Panchromatic Specto 100 Installation and operation manual
Panchromatic Specto Projectors User Manuals
The Place to find Antique, Vintage, Retro or just plain used, 8 mm Super 8 mm 9.5 mm, 16 mm Film
Projectors, Slide Transparency Projectors in Various Formats and also a selection of Camera &
Darkroom Equipment. Serviced, Refurbished & Reconditioned
Specto Projectors
Specto 100
Specto 500
8 mm
9.5 mm
16 mm
Dual 9.5 /16 mm
User Manuals
Sales Information
www.Panchromatic.co.uk
Panchromatic Specto Projectors User Manuals
SPECTO‖ PROJECTORS‖
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
(Specto 100 Models)
Panchromatic Specto Projectors User Manuals
INSTRUCTIONS
The SPECTO Projector is made in two models: One for Alternating Current'("
A.C."), 200-250 volts, 50 cycles; the other for both Alternating Current and
Direct Current (" D.C.") between 200 and 250 volts. The only difference
between these two models lies in the method of breaking down the current
from 200-250 volts to the requisite 30 volts for the projector lamp.
Projectors intended solely for use with A.C. are supplied with a transformer
built into the base. This enables the current to be converted from the high to
the low voltage without waste of electrical energy.
Transformers cannot be used on D.C.
For operation on D.C. mains a resistance must be used, and this is supplied as
a separate accessory, no transformer being incorporated in the projector in
such cases. A resistance may be used with A.C. equally as well as with D.C.,
the only disadvantage being a much heavier consumption of current due to the
dissipation by the resistance.
The standard motor fitted to the SPECTO Projector is "universal‖; i.e., it
operates indiscriminately on both A.C. and D.C. Moreover, it is wound for 200
to 250 volts; therefore it remains unaffected by the question of the type of
electric current and requires neither transformer nor resistance; only the
illuminant is involved in those considerations.
ERECTING THE PROJECTOR
For convenience of storage the spool arms of the SPECTO Projector are folded
against the body of the machine. To prepare the machine for use both arms
must be raised; the upper arm being rotated in a clockwise direction, and the
lower in a counter-clockwise direction each as far as it will go.
9.5 mm SIZE
The spring belt to the upper spool arm must form a straightforward loop and
engage the pulley on the upper spool spindle, while the spring belt to the
lower spool spindle pulley must be twisted once to form a "cross-over" loop.
Top belt is tight. Low belt is slack.
16mm. & 8mm. SIZES
The spring belt to the upper spool arm must be twisted once to form a cross-
over loop and engage the pulley on the upper spool spindle, while the spring
belt to the lower spool spindle pulley must form a straight forward loop. Top
belt is tight, low belt is slack.
Panchromatic Specto Projectors User Manuals
ADJUSTING PROJECTOR TO SUIT MAINS VOLTAGE
Before connecting the projector to the electricity supply it must be adjusted to
suit the voltage of the mains. This is very simply carried out as follows
Transformer Model; In the base of the A.C. model will be found a transformer
with three tappings from 200 to 250 volts. It is only necessary to screw out
the threaded terminal and replace into the nearest tapping appropriate to the
mains voltage in use.
Resistance Model; The grille of the supplementary resistance is in two
portions. To adjust the resistance the grille on that side which encloses a row
of six brass terminals must be removed by unscrewing the two brass screws
which pass through holes in the grille. The flexible wire which will be found
inserted in the terminal marked ―250 should then be transferred, if necessary,
to one of the other terminals, according to the voltage of the mains supply.
Replace the grille when the adjustment has been effected, and connect the
resistance socket to the recessed plug in the projector base. A "key‖ on the
resistance socket engages in a key-way in the recessed plug.
The Projector is now ready to connect to electric supply. Fix one end of
suitable flex to the socket, which engages with the 3-pin input plug on the
projector. One pin, over which is engraved "E," is for an earth connection. To
the other end of the flex fit the required type of domestic plug.
If in any doubt consult your electrician.
MOTOR AND LAMP
On the right-hand side of the projector base will be found two switches and an
ebonite knob. The switch nearer the rear of the projector controls the
projection lamp, while the one nearer the motor is the master switch. No
current can pass to the lamp unless the master switch is ON.
The motor commences to run immediately the master switch is ON, and its
speed is regulated by the ebonite knob. Turning this knob clockwise increases
the speed of the motor, while turning in an anti-clockwise direction causes the
motor to run slower.
THREADING THE FILM
The SPECTO 9.5mm. Projector accommodates films on either "M" or ―Super"
reels. To thread a film the full reel is placed on the upper spool arm with the
film leader drawing from the rear of the spool (see Fig. 1). The Specto 16mm.
and 8mm. Projectors accommodate films on reels up to 400ft. capacity, and to
thread a film, the full reel is placed on the upper spool arm with the film leader
Panchromatic Specto Projectors User Manuals
drawing from the front of the spool (see Fig. 1a). The reel is merely pressed
on to the spool spindle until the two spring catches click into the holes of the
spool hub, whereby the reel is firmly secured to the spindle. The upper reel is
known as the" feed spool" or "supply spool."
An empty reel is placed on the lower spool arm to form the "take-up spool."
A. Top Sprocket Wheel
B. Spring Shoe Carrying Roller Sprocket Guides
C. Spring Shoe For Bottom Sprocket
D. Bottom Sprocket Wheel
E. Projection Lens
F. Film
G. Gate –Rear Component
H. Gate –Front Component
Panchromatic Specto Projectors User Manuals
Draw out about 2ft. of film from the feed spool and thread it edgeways into
the projector, following the path shown in Fig. 1. The film near the feed spool
is passed between the top sprocket and the roller sprocket guides, the spring "
shoe " of the latter being held down with the fingers until the film has been
properly seated, with the sprocket teeth engaging the film perforations.
To thread film through gate turn small chromium plated lever up. This opens
gate sufficiently to allow film to be inserted between gate and pressure plate ;
after threading the film through, the lever must be turned down again before
projecting. Make sure that film is properly positioned in the film track.
A loop of approximately 1 in. radius must be formed in the film between the
upper sprocket wheel and the top of the gate (see Fig. 1). If the claws are
withdrawn from the film track the film may be slid upward or downward in the
gate to secure the required loop.
To withdraw the claws it is only necessary to turn the "inertia knob"
(protruding on the left side of the projector underneath the word "SPECTO,"
cast on the cover, plate) till the claws are receded.
It is not necessary to adjust the film perforations in step with the claw
movement, because the cushioned claws automatically "find" the sprocket
holes.
Below the gate a loop of film, similar to the upper loop, is formed, and the film
is passed over the bottom sprocket wheel, in contact with which it is held by
the sprung roller sprocket guides. The beginning of the film is then connected
to the centre of the take-up spool by whatever means is adopted on the
particular spool in use.
With regard to the bottom loop it is desirable that it should not be so large as
to cause the film to rub on the motor casing.
PROJECTING A FILM.
With the projector adjusted for the correct voltage, connected up to the mains
supply, and a film threaded in position, you are ready to operate the machine.
Set up your screen in a suitable position relative to the projector.
Tabulated overleaf is a comparision table of picture size in relation to distance
from projector to screen, using 1", 1½", and 2" lenses.
Panchromatic Specto Projectors User Manuals
These sizes are only approximate because Lenses which are
adjusted individually differ slightly from each other in focus.
The larger the picture the less brilliant it will be. The SPECTO Projector,
however, has such a remarkably efficient system of illumination that no fear of
dull pictures need be entertained in respect of any " throws "likely to be
achieved by the normal amateur projectionist.
The projector must be placed on a firm, vibration-free support. Should the
latter be somewhat too low in relation to the screen the projector may be
tilted upward, by means of its levelling screws, to the required height.
The rewind knob (see Fig. 2) must be in the position so that the red index
mark points directly to NORMAL.
Panchromatic Specto Projectors User Manuals
Having extinguished all room lights, switch on the master switch of the
projector, and follow this immediately by switching on the projector lamp. The
picture is now being projected on the screen; but it may be blurred and
indistinct.
This is due to the lens being improperly focussed, and is quickly corrected by
rotating the lens one way or the other until the picture is perfectly sharp all
over. The helical groove on the lens barrel causes the lens to move backward
or forward as it is rotated, and permits of the most critical focusing.
Should it be found that the action on the screen appears unnaturally slow the
motor should be speeded up by rotating the speed-control knob in a clockwise
direction until the action is depicted at a natural speed. If the action is too
rapid then, of course, the speed-control knob must be turned in a counter-
clockwise direction. Do not run the projector too fast.
The correct, i.e., normal, speed is 16 frames per second or two revolutions of
feeding sprockets per second. The Specto Projector gives flickerless pictures at
lower speeds than normal and you can make your films last longer by running
slower.
REWINDING
As soon as "The End" appears on the screen the projector lamp should be
switched off, but the motor may be allowed to continue working until all film is
wound on the take-up spool.
NOTE.—Where spools are being used which require the extremity of the film to be folded
under in order to grip the spool-hub, the motor should be stopped immediately the lamp has
been switched off. Unless this is done in such cases there is a possibility of the kinked end
fouling in the mechanism.
To rewind the film which is now on the take-up spool, the film end should be
taken in a straight line- to the feed spool (see Fig. 2) and connected to the
spool hub.
The rewind knob should be given a quarter turn so that the red index mark
points to REWIND.
It is unnecessary to alter or disconnect any belts.
The fact that the take-up belt continues to function in a forward direction
effectually prevents "sloppy" rewinding, while the braking action is
nevertheless light enough to obviate any strain either on film or motor.
Rewinding may instantly be stopped at any desired moment by turning the
rewind knob back until the red index mark points to NORMAL.
Panchromatic Specto Projectors User Manuals
FRAMING
SPECTO Projectors are fitted with so-called optical framing to properly centre
the picture in projection frame. The small knurled screw above the gate cuts
out appearance of "slots" by screwing it up or down as may be required.
Screwing down cuts out slow appearance on bottom of the screen
LAMP ADJUSTMENT
The Projector leaves the factory with the lamp and optical system correctly
focussed ready for projection.
When fitting a new lamp there may be a slight variation in the position of the
filament. The lamp can be correctly focussed as follows:-
Remove the projection lens and project the light on to a screen, wall, or sheet
of paper. Eight images of the lamp filament should appear—four the actual
image of the filament and the other four are the reflected image from the
mirror. The four actual images should be even in illumination and the reflected
images (slightly fainter) should be in between the actual images.
The lamp is adjusted by the movement of the two large slotted screws on the
right-hand side of the projector. The forward screw moves the lamp across the
mirror and effects the interlacing of the filaments (see above). The rear screw
moves the lamp backwards and forwards between the mirror and the
condenser. This controls focus.
MAINTENANCE
Periodically the projector should be treated to a light overhaul, by which is
meant general examination, lubrication, and cleaning. The SPECTO Projector is
specially designed to provide free access to all parts where, at intervals,
attention may be required.
By removing the four thumbscrews on the coverplate bearing the name
"SPECTO, LTD.," this plate may be lifted away and the whole of the interior is
at once exposed, "doll-house" fashion! The mechanism chamber, the fan
compartment, and lamphouse are all fully exposed, and attention may be
given to any part without difficulty.
LAMPS—SPECTO lamps are of the "pre-focus" type; that is to say, the brass
cap has two lugs—one wide and one narrow—which ensure that the lamp is
placed in the lamp- holder in the only correct way, and that it is correctly
―focussed " in the optical system.
Panchromatic Specto Projectors User Manuals
To remove the lamp, the lamphouse top must be lifted off and the lamp given
a slight turn to the left until it is found to spring slightly upward, when it may
be lifted out.
To replace the lamp, it should be inserted in the lamp- holder so that the wide
and narrow lugs engage respectively with the wide and narrow slots of the
holder. Press down against the spring as far as it will go and twist the lamp
clockwise until it will go no further. In this position the lamp filament will be
perfectly centred and parallel to the surface of the condenser.
TO CLEAN CONDENSER AND REFLECTOR
The reflector and rear surface of condenser may be cleaned by removing the
lamp and carefully wiping the glass surfaces with a soft lintless cloth or piece
of lens-cleaning tissue. These surfaces may be reached from the top of the
lamp house; but, if preferred, the side coverplate may be removed.
The mirror can be cleaned quite simply, but too heavy pressure is not
advisable.
The front surface of the condenser may be cleaned through the port in the
front wall of the lamphouse, but for this purpose the gate unit and lens
housing must first be opened, as described later.
The condenser unit must not be removed from its housing. The correct
adjustment has been made at the factory.
Lenses (of whatever kind) or reflectors should never be touched with bare
fingers; the greasy mark always left is most difficult to remove completely.
CLEANING PROJECTION LENS
To clean the projection lens the lens-surfaces may be cleaned with a soft cloth
or lens-cleaning tissue. Do not use silk.
It is not recommended to disturb the separate components of the objective.
To open the gate for cleaning and occasional greasing of the claw movement,
unscrew the framing screw until it is clear of the back component of the gate.
The gate and lens housing may now be swung outwards on its hinges.
LUBRICATION
Every SPECTO Projector is sent out carefully lubricated; but it is always
advisable to check off all lubrication points, as the makers have no control
over the conditions in which the projector may have been kept in stock after
leaving the factory.
Panchromatic Specto Projectors User Manuals
The ―heart‖ of the projector—precision gears, spiral and worm drives, ball-
bearings, etc.—Is especially well cared for in the matter of lubrication, because
it is all enclosed in a sealed gearbox and runs in oil. This does not imply that
the gearbox must be filled with oil; it definitely must not. A depth of about in.
of oil is all that is required, and it is therefore only necessary to inject two or
three "squirts" from an ordinary oil injector at intervals of about 20 hours of
actual projection.
Gear wheels dip into the oil-bath and whirl oil on to all parts of the enclosed
mechanism. In addition, sufficient oil finds its way through the bearings to
lubricate amply all spindles passing through the gearbox.
To inject oil into the gearbox, the rewind knob and its attached rod is lifted
out, disclosing a small hole in the top of the gearbox through which the oil
must be introduced.
The gearbox oil level is indicated by visual inspection of transparent disc,
situated below the claw mechanism inside the gate unit. The level should be to
the centre of the disc.
Parts not served by splash lubrication and to which, therefore, a drop of oil
should occasionally be supplied are
I.—Upper and lower sprocket-spindle bearings (see Fig. 3).
2.—Claw movement (all friction surfaces and spring lever pivot)
3.—Upper and lower spool-spindle bearings.
Panchromatic Specto Projectors User Manuals
One drop only of oil should be applied at each of these points, and it is
preferable to apply the oil by means of a matchstick or similar ―dipper," rather
than by means of an oil can.
Great care should be taken to see that no oil gets on the surfaces of sprocket
wheels, roller guides, or any part where the film comes in contact. If it does, it
must be carefully wiped off.
The electric motor should not be lubricated, as both ball bearings are
sufficiently oiled.
Excess of oil must at all times be avoided, and this is particularly necessary in
the case of the motor, which may refuse to function if surplus oil reached the
commutator.
ONLY GOOD SEWING MACHINE OIL SHOULD BE USED.
CLEANING
After lubrication the projector should be carefully gone over with a clean rag to
wipe off all excess of oil and to ensure that all film-contact surfaces are clean
and dry.
Periodically (and whenever it may be necessary) the gate should be carefully
cleaned to rid the film track of any dirt or film dross. For this purpose the
complete gate unit should be opened, as explained in a previous paragraph,
and the film track carefully wiped with a soft cloth. Film or emulsion dross
adhering to the slides will usually come away if the cloth is slightly moistened,
but in very obstinate cases it may be necessary to scrape it off.
This scraping must be done very carefully, using only a matchstick or bone
scraper. In no circumstances must a metal instrument be used for scraping.
The film track surfaces have been very carefully polished to avoid damage to
film even after continuous and repeated running through the projector, and
the slightest scratching of this polish will shorten the life of films and induce
rapid fouling of the gate by emulsion dross.
TREAT YOUR SPECTO PROJECTOR FAIRLY AND IT WILL GIVE YOU MANY
YEARS OF EFFICIENT AND TROUBLE-FREE SERVICE.
Specto Ltd. reserve the right to alter in order to improve
any detail without notice.
www.Panchromatic.co.uk
Panchromatic Specto Projectors User Manuals
―SPECTO‖ PROJECTORS‖
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
(Specto 500 Models)
Panchromatic Specto Projectors User Manuals
*Crossed for 8 mm & 16 mm as shown. Straightforward loop for 9.5 mm
**Straight for 8 mm & 16 mm. Crossed for 9.5 mm
I Rewind Lever
J Upper Spool Nose
K Upper Spool Belt*
L Upper Sprocket Cradle
M Projection Lens
N Lower Sprocket Cradle
O Take-up Belt**
P Take-up (friction drive) Pulley
Q Rewind Pulley
R Lower Spool Nose
S Tilting Screw
T Tappings (Not Shown)
U Motor –Speed Control
V Motor & Lamp Switch
W 1- Lamp Adjustment Screw
W 2- Lamp Adjustment Screw
Y Film Release Screw
Z Framing Screw
Panchromatic Specto Projectors User Manuals
INSTRUCTIONS
The three-pin plug supplied with the projector should be attached to a flex of
suitable length. One pin, over which is engraved "E," is for an earth
connection.
Before connecting the three-pin plug to the projector check that the voltage
selector (T) on the base corresponds with the mains supply. If in doubt of the
supply, voltage this will usually be found marked on the electric supply
meter.
For 200, 220, and 240 volts mains, one screw should be set at the
corresponding number on the voltage tapping plate and the other screw at
―0."
For 210, 230, and 250 volts one screw should be set at the nearest lower
number and the other at ―+10." The correct setting at 230 volts is illustrated
as a guide. Ensure that the tapping screw is screwed home firmly otherwise
the lamp may fail to light.
The Specto ―500" is suitable for use on either Alternating Current (A.C.) or
Direct Current (D.C.). The motor is normally wired for 200-250 volts, whilst
an internal resistance reduces the voltage of the lamp circuit to 115 volts.
Certain export models may be built to conform to local requirements, in
which case the voltage selector will indicate suitable voltages.
Panchromatic Specto Projectors User Manuals
SETTING UP THE PROJECTOR
The Specto projector should be placed on a firm base and the spool arms
extended by pulling the vertical arm downwards and raising upper spool arm.
BELTS
8mm. and 16mm
The upper spool belt (K) should form a cross-over loop, the lower belt (0)
should form a straightforward loop over the large take-up (friction drive)
pulley (P).
9.5mm
The upper spool belt (K) should form a straightforward loop, the lower belt
(0) should form a cross-over loop over the large take-up (friction drive)
pulley (P).
DUAL 9.5-16mm
The spring belts must be adjusted for the size of film in use as indicated
above.
MOTOR AND LAMP
The rotary switch (V) on the projector controls the motor and the lamp. By
turning the pointer to "M" the motor, mechanism and fan are operated. The
lamp is lit in two stages to pre-heat the filament. When the pointer is turned
to ―1" the lamp lights at reduced intensity when the pointer is turned to " 2 "
the light is at full intensity.
Lamp may be used at "1" if required.
The motor speed control (U) enables the speed of the mechanism to be
varied. Should it be found that the action on the screen appears unnaturally
slow or fast, rotate the knob until normal movement is depicted.
THREADING THE FILM
9.5mm
The full spool is pressed on the upper spool nose (J) with the film leader
drawing from the rear of the spool (see Fig. 1).
Panchromatic Specto Projectors User Manuals
8mm. AND 16mm
The full spool is pressed on the upper spool nose (J) with the film leader
drawing from the front of the spool (see Fig. 1A).
An empty take-up spool is placed on the lower spool nose (R) in the same
manner.
Draw out about 2ft. of film from the top spool and thread it edgeways into the
projector, following the path shown in Fig. 1 and IA. To thread the film
through the gate turn the film release lever (Y) up. This retracts the pressure
plate sufficiently to allow the film to he inserted.
Make sure the film is properly positioned in the film track before turning the
film release lever down. The claw withdrawal lever (X), when fitted, must he in
the raised position.
A. Top Sprocket Wheel
B. Spring Shoe Carrying Roller Sprocket Guides
C. Spring Shoe For Bottom Sprocket Wheel
D. Bottom Sprocket Wheel
E. Projection Lens
F. Film
G. Gate –Rear Component
H. Gate –Front Component
Panchromatic Specto Projectors User Manuals
Then insert the fun between the sprockets and cradles (L and N), forming a
loop of approximately 1 in. radius between the sprockets and the gate. With
the 8mm and 9.5mm it is merely necessary to depress or raise the roller
sprocket guides (cradles) and engage the perforations of the film on the
sprocket teeth.
The sprocket cradles on the 16mm. and Dual projector are located in their
correct positions by a spring-loaded milled knob. To open the sprocket cradles
the milled knob is withdrawn and the cradle raised or lowered. When the
perforations of the film are located on the sprocket the cradles should then be
returned to their original position with the milled knob flush with the side of
the cradle.
The leader of the film is then secured to the empty take-up spool by whatever
means is adopted on the particular spool in use.
Before the projector is switched on turn the inching knob several revolutions
by hand to check that loops are correctly formed and maintained. The inching
knob will be found on the left side of the projector beneath the word Specto."
Care should be taken that the film forming the bottom loop does not rub on
the motor.
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE DUAL 9.5/16mm.
The Specto Dual Projector is designed to show both 9.5mm and 16mm films
by a simple interchange of sprockets, spool noses and pressure plate, and
adjustment of belts.
CLAW MECHANISM
Twin claws are fitted. No alteration or adjustment of
the claws is necessary to project either 9.5mm. or
16mm. film, these are correctly set for both sizes.
The claw withdrawal lever (X) projects from the lower
sprocket cradle (N) This lever withdraws the claws from
the gate. The claw withdrawal lever should be in the
raised position during the projection of both 9.5.mm
and 16mm film.
When this lever is depressed it will lock in a position
which enables the lens carrier to be swung out after
the framing screw (Z) has been slackened. This gives
access to the film gate and claw mechanism.
To replace the lens carrier, reverse the procedure,
making sure that the claw withdrawal lever is raised
before projecting.
Panchromatic Specto Projectors User Manuals
Film Gate with 9.5mm
Pressure Plate being removed d.
SPROCKETS
The sprockets are retained on their shafts by means of a spring ball, and may
be pulled off. To replace, push the sprockets on the shaft, engaging the pin on
the shaft in the keyway of the sprockets.
9.5mm. sprockets have teeth in the centre of the sprocket drum.
16mm. sprockets have teeth on the outer side only; the opposite edge is
―relieved."
SPOOL NOSES
To change the spool noses, remove the knurled nuts from the spool nose
shafts. When the upper spool nose (J) shaft is withdrawn the pulley is
FILM GATE
The rear component of the gate, known as the
pressure plate, has two parts, the 16mm pressure
plate and the 9.5mm pressure plate. The 9.5mm
pressure plate is attached by studs held in keyhole
slots.
To detach the 9.5mm pressure plate it should be
pressed upwards and outwards, when it will
release from the keyhole slots. To attach the
9.5mm pressure plate, insert the studs through
the keyhole slots and press downwards.
The thickness of the 9.5mm pressure plate
compensates for the offset of the 9.5mm claw in
the twin claw mechanism.
The 9.5mm pressure plate must be removed
when 16mm. film is projected
Panchromatic Specto Projectors User Manuals
released, as it is not attached to the bush. The replacement spool nose shaft
should be inserted through the bush and the pulley and the knurled nut
screwed on tightly.
When the knurled nut is removed from the lower spool nose (R) shaft, it is
necessary to continue to turn the spool nose shaft until the friction drive (P) is
released, as this is screwed on the shaft.
The replacement spool nose shaft should be inserted through the bush,
screwed through the friction drive and then secured by the locking nut.
PROJECTING A FILM
With the projector adjusted for the correct voltage, connected up to the mains,
and a film threaded in position, you are ready to operate the machine.
Set up your screen in a suitable position relative to the projector.
Tabulated below is a comparison table of picture size in relation to distance
from projector to screen, using 1 in, 1½ in, and 2 in lenses
These sizes are only approximate, because Lenses which are adjusted individually differ
slightly from each other in focus.
The 3" lens gives a picture one half the size shown by the 1½ lens. The screen
size with the 2½ lens is between the 2" and the 3" dimension.
The larger the picture the less brilliant it will be. The Specto Projector,
however, has such a remarkably efficient system of illumination that no fear of
dull pictures need be entertained in respect of any "throws," likely to be
achieved by the normal amateur projectionist. Screen brilliancy can also
depend on the quality of the reflecting surface used as a screen, and the
amount of extraneous light on the screen. Therefore it is an advantage to use
a screen with a prepared reflecting surface and to darken the room adequately
to prevent stray light from reaching the screen.
This manual suits for next models
1
Table of contents
Other Panchromatic Projector manuals
