGA775 processor socket
N Intel 82P965 MCH
O Processor fan header
P DIMM Channel A sockets
Q Serial port header
R DIMM Channel B sockets
S Diskette drive connector
T Main Power connector
U Battery
V Front chassis fan header
W Chassis intrusion header
X Intel 82801HB I/O Controller Hub (ICH8)
Y BIOS Setup configuration jumper block
Z Auxiliary front panel power LED header
AA Front panel header
BB Serial ATA connectors [4]
CC Speaker
DD Parallel ATE IDE connector
EE Front panel USB headers [2]
FF IEEE-1394a header
GG PCI Conventional bus add-in card connector

Intel Desktop Board DP965LT Technical Product Specification
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1.1.3 Block Diagram
Figure 2 is a block diagram of the major functional areas.
Intel P965 Express Chipset
Intel 82801HB
I/O Controller Hub
(ICH8)
Intel 82P965
Memory
Controller Hub
(MCH)
Serial
Peripheral
Interface (SPI)
Flash Device
System Bus
(1066/800/533
MHz)
LGA775
Processor
Socket
Parallel ATA
IDE
Connector
Diskette Drive
Connector
Legacy
I/O
Controller PS/2 Keyboard
PS/2 Mouse
Parallel Port
LPC
Bus
OM18402
Audio
Codec
PCI Express
x16 Interface
PCI Express
x16
Connector
PCI Bus
SMBus
High Definition Audio Link
USB
Dual-Channel
Memory Bus
SMBus
PCI Slot 1
PCI Slot 2
Serial ATA IDE
Connectors (4)
Serial ATA
IDE Interface
Channel A
DIMMs (2)
Channel B
DIMMs (2)
Back Panel/Front
Panel
USB Ports
DMI Interconnect
PCI Express x1 Slot 1
PCI Express x1 Interface LAN
Connector
Gigabit Ethernet
Controller
Line Out/Retasking Jack
Line Out
Line In/Retasking Jack
Mic In/Retasking Jack
Mic In
PCI
Bus
IEEE-1394a
Connector/Header
IEEE-1394a
Controller
PCI Express x1 Slot 2
PCI Express x1 Slot 3
PCI Slot 3
Serial Port
Parallel ATA
IDE
Controller
High Definition
Audio Link
Header
Figure 2. Block Diagram

Product Description
17
1.2 Online Support
To find information about… Visit this World Wide Web site:
Intel®Desktop Board DP965LT under
“Desktop Board Products” or “Desktop
Board Support”
http://www.intel.com/design/motherbd
http://support.intel.com/support/motherboards/desktop
Available configurations for the
Desktop Board DP965LT
http://developer.intel.com/design/motherbd/lt/lt_available.htm
Processor data sheets http://www.intel.com/products/index.htm
ICH8 addressing http://developer.intel.com/design/chipsets/datashts
Audio software and utilities http://www.intel.com/design/motherbd
LAN software and drivers http://www.intel.com/design/motherbd
1.3 Processor
The board is designed to support the following processors:
•Intel Core 2 Extreme processor in an LGA775 socket with a 1066 MHz system bus
•Intel Core 2 Duo processor in an LGA775 socket with a 1066 or 800 MHz
system bus
•Intel Pentium D processor in an LGA775 processor socket with an 800 or 533 MHz
system bus
•Intel Pentium 4 processor in an LGA775 processor socket with an 800 or 533 MHz
system bus
•Intel Celeron D processor in an LGA775 processor socket with a 533 MHz
system bus
See the Intel web site listed below for the most up-to-date list of supported
processors.
For information about… Refer to:
Supported processors http://www.intel.com/design/motherbd/lt/lt_proc.htm
CAUTION
Use only the processors listed on web site above. Use of unsupported processors can
damage the board, the processor, and the power supply.
#INTEGRATOR’S NOTE
Use only ATX12V-compliant power supplies.
For information about Refer to
Power supply connectors Section 2.7.2.2, page 56

Intel Desktop Board DP965LT Technical Product Specification
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1.4 System Memory
The board has four DIMM sockets and support the following memory features:
•1.8 V (only) DDR2 SDRAM DIMMs with gold-plated contacts
•Unbuffered, single-sided or double-sided DIMMs with the following restriction:
Double-sided DIMMS with x16 organization are not supported.
•8 GB maximum total system memory using DDR2 667 or DDR2 533 DIMMs;
4 GB maximum total system memory using DDR2 800 DIMMs. Refer to
Section 2.1.1 on page 43 for information on the total amount of addressable
memory.
•Minimum total system memory: 128 MB
•Non-ECC DIMMs
•Serial Presence Detect
•DDR2 800, DDR2 667, or DDR2 533 MHz SDRAM DIMMs
•DDR2 800 DIMMs with SPD timings of only 5-5-5 or 6-6-6 (tCL-tRCD-tRP)
NOTE
To be fully compliant with all applicable DDR SDRAM memory specifications, the board
should be populated with DIMMs that support the Serial Presence Detect (SPD) data
structure. This allows the BIOS to read the SPD data and program the chipset to
accurately configure memory settings for optimum performance. If non-SPD memory
is installed, the BIOS will attempt to correctly configure the memory settings, but
performance and reliability may be impacted or the DIMMs may not function under the
determined frequency.
Table 3 lists the supported DIMM configurations.
Table 3. Supported Memory Configurations
DIMM
Type
SDRAM
Technology
Smallest usable
DIMM (one x16
Single-sided
DIMM)
Largest usable
DIMM (one x8
Double-sided
DIMM)
Maximum capacity
with four identical
x8 Double-sided
DIMMs
DDR2 533 256 Mbit 128 MB 512 MB 2 GB
DDR2 533 512 Mbit 256 MB 1 GB 4 GB
DDR2 533 1 Gbit 512 MB 2 GB 8 GB
DDR2 667 256 Mbit 128 MB 512 MB 2 GB
DDR2 667 512 Mbit 256 MB 1 GB 4 GB
DDR2 667 1 Gbit 512 MB 2 GB 8 GB
DDR2 800 256 Mbit 128 MB 512 MB 2 GB
DDR2 800 512 Mbit 256 MB 1 GB 4 GB

Product Description
19
 NOTE
Regardless of the DIMM type used, the memory frequency will either be equal to or
less than the processor system bus frequency. For example, if DDR2 800 memory is
used with a 533 MHz system bus frequency processor, the memory will operate at
533 MHz. Table 4 lists the resulting operating memory frequencies based on the
combination of DIMMs and processors.
Table 4. Memory Operating Frequencies
DIMM Type Processor system bus frequency Resulting memory frequency
DDR2 533 533 MHz 533 MHz
DDR2 533 800 MHz 533 MHz
DDR2 533 1066 MHz 533 MHz
DDR2 667 533 MHz 533 MHz
DDR2 667 800 MHz 667 MHz
DDR2 667 1066 MHz 667 MHz
DDR2 800 533 MHz 533 MHz
DDR2 800 800 MHz 800 MHz
DDR2 800 1066 MHz 800 MHz

Intel Desktop Board DP965LT Technical Product Specification
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1.4.1 Memory Configurations
The Intel 82P965 MCH supports the following types of memory organization:
•Dual channel (Interleaved) mode. This mode offers the highest throughput for
real world applications. Dual channel mode is enabled when the installed memory
capacities of both DIMM channels are equal. Technology and device width can vary
from one channel to the other but the installed memory capacity for each channel
must be equal. If different speed DIMMs are used between channels, the slowest
memory timing will be used.
•Single channel (Asymmetric) mode. This mode is equivalent to single channel
bandwidth operation for real world applications. This mode is used when only a
single DIMM is installed or the memory capacities are unequal. Technology and
device width can vary from one channel to the other. If different speed DIMMs are
used between channels, the slowest memory timing will be used.
•Flex mode. This mode provides the most flexible performance characteristics.
The bottommost DRAM memory (the memory that is lowest within the system
memory map) is mapped to dual channel operation; the topmost DRAM memory
(the memory that is nearest to the 8 GB address space limit), if any, is mapped to
single channel operation. Flex mode results in multiple zones of dual and single
channel operation across the whole of DRAM memory. To use flex mode, it is
necessary to populate both channels.