Solar'Energy'Basics'
Photovoltaic'(PV)'Systems'
)S!+5+17<+!,47!67+*8976!12!>,4G7+1!797485!6*47;135!=42<!+?93*8>1D!%>75!*9;3?67!+23,4!:,973+N!C,1174*7+N!
:2A74!;291423!737;1429*;+N!,96!,;;7++24*7+!1>,1!+?::241!:2A74!9776+!=24!<,95!,::3*;,1*29+D!
Solar'Insolation'Considerations'
$23,4!*44,6*,9;7!*+!,!<7,+?47!2=!1>7!:2A74!:74!?9*1!,47,!29!1>7!K,41>h+!+?4=,;7!:426?;76!C5!1>7!+?9!
2=179!<7,+?476!*9!0,11+!:74!+B?,47!<7174!H0X<.ID!"31>2?8>!1>7!797485!2?1:?1!2=!1>7!$?9!*+!=,*435!
;29+1,91N!+23,4!*44,6*,9;7!G,4*7+!+*89*=*;,9135!=42<!297!:3,;7!12!,921>74!,96!;>,987+!1>42?8>2?1!1>7!
57,4D!%>7!+23,4!4,6*,9;7!*+!,9!*9+1,91,972?+!:2A74!679+*15!*9!?9*1+!2=!M0X<.D!%>7!+23,4!4,6*,9;7!G,4*7+!
1>42?8>2?1!1>7!6,5!=42<!/!0X<.!,1!9*8>1!12!,!<,@*<?<!2=!,C2?1!O///!0X<.D
P*47;1!+23,4!*9+23,1*29!*+!1>7!+23,4!4,6*,1*29!797485!:74!?9*1!,47,!6?4*98!,!8*G79!1*<7!2=179!<7,+?476!*9!
j*32A,11+!>2?4!:74!+B?,47!<7174!:74!6,5!kM0>XH<.T6,5IlD %>7!,<2?91!2=!*9+23,1*29!47;7*G76!,1!1>7!
+?4=,;7!2=!1>7!K,41>!*+!;291423376!C5!1>7!,9837!2=!1>7!+?9N!1>7!+1,17!2=!1>7!,1<2+:>747N!,31*1?67N!
87284,:>*;!32;,1*29N!,96!1*<7!2=!57,4D
)S!;733+!>,4G7+1!+23,4!4,5+!,96!:426?;7!6*47;1!;?44791!HP'ID!)S!;733+!,47!;2<C*976!12871>74!12!;47,17!
<26?37+!12!*9;47,+7!1>7!121,3!:2A74!2?1:?1D!%>7+7!<26?37+!,47!<2+1!:426?;1*G7!A>79!1>7!:,973+!=,;7!
6*47;135!*912!1>7!+?9!H*D7D!,47!,+!;32+7!12!:74:796*;?3,4!12!1>7!+?9h+!4,5+!,+!:4,;1*;,3ID!%A2!=,;124+!,==7;1!
1>7!,9837!,1!A>*;>!1>7!+?9h+!4,5+!+14*M7!,!+23,4!:,973W!
•!P*47;1*29!X!,g*<?1>!
•!%*31!,9837!
'
Diffuse'and'Direct'Solar'Radiation'
$23,4!4,6*,1*29!1>,1!47,;>7+!1>7!7,41>!*+!;2<:2+76!2=!6*47;1!,96!6*==?+7!+23,4!4,6*,1*29D!P*47;1!+23,4!
4,6*,1*29!14,G73+!29!,!+14,*8>1!3*97!=42<!1>7!+?9!62A9!12!1>7!+?4=,;7!2=!1>7!7,41>D!P*==?+7!4,6*,1*29!
67+;4*C7+!1>7!+?93*8>1!1>,1!>,+!C779!+;,117476!C5!<237;?37+!,96!:,41*;37+!*9!1>7!,1<2+:>747!C?1!1>,1!
>,+!+1*33!<,67!*1!62A9!12!1>7!+?4=,;7!2=!1>7!7,41>D!0>79!1>7!+M5!*+!;37,4!,96!1>7!+?9!*+!G745!>*8>!*9!1>7!
+M5N!6*47;1!4,6*,1*29!*+!,42?96!EYm!2=!1>7!121,3!*9+23,1*29!+14*M*98!1>7!842?96!,96!6*==?+7!4,6*,1*29!*+!
,C2?1!OYmD!"+!1>7!+?9!827+!32A74!*9!1>7!+M5N!1>7!:74;791!2=!6*==?+7!4,6*,1*29!M77:+!82*98!?:!?91*3!*1!
47,;>7+!-/m!A>79!1>7!+?9!*+!O/e!,C2G7!1>7!>24*g29D!n2A7G74N!1>*+!4,1*2!;,9!G,45!6?7!12!<,95!=,;124+!
*9;3?6*98W!
•!"*4!<237;?37+!•!0,174!G,:24!!!!•!'32?6+! ! •!P?+1!
•!)233?1,91+! ! •!a247+1!=*47+! ! •!S23;,927+! ! o!R,1*1?67!
%>7!+?<!2=!1>7!6*==?+7!,96!6*47;1!+23,4!4,6*,1*29!*+!;,3376!832C,3!+23,4!4,6*,1*29D!"1<2+:>74*;!;296*1*29+!
;,9!476?;7!6*47;1!4,6*,1*29!C5!O/m!29!;37,4N!645!6,5+!,96!C5!O//m!6?4*98!1>*;MN!;32?65!6,5+D!