Knight Tr-106 User manual

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OPERATOR'S

MANUAL

/\

/

\

VV

va

TR-106

6

METER

~

TRANSCEIVER

SPECIFICATIONS

RECEIVER

SECTION

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

Audio

Output:

5

watts

or

more

Intermediate

Frequencies:

Ist

LF

-tunable

from

15.6

to

17.6

me

'

2nd

I.F.-——1650

ke

Page

IF.

Rejection

50

db

or

better

for

Est

LIF,

eee

peees

9

70

db

ov

better

for

2ud

LF.

PIPE

TIC

AIIQINS

tesa

io

hea

ha

ap

Be

eS

Ae)

A

nae

hel

hie

sar

Image

Rejection:

58

db

or

better

anlich

Poni

iane

+

we

diecttiad

sul

et

itdx

darth

cnete

dusalet

tal

9

Input

Impedance:

50

ohms

nominal

Selectivity:

6

db

down

at

&

ke

: :

:

SN

Step

by

Step

Operating

Instructions.

.....---

5-2...

e

serene

es

f

Sensitivity:

0.5

microvolt

for

LOdb

47

ratio

Operating?

Hints:

2s.

o2.04¢8o6d

eee

ae

hee

on

tay

eee

eee

eS

5

TRANSMITTER

SECTION

TOM

eee

Bi

eke

ee

SOA

a

peel

neh

cs

ba

ed

wows

6

Propagation

,

Frequency

Control:

Fundamental

cut

8

me

crystals

Berek

or

VEO

at

8.8338

to

8.666

me

P

Frequency

Range:

50

to

52

me

Antounas

2.0.0

cc

ccc

cece

cece

cet

veveeeyecus

BS

Desince

cos

een

7

Modulation:

Amplitude

modulated

plate

aud

screen,

limited

to

approximately

+

950%

Mabie

Tistillatione

Cousideratia

tse

oon

orcas

oe

eee

ws

8

Output

Impedance:

30

to

90

ohms

nominal

(with

VSWR

of

3:1

or

less)

Television

Interference

...

0...

0c.

e

ee

ccc

cece

c

ee

tne

ee

beeen

eens

11

RF

Power:

Input:

15

watts

nominal

Maintenance

POWER

SUPPLY

(solid

state):

Ay

14

Power

Requirements:

110-130

volts,

60

cvele

AC—

90

watts

re-

Helinme@nt

sect

eee

ko

itis

She

nie

ee

ete

Seg

I

hd

ecived

LO

walle

transmit

*

;

;

12-15

volts

DC)

6.8

amps

receive

/8.1

amps

Frowble-shoOOtng@

s.cs0.2

eas

eee

eee

ne

Pee

ha

ae

Pe

Be

16

traismit

+

ot

.

Rectifier:

Full-wave

voltage

doubler

with

silicon

di-

Circuit

Description

..

6.6.6

666

eee

ee

17

odes

Warranty

©...

6.66.

ee

ete

eee

eee

24d

TUBE

COMPLEMENT:

Schematic

Diagram

©...

6.6.

eee

Insert

Receiver:

6DS---Nuvistor,

RF

amplifier

61

AS-—

Est

mixer/oseillator

Parts:

List

v.68)

64

28842

Sg

pn

hoi

RA

ee

eh

a

Ge

a

eee

ee

eo

Insert

GIAS-

-2nd

mixer/oscillator

G6BZ6-

-Ist

LE.

amplifier

GBZG6-

2nd

1...

amplifier

GALD5S-

-Detector/ANEL

diode

1ZAX7-

-Audio/mic

preamp

GLGGC

Audio

output

/modulator

Transmitter:

12D

K6-

--Oscillator/tripler

IZAQH

Buller/doubler

2626

Final

power

amplifier

Size:

5b

ox

ble’

x

11”

2

CONTROL

FUNCTIONS

This

short

description

of

the

function

of

cach

control

available

from

the

front

and

rear

of

vour

transceiver,

supplies

background

information

for

proper

operation

of

vour

transceiver.

For

step-by-step

operating

instrue-

tions,

see

the

next

seetion

of

this

mantel.

Tuning

Dial-

tunes

the

receiver

section

to

the

desired

frequeney.

Meter--

-in

receiving

function,

it

indicates

the

relative

strength

of

the

in-

coming

signal.

The

upper

seale

is

calibrated

tn

“S"”

units

from

£

to

9

and

up

to

30

db

over

8-9.

(S-9

50

vv

input

signal).

fn

the

transmit

funetion,

it

acts

as

a

relative

power

output

indicator.

It

is

used

during

loading

and

adjustment

of

the

transmitter.

Use

the

meter

for

precise

tuniug

of

the

receiver;

adjust

the

Tuning

Dial

for

maximum

indication

on

the

meter.

‘

The

meter

is

also

used

as

the

indicating

device

for

the

“spotting”?

funetion.

TRANSMIT

Indicator

lights

when

the

transceiver

is

in

the

transmit

fune-

tion.

LOAD--

-matches

the

output

of

the

transmitter

to

the

antenua.

It

can

be

used

to

match

antenna

impedances

of

30

to

90

ohms,

providing

the

VSWR

is

3:b

or

less.

PLATE

is

used

to

resonate

the

plate

circuit

of

the

transmitter

final

ampli-

fier

at

the

operating

frequeney.

PHONES

for

listening

to

the

receiver

with

headphones.

Use

low-impedance

phones

4

to

16

ohms.

The

speaker

is

muted

when

a

phone

plug

is

inserted

into

this

jack.

Also,

a

remote

speaker

can

be

connected

to

this

jack.

If

vou

use

high

impedance

phones,

they

must

be

shunted

by

an

&

ohm

2

watt

resistor,

TRANSMIT-RECEIVE-

activates

the

transmitter

or

the

reeeiver

funetion.

This

switch

may

be

used

in

conjunction

with

a

microphone

which

does

not

have

a

push-to-talk

button.

When

left

in

RECEIVES,

a

microphone

push-

to-talk

button

will

operate

as

the

transmit

/receive

switch.

This

switch

is

also

used

when

tuning

and

adjusting

the

transmitter,

NOTE:

The

microphone

provided

with

this

transceiver

has

a

shorting

cou-

nection

across

the

microphone

clement

when

the

push-to-talk

button

is

in

the

receive

position

(button

out).

Thus,

you

ean

make

transmitter

adjust-

ments

without

fear

of

audio

pick-up

from

the

microphone,

by

operating

the

front

panel

TRANSMIT-RECILVIs

switch.

MULT

resonates

the

plate

cirenit

of

the

transmitter

oseillatoer/tripler

stage

to

the

operating

frequeney.

Its

adjustment

determines

the

grid

drive

to

the

final

amplifier.

CRYSTAL

sclects

the

transmitter

frequeney-deterntining

erystal

or

VEO

input.

Positions

1,

2

and

3

correspond

to

the

numbered

crystal

sockets

to

the

left

of

this

switeh.

SPOT-OFF-

provides

a

transmitting

frequency

spotting

fonction.

When

set

to

SPOT,

the

Tuning

Dial

can

be

set

to

the

exact

transmitter

frequency

by

observing

the

Meter

indication.

The

SPOT

funetion

operates

for

both

erystal

controlled

and

VEO

operation.

Thus,

vou

can

set

the

reeeiver

and

the

transmitter

to

the

exact

same

frequeney,

RF

GAIN

varies

the

output

level

of

the

RE

stage.

This

control

is

in

the

rathode

circuit

of

the

2ud

Mixer,

therefore

it

varies

the

output

of

this

stage.

POWER-OFF-.-

turus

power

on

and

off,

AF

GAIN—vaties

the

level

of

the

audio

signal

for

the

reeeive

funetion.

This

control

is

in

the

grid

cireuit

of

the

audio

pre-amp,

The

microphone

is

connected

to

the

jack

to

the

left

of

the

PILONES

jack.

ANT

connector

on

the

rear

panel.

Attach

the

coaxial

cable

from

your

an-

tenna

system

to

this

counector,

The

12-pin

power

connector

is

for

the

input

power;

either

120

volts

AC

or

12

volts

DC

can

be

used

for

power.

Two

power

cords

are

available-

one

for

120

volts

and

one

for

12

volts.

VFO

PWR

Power

is

available

from

this

conuector

for

an

external

VEO;

30

ma

at

200

VDC

and

0.8

amp

at

12.6

VAC,

S

MTR

is

used

to

set

the

meter

on

the

front

panel

to

zero,

when

no

signal

or

noise

is

being

received,

VFO

INPUT

connect

the

output

from

a

VIFO

to

this

jaek.

ANL-ON

(automatic

noise

limiter)

-when

in

the

ON

position,

it

switches

an

automatic

noise

limiting

circuit

into

the

receiver.

This

reduces

pulse-

type

Noise

such

as

automobile

ignition,

sharp

bursts

of

static,

ete.

When

you

turn

this

switch

ON,

the

volume

of

the

receiver

may

drop

slightly;

this

is

normal,

and

has

no

effeet

on

the

sensitivity

of

the

receiver.

3

STEP

BY

STEP

OPERATING

INSTRUCTIONS

You

must

have

a

current

Amateur

Radio

license

to

operate

this

transceiver

on

the

air.

A

Novice

Class

Liecuse

does

not

permit

use

of

this

transceiver.

Before

you

actually

start

to

operate

your

trausceiver,

we

suggest

that

vou

turn

to

the

OPERATION

section

of

your

manual.

A

number

of

important

points

are

discussed

and

specifie

information

is

given

about

antennas,

mo-

bile

installations

and

general

operating

considerations.

[|

|

Conneet

the

microphone

to

the

microphone

connector

on

the

front

panel,

|

|

Connect

an

antenna

to

the

ANT

connector

on

the

rear

of

the

trans-

ceiver,

[|

|

Conneet

the

proper

power

cord

to

the

power

connector

on

the

rear

of

the

chassis

and

to

the

power

source,

CAUTION:

NEVER

TOUCIE

ANY

OF

TILE

WIRING

OR

REMOVE

ANY

TUBES

WIHILE

TH

UNIT

IS

ON.

BE

ESPECIALLY:

CARMFUL

TO

AVOID

CONTACT

WITH

THE

PLATIC

CLIP

OF

THI

2426

TUBE,

VOLTAGES

USED

IN

TIS

UNIT

ARE

DANGEROUS.

TO

RECEIVE

Set

TRANSMIT/RECEIVE

switch

to

RECEIVE

and

SPOT

to

OFF.

Turn

the

POWER

switch

on.

Turn

RE

GAIN

maximum

clockwise.

Adjust

AF

GAIN

for

desired

level

of

sound.

Adjust

the

tuning

dial

to

the

desired

frequeney,

To

set

the

S

meter

to

zero,

disconnect.

the

antenna

and

adjust

the

S

MTR

control

on

the

rear

of

the

chassis

so

the

meter

needle

rests

at

0.

if

excess

static

type

noise

is

present

in

the

signal,

set

the

ANL

switch

on

the

rear

of

the

chassis

to

ON,

NOPE:

Any

noise

that

you

may

hear

in

the

transceiver

is

almost

totally

from

external

sources,

The

receiver

itself

is

exceptionally

quiet.

Remem-

ber,

steady,

high

noise

levels

caunot

be

eliminated

by

the

ANI

circuit.

When

the

level

of

the

noise

approaches

the

level

of

an

incoming

signal.

switching

in

the

ANI,

will

reduce

the

level

of

the

signal,

along

with

the

noise.

Noise

problems

ean

not

be

solved

internally

(in

the

transceiver)

;

they

must

be

solved

at

the

source

of

the

noise.

This

brief

discussion

will

be

especially

helpful

if

you

use

the

transceiver

in

a

mobile

installation.

See

MOBILE

INSTALLATION

CONSIDERA-

TIONS.

TO

TRANSMIT

Caution:

Never

operate

the

transmitter

without

an

antenna

or

dummy

load

connected

to

the

ANT

jack.

Also,

never

operate

without

a

VFO

or

a

erystal.

irst,

determine

if

you

are

going

to

use

a

VICO

or

crystals

for

determining

the

transmitter

frequency.

For

VEO

operation,

use

a

VEO

capable

of

at

least

15

volts

RMS

output,

which

covers

the

range

8.388

to

8.666

me.

Crys-

tals

must

be

of

the

fundamentalcut

type

in

the

range

of

8.8338

to

8.666

me.

For

MARS,

use

a

standard

MARS

crystal

(8.33

me).

Note

that

the

multiplication

factor

for

erystal

or

VFO

frequency

is

6.

Thus,

if

you

want

to

find

the

crystal

frequeney

that

will

place

you

on

a

specific

frequency

in

the

6

meter

band,

divide

bv

6.

{|

Plug

your

erystal

into

one

of

the

crystal

sockets

or

plug

the

output

from

your

VFO

inte

the

VFO

INPUT

connector

on

the

rear

of

the

chassis.

Set

the

CRYSTAL

VIO

switeh

to

the

correct

position

(VEO

or

f,2

or

8

depending

on

the

position

of

the

crystal).

CAUTION:

When

vou

use

the

matching

VFO

with

this

transceiver,

be

sure

the

VFO

power

plug

is

properly

connected

to

the

socket

on

the

transceiver

—

The

serew-head

positioned

toward

the

12-pin

power

connector.

||

With

POWER

on

aud

antenna

connected

to

the

ANT

connector

on

the

rear

of

the

chassis,

set

TRANSMIT/RECEIVE.

switeh

to

TRANSMIT.

1}

Adjust

MULT.

PLATIC

and

LOAD

for

maximum

meter

reading.

The

transmitter

is

now

adjusted

for

this

operating

frequeney,

A

change

in

operating

frequeney

of

up

to

£50

ke

(total,

800

ke)

will

not

require

re-

tuning

the

transmitter,

To

modulate,

press

the

microphone

button

aud

speak

into

the

microphone.

You

will

find

that

a

setting

of

the

Mie

Gain

control

(serew-driver

adjust-

ment

on

the

right

side

of

the

chassis)

at

mid-range

will

result

in

adequate

modtuation.

Any

type

of

high

impedance

microphone

may

be

used

with

this

trauseeiver,

A

carbon

mie

can

not

be

used.

If

you

are

using

a

desk-type

microphone

without

a

press-to-talk

switeh,

use

the

TRANSMIT-RECIEIVE

switch

on

the

transceiver.

If

you

use

the

microphone

that

comes

with

the

transceiver,

or

any

mierophone

that

has

a

press-to-talk

button,

leave

the

TRANSMIT-RECEIVIS

switeh

in’

the

RE-

ChIVIG

position

and

use

the

mic

button

for

transmitting,

The

microphone

that

comes

with

the

transceiver

has

a

shorting

connec-

tion

across

the

microphone

element.

Thus,

no

sounds

are

pieked

wp

by

the

microphone

when

the

TRANSMIT-RECEIVEE

switch

is

in

the

TRANS-

MIT

position.

‘This

permits

tuning

operations

to

be

made

without

extra-

neous

sounds

being

transmitted.

Fov

precise

setting

of

the

Mic

Gain

control,

adjust

it

for

the

best

sound

by

sighal

report.

or

by

monitoring

the

modulation

pattern

on

an

oscilloseope.

Since

the

modulation

circuit

has

been

deliberately

designed

to

limit

modu-

lation

to

'

95%.

a

high

setting

of

the

Mie

Gain

control

will

result

in

dis-

tortion

of

the

audio,

rather

than

over-modulation,

NOTE:

If

you

want

to

tune

the

receiver

to

the

exaet

frequency

of

the

trans-

mitter,

turn

Ri

GAIN

maximum

counterclockwise

to

CAL

and

turn

SPOT

on.

Adjust

the

tuning

dial

for

maximum

meter

reading.

The

receiver

is

now

tuned

to

the

same

frequeney

as

the

transmitter.

Return

SPOT

to

OFF

and

readjust

Rie

GAIN

as

required.

When

you

use

the

spot

feature,

you

may

notice

two

points

on

the

tuning:

dial

where

a

meter

reading

is

obtained,

The

lower

frequency

point

is

the

correet

once,

These

two

points

will

be

about

E

me

apart.

OPERATING

HINTS

Here

are

a

few

points

that

should

be

kept

in

mind

as

you

operate

vour

transceiver,

Remember

to

identify

your

transmissions

at

least

every

10

minutes.

Some-

times

it

is

easy

to

forget,

when

vou

beeome

engrossed

in

a

“rag

chewing”

session.

Identify

by

station

ell

at

least

onee

in

cach

10

minutes.

Ik.

C.

regulations

prohibit

the

use

of

amplitude

modulated

transmissions

from

50.000

to

50.100

me;

this

segment

of

the

band

is

for

c.w.

only.

Keep

this

in

mind,

especially

when

working

DX

to

other

countries.

Some

coun-

tries,

Canada

for

example,

permit

use

of

this

segment

of

the

band

for

a.m.

operation.

So,

just

a

word

of

caution,

do

not

call

back

on

their

frequency

if

they

are

below

50.100

me.

If

you

have

not

been

active

on

6

meters,

or

have

just

moved

into

a

new

avea,

before

vou

start

extensive

activity,

check

local

nets

and

calling

fre-

quencies.

Avoid

using

the

same

frequencies

that

nets

utilize.

Keep

in

mind

tht

operation

in

the

VITF

bands

is

considerably

different

from

the

lower

bands.

Activity

is

concentrated

in

local

areas

and

on

specific

frequencies.

Since

so

much

activity

on

the

VITF

bands

is

associated

with

nets,

here

are

some

handy

conversion

figures

to

keep

in

mind

when

handling

traffic

and

other

functions

requiring

the

recording

of

Greenwich

Mean

Time.

To

obtain

GMT,

add

|

hours

to

Atlantic

Standard

Time,

5

hours

to

Kast-

ern

Standard

Time,

6

hours

to

Central

Standard

Time,

7

hours

to

Moun-

tain

Standard

Time

and

8

hours

to

Pacific

Standard

Time,

For

operation

under

the

Military

Affiliate

Radio

Service,

contaet

the

net

control

station

of

the

local

net.

You

will

be

supplied

with

the

necessary

information

and

forms

for

application.

Do

not

operate

on

the

MARS

chan-

nel

until

you

have

received

proper

authority.

You

must

use

a

erystal

for

the

MARS

channel;

do

not

use

VFO

control,

One

last

thing

support

and

adhere

to

The

Amateur’s

Code.

Vhe

Ama-

teur

is

Gentlemanly

2...

Loval...

Progressive...

Friendly...

Balaneed

Patriotic.

PROPAGATION

The

VEF

bands

seem

to

be

the

bands

of

the

future.

Activity

and

interest

in

the

higher

frequency

bands

is

swiftly

increasing.

Proposed

changes

in

regu-

lations,

crowded

conditions

on

the

lower

bands

and

a

renewed

interest

in

experimentation,

have

all

contributed

to

this.

Most

“hams”

concentrate

on

DPX

communications.

The

greater

the

distance,

the

more

enjoyable

the

contact.

Normal

ground-wave

communications

on

6

meters,

with

a

transceiver

of

this

power

level

will

be

from

25

to

50

miles.

This

range

will

vary

with

the

type

and

height

of

the

antenna

used,

Ranges

over

100

miles

are

possible

with

a

multi-element

array.

Mobile

stations

are

limited

to

shorter

distances,

due

to

the

antennas

involved,

USUAL

PATH

deunie

ete

With

higher

power

and

elaborate

antenna

systems,

the

normal

radio

hori-

zon

can

be

extended

to

about

200

miles.

This

is

greater

than

the

“line-of-

sight”

distance,

because

the

carth’s

atmosphere

bends

the

radio

waves

slightly.

Thus,

the

radio

wave

follows

the

curve

of

the

earth

for

a

distance

greater

than

the

line-of-sight

path,

°

Distances

greater

than

the

radio

horizon

are

common.

This

is

due

to

“skip”.

.

SPORATIC

ie

‘

:

ae

pas

:

:

,

1

clove

AURORA

Skip

varies

with

many

conditions.

The

drawing

provided

will

serve

to

illus-

QOS,

trate

this

point.

N

as

rt

VAS

gf

if i)

1

Tropospheric

propagation

extends

up

to

approximately

800

miles.

Many

factors

enter

into

this

type

of

propagation,

but

basically,

the

radio

wave

is

bent

by

the

troposphere

and

is

returned

to

the

earth

at

some

point

beyond

the

normal

radio

horizon.

FARTHER

Sporatic

skip

communieations

result

from

bounce

off

of

ionized

lavers

of

dust

or

“ion

clouds”

at

altitudes

of

50

to

70

miles.

This

ean

produce

com-

2000-2800

MILES

munication

ranges

of

up

to

1500

miles.

Double

skip

can

greatly

increase

0

eT

ental

en

lb

on

MULTIPLE

this

distance.

Propagation

from

“aurora

borealis”

curtains

oc

casionally

occurs

ina

similar

manner,

This

is

usually

limited

to

northern

latitudes.

Radio

reflection

from

the

F

2

layer

is

the

most

common

method

of

DX

com-

munication

in

the

VIF

bands.

Distances

of

over

2000

miles

are

quite

hormal,

Propagation

in

the

VIIF

bands

depends

greatly

on

the

sub-spot

activity.

Amateur

Radio

periodicals

usually

report

current

conditions

and

will

give

you

information

to

help

prediet

opportunities

for

DX,

Local

nets

will

prob-

ably

have

up-to-date

information

on

propagation

conditions.

The

entire

field

of

propagation

predietion

is

still

experimental

and

much

study

is

being

done

by

industry,

as

well

as

“hams”.

For

reterenee

informa-

tion,

we

reeommend

The

Radio

Amateur’s

Handbook,

Wditors

and

Engineers

ame

Handbook

and

your

local

technical

library,

OPERATION

ANTENNA

SYSTEM

The

antenba

system

includes

the

transmission

line,

and

it

is

very

impor-

tant

that

vou

use

the

correct

type

of

transmission

line.

The

transmission

line

should

be

of

the

coaxial

type

and

should

have

an

impedance

equal

to

the

antenna

impedance,

Since

your

trauseeiver

is

designed

to

operate

most

efliciently

into

a

30

to

90

ohm

load,

it

is

best

to

use

a

type

of

coaxial

cable

with

an

impedance

of

50

to

52

ohms.

We

suggest

type

RG-58/U

for

short

leugths

and

RG-8/U

for

long

lengths.

Generally

speaking,

you

should

keep

the

length

of

the

transmission

line

to

a

mimnmum.

Remember

that

line

losses

increase

with

frequeney.

li

the

VEL

bands,

loss

can

be

considerable.

Use

foam-insulation

coax

for

best

results.

If

the

transmission

line

must

be

long,

keep

it

to

exact

multiples

of

a

half-

rave

length,

that

is,

multiples

of

9.8

feet.

This

will

assure

a

proper

im-

pedance

match

and

thus

maximum

transfer

of

power

from

the

transmitter

to

the

radiating

antenna.

The

above

discussion

is

as

important

for

reception

as

it

is

for

transmis-

sion,

If

a

mismatch

exists

between

the

antenna

andthe

receiver,

the

ex-

cellent

sensitivity

and

sigual

to

noise

ratio

of

the

receiver

will

be

defeated.

FIXED

STATION

ANTENNAS

The

most

popular

fixed

station

antenna

is

a

directional

array.

It

may

be

a

relatively

simple

beam,

or

a

complex

collinear

system.

Beam

antennas

provide

maximum

gain,

maximum

directivity

and

usually

are

horizontally

polarized.

The

directivity

can

be

a

disadvantage

for

net

operation,

but

the

other

advantages

usually

out-weigh

this

problem.

Since

a

beam

antenna

is

directional,

it:

greatly

reduces

noise

and

interference

from

all

other

direetions.

This

can

be

a

decided

advantage

in

the

VIF

bands

where

man-made

noise

is

a

problem.

Polarization

is

an

important

consideration.

On

the

6

meter

band,

horizontal

polarization

is

more

popular

than

vertical,

Cheek

with

local

hams

for

in-

formation

on

local

preference,

since

it

is

important

to

keep

the

same

polari-

zation

over

line-of-sight

aud

ground

wave

communications.

Skip

conditions

usually

distort

the

polarization;

thus,

for

DX

operation

in

this

band,

polari-

zation

is

not

as

great

a

consideration.

Also,

keep

in

mind

that

most

man-

made

noise

is

vertically

polarized.

Vertical

polarization

has

two

advantages,

omni-directionality

(for

net

operation)

and

TVI

is

less

of

a

problem

(since

TV

antennas

are

horizontally

polarized).

A

simple

dipole

antenna

is

very

suitable

for

a

temporary

antenna

system,

Keep

in

mind

that

transmission

and

reception

is

broadside

to

its

length.

The

illustration

shows

how

to

construct

a

simple

dipole.

“

oa

a

fs

2

same

JQ

we

V2

eae

fh

hhh.

=

at

~~

-—

INSULATING

SUPPORT

52

ohm

COAX

Do

not

use

a

random

length

of

wire

for

an

antenna

in

the

VHF

bands.

It

is

imperative

that

“tuned”

or

“resonant”

antennas

be

used

for

these

fre-

quencies.

For

best

results,

we

highly

recommend

use

of

commercial

antennas.

The

antennas

available

ou

the

market

today

are

economical

and

come

with

all

the

necessary

instructions

and

matching

devices

for

greatest

efficiency.

When

performing

adjustments

on

a

commercial

antenna,

always

make

the

required

adjustments

with

an

SWR

meter

to

be

sure

you

obtain

optimum

results.

A

separate

RE

ground

is

not

required

for

your

transceiver,

However,

a

DC

ground

may

be

necessary

to

keep

the

chassis

at

ground

potential

and

avoid

the

possibility

of

minor

shocks

due

to

normal

transformer

leakage.

The

antenna

system

should

be

adequately

grounded;

the

transceiver

will

be

grounded

through

the

shield

of

the

coaxial

cable.

Always

use

a

lightning

arrester

for

your

antenna

system,

OPERATION

—

Continued

MOBILE

STATION

ANTENNAS

The

two

popular

antennas

for

6

meter

mobile

operation

ave

the

vertical

or

whip

antenna

aud

the

halo

antenna.

The

whip

antenna

is

more

efficient

than

the

halo.

It

is

vertically

polarized,

which

is

a

disadvantage

for

Noise,

sinee

man-ntide

noise

is

primarily

ver-

tically

polarized,

The

halo

provides

a

horizoutally

polarized

signal;

this

should

be

considered

if

you

intend

to

communicate

with

fixed

stations

(which

usually

use

hori-

zontally

polarized

anteunas).

Again,

we

recommend

that

you

use

commercial

antennas,

They

come

com-

plete

with

mounting

hardware

and

adjustment

instructions,

The

location

of

the

mobile

antenna

has

a

great

effect

on

the

antenna

effi-

cieney

and

directivity.

i

Antennas

mounted

in

the

center

of

the

roof

of

a

vehicle

will

radiate

equally

in

all

directions.

A

bumper

mounted

antenna

radiates

in

a

pattern

directly

in

front

of

and

to

the

rear

of

the

vehicle,

with

maximum

radiation

directly

away

from

the

vehicle.

Since

the

normal

Y.

wavelength

whip

antenna

is

too

long

(56”)

for

roof

mounting

on

a

vehicle,

the

antenna

is

shortened

aud

a

loading

coil

is

uti-

lized

to

provide

the

proper

cleetrical

length.

As

a

result,

the

over-all

efli-

cieney

is

redueed

and

the

nondireetional

advantage

is

defeated.

Thus,

the

bumper

mounted

whip

antenna

will

give

superior

results

in

most

cases.

A

few

general

rules

should

be

followed

for

proper

imstallation

of

the

mobile

antenna:

I.

Keep

it

as

far

as

possible

from

the

main

metal

bulk

of

the

vehicle.

im

Keep

as

much

of

it

as

possible

above

the

highest

point

of

the

vehicle

or

boat.

3.

During

operation

it

must

be

kept

vertical.

Thus

it

should

be

mechani-

‘ally

rigid

so

it

will

maintain

a

vertical

position

when

the

vehicle

or

boat

is

in

motion.

4.

Mount

it

as

faras

possible

from

sources

of

noise

(ignition

system,

gauges,

ele.)

and

convenient

for

transntission

line

routing

away

from

these

noise

sources.

An

antenna

mounted

in

a

boat

requires

a

ground.

Phis

can

be

cither

the

metal

hull

ov

ground

made

of

tin-foil

or

copper

shecting,

This

ground

should

cover

an

area

of

12

square

fect

or

more.

Be

sure

the

transceiver

has

an

adequate

ground

also.

MOBILE

INSTALLATION

CONSIDERATIONS

Safety

and

convenience

are

the

primary

cousiderations

for

mounting

any

piece

of

mobile

equipment.

All

controls

must

be

readily

available

to

the

operator

without

interfering

with

the

movements

necessary

for

sale

oper-

ation

of

the

vehicle.

Be

sure

all

cables

are

clear

of

the

brake

and

accelerator.

CAUTION:

Check

with

loeal

authorities

about

mobile

operations

restric-

tions:

some

states

prohibit

the

use

of

a

hand

bucrophone

while

a

vehicle

is

in

motion,

Also,

thought

must

be

given

to

the

convenience

of

passengers

will

they

have

adequate

leg

room

?

A

last,

and

extremely

important

requirement

is

the

ease

of

installation

and

removal,

Mount

the

transeciver

so

that

it

ean

be

slipped

in

and

out

very

casily,

The

most

common

mounting

position

for

a

transceiver

of

this

size

and

weight

is

directly

over

the

driveshaft

hump,

Due

to

the

weight

of

this

unit,

we

do

not

recommend

that

you

mount

it

suspended

from

the

dash.

Do

not

mount

the

transceiver

in

the

path

of

the

heater

air

stream.

Also,

avoid

mounting

ina

plice

that

will

interfere

with

the

glove

compartinent

orash

tray.

Be

sure

the

chassis

of

the

transceiver

is

eleetrically

couneeted

to

the

ground

system

of

the

vehicle

or

boat.

Use

a

separate

ground

wire

to

be

sure.

BATTERY

When

used

in

mobile

operation,

your

transceiver

must

obtain

power

from

Whatever

source

is

available

in

the

vehiele

ov

boat.

1a

most

eases

this

is

a

storage

battery,

The

power

required

by

vour

transeeiver

will

be

in

addi-

tion

to

the

power

normally

drawn

by

the

ignition

svstem,

lights

and

ae.

CeESSOLIeS,

This

extra

power

drain

must

be

carefully

considered

before

installings

vour

transceiver,

The

battery

inust

be

capable

of

handling

the

extra

load,

addi-

Hional

fusing

devices

may

be

required

and

the

generator

or

alternator

must

be

adequate

for

the

installation.

Also,

before

installing

the

transceiver,

be

sure

the

vehicle

has

the

correct

ground

system.

Most

vehieles

niuumufactured

in

the

United

States

since

1956

have

a

negative

ground

electrical

system.

Severe

damage

may

result

if

you

attempt

to

use

this

transceiver

on

a

positive

ground

system,

Do

not

allow

the

battery

to

beeome

discharged

by

adding

this

extra

load.

In

cold

weather

this

is

especially

important,

because

the

power

available

from

a

storage

battery

drops

sharply

as

the

temperature

decreases,

Lave

the

battery

cheeked

before

installing

the

transeeiver

and

also

have

the

regulator

adjusted

to

compensate

for

this

increase

in

current

drain,

It

will

be

a

good

idea

to

check

the

eurrent

rating

of

the

generator

or

alter-

nator,

Be

sure

its

current

rating

is

not

execeeded

with

the

additional

eur-

rent

drawn

by

the

transceiver,

The

current

rating

of

the

generator

or

alternator

should

not

be

exceeded

even

under

peak

loads:

the

heat

de-

veloped

in

the

windings

may

permanently

damage

it.

You

can

use

the

auto

accessory

plug

supplied

to

conbeet

vour

transeeiver

to

the

vehicle’s

power

source.

However,

it

is

better

to

conneet

the

DC

power

cord

directly

to

the

accessory

terminal

of

the

ignition

switch.

This

will

prevent

unauthorized

usage

of

the

transeciver,

and

will

also

prevent

you

from

leaving

the

transceiver

on

unintentional,

NOISE

Your

vehicle

or

boat

can

be

the

cause

of

mueh

noise

interference.

Since

the

receiver

seetion

of

your

transceiver

is

very

sensitive,

it

will

pick

up

even

the

smallest

noise

signals

and

amplify

them,

A

point

worth

mention-

ing

is

that

the

frequency

components

of

ignition

noise

peak

at

about

50

me.

Thus,

ignition

noise

problems

will

be

more

prominent

in

the

6

meter

band

than

any

other

portion

of

the

speetrum,

Remember,

your

transeeiver

his

a

very

seusitive

receiver

and

it:

will

pick

up

even

the

smallest

trace

of

ignition

noise,

Any

noise

that

vou

hear

in

the

transeeiver

is

almost

totally

from

external

sources,

The

receiver

itself

is

exceptionally

quiet.

Steady,

high

noise

levels

can

not

be

eliminated

by

internal

circuits

(sueh

as

the

ANI,

cireuit).

When

the

level

of

the

noise

approaches

the

level

of

an

incoming

signal

switching

in

the

ANL

will

re-

duee

the

level

of

the

signal,

along

with

the

level

of

the

noise.

Noise

prob-

lems

can

not

be

solved

internally

(in

the

transceiver);

they

must

be

solved

at

the

source

of

the

noise,

If

vou

wonder

if

the

noise

is

from

your

ignition

system,

the

transeeiver

or

an

external

souree,

try

this

simple

test.

Turn

vour

ignition

switeh

off

and

set

it

to

ACC

Ciccessories),

This

turns

off

the

ignition,

but

supplies

power

to

the

transceiver,

Most

of

the

noise

will

disappear---indicating

that

the

source

of

noise

is

your

ignition

system,

This

interfering

noise

can

be

generated

anywhere

in

the

electrical

system

of

the

vehicle

or

boat.

The

first

step

in

reducing

or

eliminating

this

noise

is

to

locate

the

souree

of

the

uoise.

Ignition

System

The

most

common

source

of

noise

is

the

ignition

system,

This

noise

ean

be

identified

by

the

fact

that

it

varies

with

the

speed

of

the

engine.

It

con-

sists

of

a

series

of

popping

sounds

oceurring

at

a

regular

rate

that

will

vary

with

the

speed

of

the

engine

and

stop

when

the

ignition

is

turned

off,

There

are

a

uumiber

of

things

that

can

be

done

to

reduce

this

type

of

noise:

I.

Use

only

the

“radio

suppression

type”

high

voltage

jguition

wire.

Most

new

cars

come

already

equipped

with

this

type

of

wire.

2.

dnspeet

the

high

voltage

ignition

wire

and

all

conneetions

made

with

this

wire.

Old

ignition

wire

may

develop

leakage

resulting

in

hash.

3.

Tf

noise

still

persists,

replace

the

spark

plugs

with

spark

plugs

that

have

suppressor

resistors

built-in.

Be

sure

to

use

the

correct

type

for

vour

vehicle.

The

best

solution

and

ost

nearly

perfect

cure

is

to

use

a

top-quality,

complete

ignition

system

shielding

kit.

We

highly

reeommend

use

of

one

such

as

the

Johnson/Ilallett

Kliminoise

ov

a

kit

of

comparable

quality.

IH

will

provide

maximum

suppression

of

all

ignition

noise.

MOBILE

INSTALLATION

CONSIDERATIONS

—

Continued

Generator

Probably

the

next

most

common

source

of

interference

is

the

generator.

Generator

noise

shows

up

as

a

musical

whine

that

is

present

whenever

the

engine

is

running.

The

pitch

of

the

whine

varies

with

the

speed

of

the

engine.

To

eliminate

this

type

of

interference,

connect

a

coaxial

type

0.5

pf

ca-

pacitor

from

the

ARMATURE

terminal

of

the

generator

to

the

metal

case

of

the

generator.

Also,

connect

a

high

quality

(mica)

0.001

pf

capacitor

across

(in

parallel

with)

the

0.5

pf

capacitor.

In

serious

cases

of

generator

interference,

it

may

be

necessary

to

install

new

brushes

on

the

generator.

This

will

be

especially

true

of

generators

in

older

vehicles.

Occasionally,

in

an

old

generator,

the

shaft

bearings

may

be

worn

to

a

point

where

they

add

to

the

noise

interference.

In

these

cases,

it

is

best

to

replace

the

generator.

Regulator

Regulator

noise

appears

as

a

“hash”

or

an

irregular

raspy

noise.

This

noise

can

be

eliminated

by

connecting

a

0.25

uf

coaxial

type

capacitor

from

the

battery

terminal

(BAT)

to

the

case

of

the

regulator

and

another

0.25

xf

coaxial

capacitor

from

the

generator

armature

terminal

(ARM)

of

the

regulator

to

the

case

of

the

regulator.

You

may

also

find

it

necessary

to

connect

a

3.3

ohm

carbon

resistor

in

series

with

a

0.002

pf

coaxial

capacitor

from

the

field

terminal

(FLD)

to

the

case

of

the

regulator.

Gauges

Another

possible

source

of

annoying

interference

is

the

gauges.

Gauge

noise

usually

shows

up

as

a

periodic,

rasping

sound,

When

in

doubt

about

gauge

interference,

install

a

0.1

ef

coaxial

capacitor

directly

from

the

“hot”

terminal

on

the

gauge

to

the

chassis

of

the

vehicle.

Also,

a

tachometer

can

be

a

source

of

noise;

install

a

0.1

vf

coaxial

capacitor

on

the

lead

from

the

ignition

coil.

10

Static

Noise

The

discharge

of

static

electricity

developed

on

the

vehicle

may

cause

some

interference.

Static

can

be

developed

in

the

wheels,

by

the

rotation

of

the

tires

and

brake

drums.

This

type

of

interference

can

be

eliminated

by:

1.

Installing

wheel

static

collectors

under

the

hub

caps

of

the

front

wheels.

These

static

collectors

can

be

obtained

at

any

automobile

or

radio

parts

store.

2.

Inject

antistatic

powder

in

the

tires.

This

too

can

be

obtained

at

an

auto

parts

store.

The

body

of

a

vehicle

can

also

develop

static

when

driven

at

high

speeds.

This

static

electricity

discharges

off

the

end

of

the

antenna.

A

piece

of

vinyl

plastic

tubing

secured

over

the

end

of

the

antenna

will

effectively

reduce

this

type

of

interference.

Loose

Bonds

Loose

linkages

or

bonds

on

the

vehicle

can

cause

interference.

This

will

be

especially

noticeable

when

driving

over

rough

roads.

To

climinate

this

type

of

noise:

1.

Tighten

up

all

bolts

and

linkage

connections,

2.

Use

braided

shield

to

bond

various

suspected

parts

to

the

frame

of

the

vehicle

(for

example,

and

especially,

the

tailpipe

and

muffler).

Generally

speaking,

interference

noise

can

be

generated

by

any

device

or

connection

that

carries

electrical

current.

Any

device

that

can

generate

a

spark

should

be

suspected.

Bypass

any

suspected

wire

to

the

frame

of

the

vehicle

with

a

high

quality

0.1

»f

capacitor

(preferably

the

coaxial

type).

For

additional

material

on

the

reduction

of

interference

noise,

we

suggest

you

refer

to

the

Editors

and

Engineers

Radio

Handbook

and

The

Radio

Amateur’s

Handbook

published

by

the

ARRL.

These

books

should

be

avail-

ble

at

most

local

libraries.