Kantronics KAM 98 User manual

KAM’98
Users Guide: Introduction,
Getting Started,
Modes of Operation,
Command Reference, and
Hardware Specifications
Kantronics
1202 E. 23rd Street,
Lawrence, Kansas 66046
Orders/ Inquiries [phone]
FAX [phone]
e-mail [email protected]
website: www.kantronics.com
Service / Technical Support [phone] (2-5 pm Central Time, M-F)
FAX [phone]
e-mail [email protected]

Information in this document is subject to change without notice.
We have attempted to make this manual technically and typographically
correct as of the date of the current printing. Production changes to the KAM ’98
may add errata or additional addendum sheets. We solicit your comments and/or
suggested corrections. Please send these to Kantronics Co., Inc.,
1202 E. 23rd Street, Lawrence, KS 66046.
© Copyright 1998 by Kantronics Co., Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Contents of this publication or the firmware within the KAM ’98 may not be re-
produced in any form without the written permission of the copyright owner.
KAM’98, KPC-9612 Plus, KPC-3 Plus, Pacterm and Pacterm’98 are trademarks
of Kantronics Co., Inc. NET/ROM is a registered trademark of SOFTWARE
2000. APRS is a registered trademark of Bob Bruninga, WB4APR.
The KAM’98 is manufactured in the U.S.A.
Printed in the United States of America.

Kantronics Warranty Registration
Please fill out this warranty registration form (or a copy of it) and mail it with a
copy of your sales receipt to register your purchase. Both must be on file at
Kantronics in order for you to receive warranty service. Refer to the warranty
policy in this manual for further information.
Mail form and sales receipt to:
Kantronics
1202 E 23rd Street
Lawrence, KS 66046
Warranty Registration
Last Name:
First Name: Callsign:
Mailing Address
City: State: Zip:
Country:
Daytime telephone:
Product: KAM’98 serial #:
Date of Purchase: Dealer:
KAM’98 v 8.3 i User’s Guide

User’s Guide ii KAM’98 v 8.3

IMPORTANT: READ THIS PAGE BEFORE YOU
INSTALL YOUR NEW KANTRONICS PRODUCT
This product contains SOFTWARE on Programmable Read Only Memory
(PROM) and/or diskette which is protected by both United States copyright law
and international treaty provisions.
If you install or use this product , you will be deemed to be bound by the terms of
the SOFTWARE license shown below. If you do not wish to be bound by such
license, return such product and all associated documentation unused to your
supplier for refund of the amount you paid.
License Agreement
1. License. In consideration of payment of the License Fee, which is included in
the price of the product, the Licensee (you) is granted by the Licensor
(Kantronics Company, Inc. - Kantronics) a non-exclusive right to use the
SOFTWARE and associated documentation. No ownership rights to the
SOFTWARE or its Documentation are transferred from Kantronics to you.
2. Term. This License Agreement is effective until terminated. You may termi-
nate this Agreement by destroying the PROM or diskette and documentation.
You may not rent or lease the SOFTWARE, but you may transfer the SOFT-
WARE and accompanying written materials on a permanent basis provided you
retain no copies and the recipient agrees to the terms of this Agreement.
Kantronics may terminate this Agreement without notice if you violate any terms
or conditions of the Agreement. In the event of termination of the Agreement,
provisions relating to Kantronics’ disclaimers of warranties, limitation of liability,
remedies, or damages and Kantronics’ proprietary rights shall survive.
3. Object Code. The SOFTWARE is delivered in object code only. You shall not
reverse compile or otherwise reverse engineer the SOFTWARE.
4. Limited Warranty. This product is covered by the standard Kantronics Co.,
Inc. Limited Warranty, which is enclosed.
License Agreement
KAM’98 v 8.3 iii User’s Guide

5. General. This License Agreement constitutes the complete Agreement
between you and Kantronics.
The SOFTWARE and/or Documentation may not be exported or re-exported in
violation of any export laws or regulations of the United States of America or any
other applicable jurisdiction.
This Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted under the laws of the State
of Kansas, United States of America.
Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government of the United States is subject
to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) of the Rights in Technical
Data and Computer SOFTWARE clause of DFARS 252.227-7013.
Kantronics may in its sole discretion, provide you with upgrades of the SOFT-
WARE and/or Documentation if you have provided Kantronics your completed
Warranty registration with a copy of your receipt showing the amount you paid.
LICENSEE ACKNOWLEDGES HAVING READ AND UNDERSTOOD THIS
AGREEMENT AND AGREES TO BE BOUND BY ITS TERMS. LICENSEE
FURTHER AGREES THAT THIS AGREEMENT IS THE COMPLETE AND
EXCLUSIVE STATEMENT OF THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN LICENSEE
AND LICENSOR AND SUPERSEDES ANY PROPOSAL OR PRIOR
AGREEMENT, ORAL OR WRITTEN, AND ANY OTHER COMMUNICA-
TIONS RELATING TO THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THIS AGREEMENT.
Any questions concerning this Agreement or any other matter relating to
Kantronics Company, Inc. products or business practices may be directed to:
Customer Service Department
Kantronics Company, Inc.
1202 E. 23rd Street,
Lawrence, KS 66046
License Agreement
User’s Guide iv KAM’98 v 8.3

TABLE OF CONTENTS
License Agreement .................................iii
Limited Warranty ...................................1
Applicable Products: ...............................2
Return/Repair Procedures ..............................5
Check-List for Possible Problems ......................5
Return Procedures ..............................5
Charges ....................................6
International Returns ...............................7
Radio Frequency Interference Statement.......................9
EU Declaration of Conformity: “CE”........................10
RFI Suppression...................................10
Introduction................................................11
Welcome.......................................11
Summary of Features ..............................11
Major Uses of Your KAM’98 ............................14
Overview of This “User’s Guide” Manual .....................14
Documentation Conventions ............................15
Differences from the KAM Plus ..........................16
Package Contents ..................................17
Additional Parts For Your Multi-Mode Radio Station . . .............18
Our Assumptions About You ............................18
Basic Components of Your Station .......................19
Inside a TNC – the KAM’98 ............................20
Overview of Modes of Digital Communication ..................22
HF/VHF and Packet/Non-Packet Communication . . .............22
Packet Communication ...............................23
Sending a Message to Another Station .....................24
Packets: Dividing Messages into Segments ...................28
Unconnected Packets ............................29
Connected Packets..............................29
How a Packet is Organized .........................30
Kinds of Packets...............................31
Protocols: Rules for Working Together .....................32
AX.25....................................32
Alternatives to AX.25 ............................32
KAM’98 v 8.3 v User’s Guide

Installing Your KAM’98......................................33
The Major Components of Your Station ......................34
TheKAM’98..................................34
Back Panel..................................34
The Transceivers.................................35
Cabling the KAM’98 to your HF transceiver ................35
The Computer ..................................37
The Serial Port on Your Computer .....................38
GPS Device (Optional) .............................39
How the Parts of Your Station are Connected....................40
Connect Your KAM’98 to a Power Source .....................41
External Power from Your Bench (12 Volt dc) .................42
External Power Transformed from 120 Vac Line Voltage ...........43
External Power from your Radio ........................44
Connect your KAM’98 to Your Computer .....................44
Your Serial Communication Cable .......................44
Purchase Your Serial Cable .........................45
Make Your Serial Cable ...........................45
Installing the RS-232 Cable ...........................47
Install Software and Configure Your KAM’98 ...................49
Connect Your KAM’98 to Your Transceiver ....................51
Parts for Connecting Your KAM’98 to Your Transceiver ............52
Preparing the Transceiver Cable Assembly ...................52
Wiring Directions (Connecting KAM’98 and Transceiver) ........52
Constructing the Cable Assembly ......................58
Connecting Your Transceiver Cable Assembly .................63
Wiring to a Data Jack ............................64
Adjusting Receive Volume and Squelch Control of Your Transceiver . . . . . 64
Transmit level adjustment ............................66
For HF modes ................................66
For FM packet operations ..........................66
Connecting to a GPS Device (Optional) ......................67
Pacterm v 2.0..............................................69
Introduction .....................................69
Our Assumptions About You ..........................69
Table of Contents
User’s Guide vi KAM’98 v 8.3

Overview.....................................70
Installing Pacterm ..................................72
Saving Pacterm on Your Hard Drive ......................72
Copying files from a floppy to your hard drive . . .............72
Guided Installation .............................73
Saving Pacterm on a Floppy Disk ........................73
Establishing Communication ............................74
Starting Pacterm...................................75
Coordinating Pacterm and Your TNC........................76
Coordinating BAUD Rates: The Autobaud Routine ..............76
Configuring the TNC for Use with Pacterm...................77
Required TNC Parameter Settings .....................77
Optional Parameter Settings.........................78
Pacterm Screens ...................................79
The MAIN Menu Screen ............................79
The Terminal Screen ...............................80
The Status Line ...............................80
Pacterm Commands: Overview ...........................81
On-Screen Help .................................81
From MAIN Menu, BACKSPACE = Go to Terminal Screen ..........81
From Terminal Screen, F1 = Go to MAIN Menu ................81
Commands: Setup, Using the MAIN Menu.....................82
F3 = Select TNC Use (Default = Packet) ....................82
F7 = Select SERIAL PORT (Default = COM2) .................83
F8 = Select BAUD RATE (Default = 9600)...................83
Commands: Controlling the Flow of Data .....................84
F5 = Pacterm to TNC: Offline or Online (Default) . . .............84
F6 = TNC to Pacterm: STOP or START (Default) . . .............85
Commands: Output Control .............................85
ALT+P = Printer: ON or OFF (Default) .....................86
ALT+B = Holding Buffer: OPEN or CLOSE (Default) .............86
ALT+C = Holding Buffer: CLEAR .......................87
F2 = Holding Buffer: SAVE and CLEAR ....................87
Two ways to Save Holding Buffer Data...................88
ALT+F = Send a File to Your TNC .......................89
Commands: Exiting .................................90
Table of Contents
KAM’98 v 8.3 vii User’s Guide

F9 = Switch Your TNC to Command Mode...................90
F10 = Disconnect and EXIT to DOS ......................91
ESC or CTRL+C (on Main Menu Only) = EXIT to DOS............91
HF Non-Packet Functions (For KAMs Only)....................92
Commands that Work Differently in HF Non-Packet Mode . .........92
Additional Commands for HF Non-Packet ...................93
ALT+T (transmit) = Exit Type-ahead ....................93
ALT+R (receive) = Return to Type-ahead .................93
ALT+E = Return to Receive.........................93
ALT+H = Shift Tone Pair Frequencies ...................94
ALT+I = Invert Received Signal (rtty/ascii) ................94
ALT+S n = Speed Change..........................94
Trouble-Shooting Difficulties in Communicating .................95
Problem: Go to Terminal Screen, but Nothing Happens ............95
Problem: Your Computer Freezes Up ......................95
Problem: You Are Getting Bad or Intermittent Data ..............95
Problem: Your TNC Stops Behaving Normally .................96
Getting Started .............................................97
The Front Panel of the KAM’98 ..........................98
Beginning a Session ...............................99
Packet Operations ..................................99
Giving Commands and Transmitting Data ...................99
Command Mode (Packet) ..........................99
Converse (Conversation) Mode (Packet) .................100
TRANS (Transparent) Mode........................100
TNC Commands ................................101
NEWUSER Commands ..........................101
List of NEWUSER Commands ......................103
Using NEWUSER Packet Commands .....................104
Check Your KAM’98’s Version Number and ID .............104
GetHelp..................................104
View Current Values of Parameters ....................105
Change the Value of a Parameter .....................105
Connect to Your Mailbox (PBBS) .........................106
Switching to the Full Command Set (and Back)..................107
Table of Contents
User’s Guide viii KAM’98 v 8.3

Monitoring some HF Modes ............................108
Radio Teletype .................................108
Pactor Monitoring ...............................109
How to Transmit in RTTY and Pactor .......................109
Switching to 1200 baud Packet (and back) ....................109
Monitor Communications From Nearby Stations .................111
Communicate Directly with a Nearby Station ...................112
Other Topics ....................................113
Non-Packet Modes of Communication .........................115
Tuning in the Signals................................116
AMTOR Operation ................................116
Mode A (ARQ) Operation ...........................117
Calling CQ .................................117
Answering a CQ ..............................118
Mode B (FEC) Operation............................119
Mode B (SELFEC) Operation .........................119
Receiving Mode B SELFEC ........................119
Transmitting Mode B SELFEC ......................120
Listen AMTOR operation .........................120
Notes on AMTOR operation ..........................121
AMTOR directives.............................121
ASCII Operation ..................................122
ASCII Directives ................................123
CW Operation ...................................123
Transmitting CW ................................124
Receiving CW .................................125
CW Directives .................................125
G-TORMode ...................................126
G-TOR Operation ...............................127
Tuning G-TOR .................................128
Monitoring G-TOR ...............................128
Entering G-TOR Standby mode ........................128
Calling another station on G-TOR .......................129
Speed changes ...............................129
G-TOR mailbox ................................130
Table of Contents
KAM’98 v 8.3 ix User’s Guide

Formatting Data ................................130
Hints for G-TOR Operation ..........................130
Binary Files and G-TOR ............................131
Summary of GTOR Directives .........................132
NAVTEX Operation ................................133
NAVTEX/AMTEX Theory...........................133
NAVTEX/AMTEX Operation .........................135
Pactor Operation ..................................136
Monitoring Pactor FEC ............................136
Calling CQ or Transmitting FEC........................136
Connecting to another station .........................137
Monitor Only Mode ..............................138
Pactor Directives ................................138
RTTY Operation ..................................139
RTTY Directives ................................139
MARS Feature ...............................140
Packet Modes of Operation ..................................143
Overview of Packet Communication .......................143
Introduction...................................143
Information is Organized into “Packets” .................143
Your Packet Unit is a Terminal Node Controller (TNC)..........143
Protocol for Amateur Packet Radio: AX.25 ................144
HF and VHF Packet Operation.........................144
CommandMode................................145
Connected vs Unproto .............................145
Monitoring and Calling CQ ..........................146
A Simple Connect ...............................146
Digipeating ...................................147
Gateways ....................................149
Multi-Connects ................................149
Round Table Discussions ...........................150
Selective Monitoring ..............................151
Timing.....................................151
Dwait vs. Persistence and Slottime ....................151
Txdelay ..................................152
Frack (Frame Acknowledgment Time) ..................152
Table of Contents
User’s Guide x KAM’98 v 8.3

Retries AX.25 Level 2, Version 1 vs. Version 2 ..............152
Flow Control ..................................154
Software Flow Control ..........................154
Hardware Flow Control ..........................155
Convers Mode vs. Transparent Mode .....................156
Getting Out of Transparent ..........................156
Remote Access to Your TNC ...........................157
PBBS (Personal Mailbox) .............................160
Introduction...................................160
Using Your PBBS ...............................160
PBBS Commands ...............................162
B(ye) ....................................162
E(dit) n [BPTYNFH] [>tocall] [<fromcall] [@BBS] “old” “new” ....162
H(elp) ...................................162
J(heard) ..................................162
J(heard) S(hort) .............................162
J(heard) L(ong) ..............................163
L(ist) [ x [y]] [; ] .............................163
L(ist) <|> call [ ; ] ............................163
LB [;] ..................................163
LC [cat[;]] ...............................163
LLn [;] .................................163
LM(ine) [ ; ] ...............................164
LO [+|-] ..................................164
LT [;] ..................................164
K(ill) n ...................................164
KM(ine) ..................................164
R(ead) n ..................................164
RHn....................................165
RM(ine) ..................................165
S(end) call .................................165
SBcat ...................................165
SP call ...................................165
STzip ...................................165
Sending Messages ...............................166
Listing Messages ................................167
Table of Contents
KAM’98 v 8.3 xi User’s Guide

Reading Messages ...............................168
Editing Message Headers............................169
E(dit) n [BPTYNFH] [>tocall] [<fromcall] [@BBS] “old” “new” ....169
Hierarchical Addresses .............................171
Advanced Configuration of Your PBBS ....................171
Remote SYSOP Access to the PBBS .....................173
Reverse Forwarding Messages from Your Mailbox . . . ...........174
Selecting a Home Full-Service BBS.......................174
Routing Lines ...............................175
GPS NMEA Interfacing Capability ........................179
Overview ....................................179
GPS Equipment Requirements .........................180
Cabling a GPS Unit to a Kantronics TNC ...................181
Setup: Configuring a Kantronics TNC for GPS Operation ..........182
Setting Parameters in the TNC.......................183
GPS Unit Initialization from the TNC ...................184
GPS Operations.................................184
Starting the TNC in GPS Mode ......................184
Exiting GPS Mode .............................185
Other GPS Features ..............................185
Slotted Beacons ..............................185
Tracking Without Beacons .........................186
Remote Access and GPS ..........................186
Other Notes ................................187
GPSCommandSummary...........................187
Advanced GPS/APRS Digipeating ......................189
Improving Efficiencies of Advanced Digipeating .............189
Overview of UI Digipeating Commands .................190
Using “UI” Digipeat Commands: UIDIGI, UIFLOOD, and UITRACE . 191
Configuring Digis for HF/VHF Gateway Operations ...........194
NewIntheKAM’98..............................195
Using a Second Serial Port.........................195
Time and data accuracy ..........................197
Bibliography ..................................198
KA-Node .....................................199
Overview ....................................199
Table of Contents
User’s Guide xii KAM’98 v 8.3

Configuring Your KA-Node ..........................200
Using a KA-Node ...............................201
Automatic Disconnect .............................204
Using the XCONNECT Command.......................205
Determining Which Port You Have Connected To ..............206
KA-Node Commands for Remote Use ....................206
ABORT ..................................206
Bye ....................................206
Connect callsign [Stay] ..........................207
Help ....................................207
Jheard [Short|Long] ...........................207
Nodes [Short|Long] ...........................208
Xconnect callsign .............................208
Other Modes of Operation .............................209
Remote Sensing and Control ..........................209
ASCII Mode (1200 Baud) ...........................211
Copying Weather Broadcasts NWS EMWIN ...............211
Kantronics Host Mode Operation .......................211
KISSMode ..................................212
XKISS (Extended KISS) Mode ........................214
DAMA (Slave Mode) Capacity ........................215
What is DAMA? ..............................215
What Does a DAMA System Look Like? .................215
How is DAMA Implemented in Kantronics TNCs? . . .........216
Bibliography ................................217
Command Reference ......................................219
Introduction ....................................219
Format for Listing Commands .........................219
Format Defining Commands .........................220
The Command Line ............................220
The Line Below the Command Definition.................221
Parameter Types ................................221
Entering Commands ..............................223
KAM’98 Commands ...............................225
Table of Contents
KAM’98 v 8.3 xiii User’s Guide

Appendix A: Advanced Installation ...........................325
Precautions .....................................325
Connecting to the Computer (DB-25) .......................325
DB-25 Connector................................325
Diagram of Pin Numbers on DB-25 Connector . . . ...........326
Cable Wiring ..................................326
Optional Wiring ................................327
Applying Power through the DB-25 connector. . . . ...........327
Resetting the KAM’98 through the DB-25 connector. ..........328
Hardware handshaking with DSR and DTR. ...............328
Software settings ................................328
Connecting to your Radios.............................329
Connecting Devices to the Auxiliary (AUX) Port ...............331
Interfacing Hand-Held Radios .........................332
Optional Connections to DB-9 Radio Port ..................333
Applying Power through the DB-9 connector. . . . ...........333
Resetting the KAM’98 through the DB-9 connector. ...........333
Appendix B: Advanced Information...........................334
Assembly and Disassembly ............................334
Hard Reset .....................................334
Calibration/Equalization ..............................336
Transmit Drive level. ...........................337
Receive Equalization. ...........................337
PTT (Push-to-Talk) Watchdog Timer .......................337
Microprocessor Watchdog Timer .........................338
A/D Converters ..................................338
KAM’98 Jumpers .................................338
Jumper Overview................................339
Jumper Locations................................341
KAM’98 Jumper Descriptions:.........................342
Appendix C: Options for the KAM’98 ........................345
Installing Additional RAM ............................345
Replacing the Lithium Battery ..........................345
Table of Contents
User’s Guide xiv KAM’98 v 8.3

Appendix D: In Case of Difficulty ............................346
KAM’98 Does Not “Sign-On” to Computer....................346
You Are Unable to Make a “Connect” ......................346
Cannot Transmit ..................................347
Cannot Return to Command Mode ........................347
Getting Out of Host Mode ............................348
Appendix E: Additional Information .........................350
Specifications ...................................350
Messages from the KAM’98............................351
ASCII Chart ....................................358
KAM’98 Parts Layout ...............................360
Index ..................................................361
Table of Contents
KAM’98 v 8.3 xv User’s Guide

Limited Warranty
KANTRONICS CO., INC.
LIMITED WARRANTY
Effective January 1, 1997
To receive notice of future updates, new product information and prompt war-
ranty service, please fill in the Kantronics/rfconcepts Warranty Registration card
COMPLETELY and return it along with a copy of proof of purchase (to estab-
lish purchase date) to Kantronics Co., Inc., 1202 East 23rd Street, Lawrence,
Kansas 66046 USA.
NOTE: Return of the Warranty Registration card and proof of purchase is a
pre-condition to warranty coverage.
1. WARRANTY. Kantronics Co., Inc. (“Kantronics”) warrants to the first con-
sumer purchaser (“you”), for the Applicable Warranty Period (as described
below), that the Applicable Product (as described below) will be free from
defects in material and workmanship.
2. REMEDY. Kantronics agrees that, for any Applicable Product found by
Kantronics to be in violation of the warranty of Section 1 hereof within the Ap-
plicable Warranty Period, it will, at its option, repair or replace the defective Ap-
plicable Product at no charge to you, excluding in-bound shipping charges.
3. EXCLUSIVE REMEDY. Repair or replacement of the Applicable Product, as
provided herein, is the sole remedy available to you against Kantronics, and in no
event will Kantronics be responsible for any other liability or damages or for in-
cidental, special, or consequential damages, regardless of whether purported lia-
bility is predicated upon negligence, strict tort, contract, or other products
liability theory and whether or not Kantronics is warned about the possibility of
such liability or damages. SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLU-
SION OR LIMITATION OF INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAM-
AGES, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATION OR EXCLUSION MAY NOT
APPLY TO YOU.
4. DISCLAIMER. This Limited Warranty is in lieu of all other warranties ex-
pressed or implied and no representative or person is authorized to assume for
Kantronics any other liability in connection with the sale of its products.
KANTRONICS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS THE IMPLIED WARRANTY
KAM’98 v 8.3 1 User’s Guide

OF MERCHANTABILITY AND IMPLIED WARRANTY OF FITNESS FOR
A PARTICULAR PURPOSE FOR ANY APPLICABLE PRODUCT. IF, HOW-
EVER, YOU ARE A CONSUMER WITHIN THE MEANING OF 15 U.S.C.
2301(3), THE ABOVE DISCLAIMER OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES IS EF-
FECTIVE ONLY FOR PERIODS OUTSIDE THE APPLICABLE WAR-
RANTY PERIOD. SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW LIMITATIONS ON
HOW LONG AN IMPLIED WARRANTY LASTS, SO THE ABOVE LIMI-
TATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.
5. APPLICABLE PRODUCTS AND PERIODS. Kantronics products are of
two types - (1) hardware units and (2) firmware and software for operation of
these units, whether incorporated into the units themselves or separate from the
units as adjuncts or accessories to the units. Hardware units and the media con-
taining firmware, software and documentation are sold to the consumer purchaser
and become property of the purchaser. Firmware and software are licensed for
use by the consumer purchaser in return for a fee included in the purchase price
of the units and do not become the property of the consumer. (See separate Li-
cense Agreement provided with these products). The products to which the war-
ranty of Section 1 hereof applies (herein “Applicable Products”) and the periods
during which the warranty shall apply to such products (herein, “Applicable War-
ranty Period”) are as follows:
Applicable Products:
UNITS:
KPC-9612, KPC-9612 Plus, KAM, KAM Plus, KAM’98, KPC-3, KPC-3 Plus,
rfc 2/70, rfc 2/70G, rfc 4-110, rfc 4-310, Mini-Amp 144, Mini-Amp 144P,
Mini-Amp 440, Mini-Amp 440P, MAX-Amp 10, MAX-Amp 45.
Applicable Warranty Period: One (1) year from date of purchase.
ACCESSORIES:
KAM Enhancement Board
Applicable Warranty Period: One (1) year from date of purchase.
Limited Warranty
User’s Guide 2 KAM’98 v 8.3