MFJ CW-Elmer MFJ-419 User manual

Table Of Contents
Introduction .............................................................................................4
Front Panel Controls.............................................................................4
Basic Operation ....................................................................................5
Normal Operation .................................................................................5
Learning Morse Code .............................................................................6
MAIN MENU..............................................................................................7
SEND MENU ........................................................................................7
KEY CODE ........................................................................................8
ANALYZE...........................................................................................8
RECEIVE MENU ................................................................................11
RANDOM CODES ...........................................................................11
USB READER..................................................................................11
EXERCISE MENU ..............................................................................12
SETTING MENU.................................................................................14
SET WPM ........................................................................................14
TIMING MODE.................................................................................15
CHARACTER SET...........................................................................15
SIDETONE.......................................................................................15
ABOUT.............................................................................................15
Resetting the EEPROM.........................................................................15
Battery Installation and Replacement.................................................16
Firmware Updates .................................................................................16
Morse Characters..................................................................................18
Letters ..............................................................................................18
Numbers ..........................................................................................18
Punctuation ......................................................................................18
Prosigns ...........................................................................................19
Some CW Abbreviations.....................................................................19
Some Common Q Signals ..................................................................20
Hardware ................................................................................................21
Schematic Diagram...............................................................................21
FULL 12-MONTH WARRANTY..............................................................23

MFJ-914 CW-Elmer
Version 0 4 ᓻ 2022 MFJ Enterprises, Inc.
Introduction
Morse Code has been used from the wire telegraph days and from the
very beginning of radio. For many amateur radio operators it is a relaxing
mode of communication even though it is no longer required for an
amateur radio license. There are many advantages to using CW once
you learn the code.
The MFJ-419 CW-Elmer is a multi-function training tool for learning the
International Morse Code. It is both a Receiving and Sending trainer to
help you to both learn the code and teach you how to send clean code
on one little box.
The Send mode the MFJ-419 will act like a code practice oscillator
allowing you to practice sending Morse code and will display the
characters both in code and in text. The Analyze setting will display your
speed and timing to help you to send better code.
The Receive mode of the MFJ-419 will send you code to help you to
learn the characters. It can send in normal spacing or two Farnsworth
speed modes sending the characters faster but spacing to the
programmed speed. There is also a USB Text mode where you can use
a terminal program to send text either from a keyboard or a short text file
to the MFJ-419 CW-Elmer so you can listen to real text.
There is also an Exercise mode that will help you with training to make
correct length dits and dahs and also the proper spacing between the
dits and dahs and between characters and words.
Front Panel Controls
1 Power Button - Push in for ON
2 Internal Key – Press to key
3 Micro USB Connector – USB port for power and data
4 External Key Jack – for external straight key
5 Head Phone Jack
6 Display
7 Battery Cover
8 Internal Speaker
1
2
3
4 5

MFJ-914 CW-Elmer
Version 0 5 ᓻ 2022 MFJ Enterprises, Inc.
Basic Operation
1. Connect a battery or a USB power source with a Micro USB-B
connector to the MFJ-419. When using a battery use a high
quality 9 volt NEDA1604A alkaline battery. When storing the
MFJ-419 for long periods it is recommended to remove the
battery to prevent damage from battery leakage. See the section
on the battery installation.
2. Turn on the MFJ-419 by pressing the Power button in.
3. The MFJ-419 will power up and send CQ DE CW-ELMER and
the display will display the model number and software version
then the MAIN MENU screen.
4. Plug in a straight key into the EXT KEY jack and if desired a set
of head phones into the HP jack for private listening.
5. The KEY button can be used for slow practice but is most
convenient for selecting modes and settings when a hand key is
not available or inconvenient.
Follow the instructions in the MAIN MENU section for complete
operational instructions.
Normal Operation
1. Turn on the MFJ-419 and let it boot up.
2. Set the desired code speed by pressing the key when it says
Settings, press the key when it says Set WPM, then press the
key when the closest desired speed is displayed. See the
Settings Menu for complete instructions of all of the features.
3. For Sending practice press the key when the display says Send
then press Key Code. The CW-Elmer will now be waiting for you
to send code around the speed you selected. The display will
now show the sent code on the top line and the character sent
on the bottom line. To end press the key for 5 seconds. See the
Send Menu for complete instructions of all of the features.
7
6
8

MFJ-914 CW-Elmer
Version 0 6 ᓻ 2022 MFJ Enterprises, Inc.
4. For Receiving Practice press the key when the display says
Receive then press Random. The CW-Elmer will send random
length groups of random characters at the selected speed. To
exit press the key when it says KEY to EXIT. For more setting
and feature instructions see the Receive Menu and the Settings
Menu sections.
Note any time you exit out of a function the MFJ-419 CW-Elmer returns
to the Main Menu.
The MFJ-419 CW-Elmer will run on either USB Power or Battery power.
The battery will take precedence over the USB source. When battery
powered the CW-ELMER will operate till the battery runs down to about
6 volts which is well below what a 9 volt battery is considered to be dead.
Periodically check the battery and replace when low. Replace the battery
if the CW-ELMER starts malfunctioning on battery power. It is suggested
to remove the battery if you primarily run the CW-ELMER on USB
Power.
Learning Morse Code
Learning Morse code is a matter of practice, practice and more practice.
Whether you're just starting to learn the characters or working on high-
speed "head copying," you'll succeed through regular, frequent practice.
That is why the MFJ-419 CW-ELMER is the ideal tool for learning the
code. It provides a wide variety of practice sessions, all sent in truly
random fashion and with high-quality.
Unlike tapes, which you quickly can memorize and thus defeat the
purpose of the practice, the CW-Elmer sends a new practice session
every time to hone your skills. With speeds from 5 to 40 wpm and sets
of characters to the entire character set, this unit can take you from no
code skills at all up to the ranks of high-speed CW contesters.
Over the years, many different programs for building code proficiency
have been developed, but the common element to all these programs is
regular practice. With the MFJ-419, you may follow any training program
you desire. This unit is extremely versatile and allows you to tailor its
functions to provide the type of code practice you desire. It also allows
you to customize your practice sessions to focus on any particular
trouble spots that may arise during your training.
A traditional method of gaining code proficiency has been to learn all the
characters, then slowly build speed. While this succeeds for many
people, it proves frustrating for others. A common complaint is that, at
about 10 wpm, students hit a "plateau," where they see no increase in
their copying speed for some time. An alternative method, the
Farnsworth Method, starts students at full speed, say 15 or 20 wpm. The

MFJ-914 CW-Elmer
Version 0 7 ᓻ 2022 MFJ Enterprises, Inc.
Farnsworth method helps you to recognize the characters at a higher
speed but gives you time to think about which character is sent then as
the reading skill grows the spacing between characters can be reduced.
Learning to send good code also requires practice. The transmission
requires recognition of the characters but the skill of sending the
characters with the proper lengths of dots and dashes and the proper
spacing of the intra-character spacing and inter-character spacing. Using
the SEND mode of the MFJ-419 the proper spacing can be learned.
MAIN MENU
When you turn on the MFJ-419 CW‐ELMER it will initialize and enter into
the MAIN MENU. Items in all of the CW‐ELMER’s menus are presented
sequentially, first to last, pausing for 2 seconds on each item, then loops
back to first and repeats. To make a selection, press the KEY while the
desired item is displayed. Note when exiting out of any of the functions
you return to this MAIN MENU.
•Send
•Receive
•Exercises
•Settings
SEND MENU
Send mode is the most like a conventional Code Practice Oscillator.
Press the key and CW‐ELMER sounds a tone, release the key and the
tone stops. But CW‐ELMER is more than just a simple Code Practice
Oscillator.
In SEND mode, CW‐ELMER expects you to key something more‐or‐less
resembling Morse code (you will get better with practice), so it attempts
to interpret what you keyed and displays what it thinks the character is.
How this works is: a value called MidTime is set equal to 2 DITs at the
selected WPM rate. CW‐ELMER measures each key press and
compares that to MidTime. If the key is pressed for less than MidTime,
it’s seen as a DIT; otherwise if longer than MidTime, it considers a DAH
was intended.
The MFJ-419 CW‐ELMER also measures the pause time between key
presses, and when a pause of longer than 3 DITs is detected (end of
character), CW‐ELMER calculates a numeric value based on the
presence and order of the DITs and DAHs, and using that calculation
looks up the character for display on the lower row.

MFJ-914 CW-Elmer
Version 0 8 ᓻ 2022 MFJ Enterprises, Inc.
Keyed characters are also displayed on the upper row in classic
DOT/DASH (“- . - . - - . - ”) form. This may help you see where your keying
was off (QSD) if the interpreted character appears incorrect.
SEND will read and display as long as characters are keyed in, however
if the key is held down for more than 5 seconds, SEND terminates and
returns control to the MAIN MENU.
The SEND Sub Menus are:
•Key Code
•Analyze
•Cancel – exit to the MAIN MENU
KEY CODE
This is the normal code practice mode using a straight key or the
KEY button. In this mode any character (alpha, number, or
prosign) can be keyed. The MFJ-419 then interprets the keying
and displays the characters with correct timing and pauses. If a
character is not recognized the display will say *undefined* on
the bottom line. The top line displays the character in Morse
code DOT/DASH form and in the bottom line the character
received.
•KEY for 5 seconds to exit to the MAIN MENU
ANALYZE
While keying characters in Key Code mode, CW-Elmer records
various characteristics about keying and pauses, including the
shortest DIT (or DAH) measured, the longest DIT (or DAH), the
average duration of all DITs (or DAHs), the duration of pauses
between DITs and DAHs within a character.
Selecting Analyze presents this information in a sequence of
screens for evaluation. Each screen remains displayed for 5
seconds, or if the key is pressed, then proceeds to the next
screen.
Values xxx is the measured value number.

MFJ-914 CW-Elmer
Version 0 9 ᓻ 2022 MFJ Enterprises, Inc.
DIT TONE STATS
Screen 1: DIT TONE STATS
Tone < xxxmS (DIT is less than this time)
Screen 2: DIT Time xxxx (total DIT time)
DIT Count xx (number of DITs analyzed)
Screen 3: DIT Target xxx (target length)
DIT Avrage xxx (average DIT length)
Screen 4: DIT Max xxx (maximum DIT length
measured)
DIT Min xxx (minimum DIT length
measured)
DAH TONE STATS
Screen 5: DAH TONE STATS
Tone > xxxmS (DAH is less than this time)
Screen 6: DAH Time xxxx (total DHA time)
DAH Count xx (number of DAHs analyzed)
Screen 7: DAH Target xxx (target length)
DAH Avrage xxx (average DAH length)
Screen 8: DAH Max xxx (maximum DAH length
measured)
DAH Min xxx (minimum DAH length
measured)
ELEMENT PAUSE
Screen 9: ELE TONE STATS
KeyUP < xxxmS (ELE is less than this time)
Screen 10: ELE Time xxxx (total ELE time)
ELE Count xx (number of
ELEs analyzed)
Screen 11 ELE Target xxx (target length)
ELE Avrage xxx (average ELE length)
Screen 12 ELE Max xxx (maximum ELE length
measured)
ELE Min xxx (minimum ELE length
measured)

MFJ-914 CW-Elmer
Version 0 10 ᓻ 2022 MFJ Enterprises, Inc.
END CHAR PAUSE
Screen 9: EOC TONE STATS
KeyUP xxxmS (EOC is less than this time)
Screen 10: EOC Time xxxx (total EOC time)
EOC Count xx (number of EOCs analyzed)
Screen 11 EOC Target xxx (target length)
EOC Avrage xxx (average EOC length)
Screen 12 EOC Max xxx (maximum EOC length
measured)
EOC Min xxx (minimum EOC length
measured)
END WORD PAUSE
Screen 13: EOW TONE STATS
KeyUP xxxmS (EOW is less than this time)
Screen 14: EOW Time xxxx (total EOW time)
EOW Count xx (number of EOWs analyzed)
Screen 15 EOW Target xxx (target length)
EOW Avrage xxx (average EOW length)
Screen 16 EOW Max xxx (maximum EOW length
measured)
EOW Min xxx (minimum EOW length
measured)
Screen 17 DN ERRORS xxx (key press time is too long
error)
UP ERRORS xxx (space or no key press time is
too long)
Screen 18 WPM SET xxx
MEASURED xxx
CLEAR DATA?
Following the report screens, CW-Elmer asks to clear the
statistical data from memory. Press the key within 2 seconds
of this message to clear the accumulated data, otherwise
timing statistics will continue to accrue. After viewing the list
the MFJ-419 will return to the MAIN MENU.

MFJ-914 CW-Elmer
Version 0 11 ᓻ 2022 MFJ Enterprises, Inc.
RECEIVE MENU
The functions of the RECEIVE mode are:
•Random
•USB Reader
•Cancel
RANDOM CODES
This mode generates random length, random character groups.
You first should select the character set you want to focus on in
the SETUP Menu; alphabet only, alphabet plus numbers, or
alphabet, numbers and punctuation. MFJ-419 CW‐ELMER in the
Random mode sounds groups of 3 to 7 characters selected at
random at the current WPM rate. You have 5 seconds in which
to copy the characters heard before they are revealed. After
another five seconds to compare your copy, a prompt is
displayed to exit. When finished press the key when it says KEY
to EXIT otherwise it will send another random group of code..
•KEY to EXIT
USB READER
•Text via USB
•KEY to Exit
Practice listening for more real-life words and sentences is
available using the USB Reader function. This function allows
you to send text files to the CW-Elmer. With the text files you can
listen to short messages to long books if you desire.
To send files and text MFJ-419 must be connected to a PC or
tablet computer through a USB cable with a Micro USB-B
connector. An ASCII terminal program such as “Tera Term” or
similar must be connected to the appropriate serial port given to
the MFJ-419. The terminal settings are:
9600 Baud
8 data bits
NO parity
1 stop bit
XON/XOFF handshaking
Follow your terminal program instructions to set the serial port
up. Note when the terminal program is connected to your MFJ-
419 the program may reset your MFJ-419. This is normal as one
of the serial control lines is also used for reset when using the
Arduino IDE.

MFJ-914 CW-Elmer
Version 0 12 ᓻ 2022 MFJ Enterprises, Inc.
Once connected, simply type text (alpha, numbers, and
punctuations) on the terminal SEND screen. The MFJ-419 CW-
Elmer will read the received text message and translate each
character to Morse code, sounded at the set WPM rate. The text
is also displayed in a scrolling mode on the LCD display, going
right to left, lower to upper line.
To send text files first the file format is a standard text format
normally ending in .TXT. Windows DOC, DOCX and other similar
formats or PDF formats will not print correctly. You can many
times copy these sort of files to text format and then send them.
To send a file use the SEND function in the terminal program
which sends straight text. Do not use a transfer method that uses
something like XMODEM or Kermit. These compress the files
and are not ASCII text. Follow the instructions for your terminal
program and select the text file to send then send it. The text
should start to send as it fills up the buffer.
Pressing the KEY button for about 1 second will pause the
sending and pressing the KEY button for 2 seconds will exit the
USB Sending mode to the MAIN MENU. The terminal will also
display the text that is displayed on the MFJ-419 screen.
WARNING: Serial connections using the USB port must be USB
levels only; DO NOT use RS232 level connections that operate
at positive and negative 7-10 volts, you could damage the MFJ-
419.
Cancel
Cancel returns you to the MAIN MENU.
EXERCISE MENU
The MFJ-419 CW‐ELMER employs the “Paris” timing scheme, where the
basic unit of time is the DIT, and a DAH is 3 DITs in length.
Intra‐character pauses (between DITs and DAHs) are 1 DIT long, pauses
between letters in a word are equal to 3 DITs, and a 7‐DIT pause marks
the end of each word. It’s called the “Paris” scheme because properly
keying the word “PARIS”, plus the end‐of‐word pause, is exactly 50 DITs
duration, and is a standard for determining WPM rates (the number of
times “PARIS “ can be keyed in one minute, or equivalent).
. DIT Time
_ DAH Time
The object of these exercises is to practice pressing the key for
as close to ideal DIT or DAH times as possible at the current

MFJ-914 CW-Elmer
Version 0 13 ᓻ 2022 MFJ Enterprises, Inc.
selected WPM rate, and be able to do so repeatedly with minimal
variance. For a given WPM rate, DIT and DAH are assigned an
ideal duration, calculated by DIT(mS) = 1200/WPM. For
example, at 15WPM, the duration for a DIT is 80mS, while a
DAH will be 240mS in duration.
The top line of the display shows the target (ideal) time in mS for
a DIT or DAH, depending on selected exercise. This is followed
on the same line by the measured time the key was pressed.
The lower line displays this information graphically, with a target
shown as ” ‐< > + “. In this line, the brackets “ < > ” represent the
target time for DITs or DAHs, with shorter times are to the right
(+), and longer times to the left (‐).
A marker “ * ” indicates the measured time of key press. The
objective is to time your key press so the marker falls inside the
brackets, as “ <*> “. If the marker is to the right, hold the key
longer; if on the left, shorten the hold time. Holding the key down
longer than 2 seconds will exit the exercise and return control to
the MAIN MENU.
dit^dah Pause (Intra-Character Pause)
A^B Pause (Character Pause)
WORD^WORD Pause (Word Pause)
Just as important, and perhaps more difficult to master, are the
pauses that occur between DITs and DAHs within a character,
between characters in a word, and between words. Proper timing
of these pauses could be the difference between “Y” and “TAT”,
or between “A NICE HOUSE” and “AN ICE HOUSE”, each with
totally different meanings, the first being a pleasant dwelling, the
second an igloo! To practice these exercises, the key must be
pressed two times. CW‐ELMER measures the pause, or key UP,
time between presses. The first press will make a low tone and
the second press will make a high tone.
The duration of each key press is not relevant; I suggest
practicing with letters “I” (..), “M” (‐‐), “A” (.‐), and “N” (‐.) to
develop a real‐world feel.
The top line of the display shows the target (ideal) time in mS for
an IntraChar Pause, Character Pause, or Word Pause,
depending on selected exercise. This is followed on the same
line by the measured time the key was released between
presses.
The lower line displays this information graphically, with a target
shown as ” ‐< > + “. In this line, the brackets “ < > ” represent the

MFJ-914 CW-Elmer
Version 0 14 ᓻ 2022 MFJ Enterprises, Inc.
target time for the desired pause, with shorter times are to the
right (+), and longer times to the left (‐).
A marker “ * ” indicates the measured time of pause between key
presses. The objective is to time your key release so the marker
falls inside the brackets, as “ <*> “. If the marker is to the right,
extend the pause; if on the left, shorten it. Extending the pause
longer than 2 seconds between the first and second presses will
exit the exercise and return control to the MAIN MENU.
Cancel
Cancel returns you to the MAIN MENU.
SETTING MENU
The SETTING menu is a group of settings that may be altered to make
CW‐ELMER operate according to your level of skill, or personalized as
you wish. All options are saved to the internal EEPROM, to be restored
when next powered on.
•Set WPM
•Set Timing
•Set Chars
•Set Sidetone
•About
•Cancel
SET WPM
This menu enables you to select the WPM rate that characters
are sounded in RECEIVE mode, with corresponding time values
used to interpret your keying in SEND, ANALYZE and in
EXERCISE functions.
•5 wpm
•10 wpm
•15 wpm (default)
•20 wpm
•25 wpm
•30 wpm
•35 wpm
•40 wpm
•Cancel

MFJ-914 CW-Elmer
Version 0 15 ᓻ 2022 MFJ Enterprises, Inc.
TIMING MODE
In RECEIVE the TIMING mode allows you to select Normal
character spacing, or Farnsworth mode where the characters are
sent at either 18WPM or 25WPM and the character spacing is
adjusted to the set WPM.
•NORMAL (default)
•FARNSWORTH 18
•FARNSWORTH 25
•Cancel
CHARACTER SET
In RECEIVING mode, characters sounded in Morse are selected
at random from select groups of letters, numbers, and
punctuation. This menu offers you that choice of character
group.
•ABCD (Alpha only) (default)
•ABCD 1234 (Alpha and Numbers)
• ABCD 1234 .!-$ (Alpha, Numbers, and Punctuation)
•Cancel
SIDETONE
CW Pitch is an audio tone used to hear CW signals. The pitch
(audio frequency) is useful as an aid for “zero‐beating” or
“spotting” your transmitter to a received station for optimum
communication.
•200 Hz
•400 Hz
•600 Hz (Default)
•800 Hz
•1000 Hz
•Cancel
ABOUT
Display Model and Version
Resetting the EEPROM
To reset the CW-Elmer EEPROM to default settings turn off the CW-
Elmer, hold in the KEY button or hold down the straight key, then turn on

MFJ-914 CW-Elmer
Version 0 16 ᓻ 2022 MFJ Enterprises, Inc.
the CW-Elmer. A message EEPROM Ready will display then it will boot
up.
Battery Installation and Replacement
To insert or replace the battery:
1. Slide the bottom battery cover off.
2. Connect a high quality standard 9 volt NEDA1604A alkaline
battery to the battery snap in the case.
3. Place the battery in the cavity and slide the cover back on.
When the MFJ-419 is not to be used for some time remove the battery to
prevent damage from leaking batteries.
Firmware Updates
1. Download and install the Arduino IDE from the Arduino web site:
https://www.arduino.cc/en/software Choose the correct version
for your computer. The software version should be greater than
1.8.16.
2. Download the firmware update from MFJ.
3. Plug a USB cable into your computer and the MFJ-419. The
Computer should find the drivers automatically but if not they can
be obtained from the FTDI web site:
https://ftdichip.com/drivers/vcp-drivers/ and choose the drivers
appropriate for your computer and operating system. Install the
drivers according to the FTDI and operating system instructions.
4. Open the Arduino IDE. Click on the Tools button at the top.
a. Highlight Board: and to the right dropdown box choose
Arduino Nano.
b. Highlight Processor: and to the right choose
ATmega328P.
c. Highlight Port: and Choose the COM port that the MFJ-
419 was given. Unless you have multiple serial devices
plugged you should have only COM1 and COMxx which
would be the MFJ-419.
d. Highlight Programmer: and to the right choose USBasp.
5. Click on File the Open and browse for the new firmware. It
should be something like “CWE420.ino”. Click to load it into the
IDE.

MFJ-914 CW-Elmer
Version 0 17 ᓻ 2022 MFJ Enterprises, Inc.
6. Click on Sketch and select Upload. The message box at the
bottom should say “Compiling Sketch” then “Uploading”. When it
is finished it will display “Done Uploading” in the IDE. While it is
uploading the MFJ-419 will stop the display then when finished
start up and run as when powered on. There may be a message
indicating low memory available which is normal.
Note Minor updates to the program does not erase the EEPROM
settings selected in the Settings Menu. Major updates may reformat the
EEPROM settings restoring the default values.

MFJ-914 CW-Elmer
Version 0 18 ᓻ 2022 MFJ Enterprises, Inc.
Morse Characters
Letters
A
.-
H
....
O
- - -
V
...-
B
-...
I
. .
P
.- - .
W
.- -
C
-.-.
J
.- - -
Q
- - .-
X
-. . -
D
-. .
K
-.-
R
.-.
Y
-.--
E
.
L
.-. .
S
...
Z
- - . .
F
. . -.
M
- -
T
-
G
- - .
N
-.
U
. . -
Numbers
0
-----
3
…--
6
-… .
9
- - - - .
.- - - -
4
… . -
7
- - …
2
. . ---
5
… . .
8
- - - . .
Punctuation
.
Period or Stop
.-.-.-
,
Comma
- - . . - -
!
Exclamation Pt.
-.-.- -
=
Double Dash
-...-
(
Left Parenthesis
-.- - .
)
Right Parenthesis
-.- - .-
-
Dash
-....-
:
Colon
- - - ...
?
Question Mark
. . - - . .
'
Apostrophe
.- - - - .
/
Slash
-. . -.
;
Semicolon
-.-.-.
_
Underline
. . - - .-
“
Quotation Mark
.-. . -.
$
Dollar Sign
. . . -. . -
@
Commercial At
.- - .-.
+
Cross or Plus
.-.-.

MFJ-914 CW-Elmer
Version 0 19 ᓻ 2022 MFJ Enterprises, Inc.
Prosigns
___
KN Go Only (
-.- - .
___
HH Error
........
___
AR
End of
Message +
.-.-.
___
SK
End of
Work
...-.-
___
BT Break =
-...-
___
SN Understood
...-.
___
AS Wait
.-...
___
AL Paragraph
.-.-. .
Some CW Abbreviations
73 Best regards NR Number; near
88 Love and kisses NW Now
ABT About OM Old man
AGN Again OP Operator
ANT Antenna R Are; received; roger
BK Back; break RCVR Receiver
CPY Copy RIG Station equipment
CQ Calling any station RITE Right
CUL See you later RST Readability, strength, tone rpt
CU See you SIGS Signals
DE From SKED Schedule
DEG Degree STN Station
DX Distance; rare station TEMP Temperature
ES And; "&" TKS Thanks
FB Fine business; excellent TNK Thank
FER For TNX Thanks
FREQ Frequency UR Your; you're; you are
GA Good afternoon U You
GE Good evening WL Well; will
GM Good morning WTS Watts
GN Good night WX Weather
HR Hear; here XCVR Transceiver
HW How XMTR Transmitter
K Go ahead XYL Wife (ex-young-lady)
MSG Message YL Young lady

MFJ-914 CW-Elmer
Version 0 20 ᓻ 2022 MFJ Enterprises, Inc.
Some Common Q Signals
QRA The name of my station is
QRL Do not interfere, Frequency busy
QRM Being interfered with
QRN Static
QRO Increase power, High power
QRP Decrease power, Low power
QRQ Send faster
QRR I am ready for automatic operation
QRS Send more slowly
QRT Stop sending
QRU I have nothing for you
QRX I will call again at ..., wait
QRZ Who is calling me, I am
QSB Your signal is fading
QSD Your keying is defective
QSK I can hear you between my signals
QSL I am acknowledging receipt
QSU Reply on this frequency or mode
QSX I am listening to ... on ... kHz
QSY Change frequency, change to xmit on ... kHz
QTH My location (home) is
QTR The correct time is
QTS I will send so my frequency can be measured
QUB Here is the info you requested
QUM The distress traffic has ended
Send a "?" after a Q signal to ask for information or an action. Example:
QRZ: station (call) is .... QRZ?: what is your station (call)?