Pettersson D1000X User manual

ULTRASOUND DETECTOR D1000X
USER’S MANUAL
Firmware version 2
Pettersson Elektronik AB
Uppsala Science Park
S-
751 83 Uppsala, Sweden
Phone:[phone] Fax
:[phone]
[email protected]om
www.batsound.com

2
Contents
Introduction
General information 4
Powering the detector 5
Top panel overview 6
Front and rear panel overview 7
Display overview 8
Getting started
Software installation 9
Preparing the detector for use 9
Using the detector the first time 12
Setting the clock 14
Formatting and preparing a CF card 14
Ultrasound conversion methods
The heterodyne system 15
The frequency division system 16
The time expansion system 16
The recording and playback system
General 18
The recording parameters 18
The details of the triggering parameters
The manual recording mode 22
The automatic recording mode 25
Tips for making better recordings 27
Playing files 28
Which recording settings to use in different situations 29
Managing the recorded files 33
The microphone 34
The serial input 34
Using a GPS receiver 35
Battery life guidelines 36
The D1000X Utility software 37
Trouble-shooting 41
Error messages 42
Specifications 43
What's new in firmware version 2? 44

3
GUARANTEE
This product is guaranteed against defects in material and workmanship for a period of one year from the date of purchase. In
order for the guarantee to be granted, a proof of purchase (normally the original invoice/receipt) is required and the serial
number label must not be removed from the product. Pettersson Elektronik will repair or replace the product if it proves to be
defective during the guarantee period, provided it is returned to us. No other guarantee is expressed or implied.
This product does not contain any user-serviceable parts. Do not open it and always refer servicing to the manufacturer or any
other party approved by the manufacturer.
The guarantee covers none of the following:
1. Damage to the product resulting from abuse and misuse, including but not limited to (a) the failure to use this product for
its normal purpose or in accordance with Pettersson Elektronik’s instructions on the proper use and maintenance of this
product and (b) the installation or the use of this product in a manner inconsistent with the technical or safety standards in
force in the country where the product is used.
2. Damage to the product resulting from non-authorized modifications made to the product.
3. Repairs done by non-authorized technicians.
4. Accidents or similar causes beyond the control of Pettersson Elektronik, including but not limited to lightning, water, fire
and public disturbances.
LIMITATION OF LIABILITIES
In no event shall Pettersson Elektronik be liable for any special, incidental or consequential damages of any nature including,
but not limited to, damages resulting from loss of profit or revenue, recall costs, claims for service interruptions or failure to
supply downtime, testing, installation or removal costs, costs of substitute products, property damage, personal injury, death
or legal expenses. The customer's recovery from Pettersson Elektronik for any claim shall not exceed the purchase price paid
by the customer for the goods, irrespective of the nature of the claim, whether in warrant, contract or otherwise. The customer
shall indemnify, defend and hold Pettersson Elektronik harmless from any claims brought by any party regarding products
supplied by Pettersson Elektronik and incorporated into the customer’s product.
Pettersson Elektronik assumes no responsibility for any damage or loss resulting from the use of this manual.
Pettersson Elektronik assumes no responsibility for any loss or claims by third parties which may arise through the use of the
D1000X.
Pettersson Elektronik assumes no responsibility for any damage or loss caused by deletion of data as a result of malfunction,
repairs or battery replacement. Be sure to back up all important data on other media to protect against its loss.
PRODUCT SAFETY NOTICE AND RESTRICTIONS
This product is intended for commercial use only. Products sold by Pettersson Elektronik are not designed, intended or
authorized for use in life support, life sustaining, human implantable, nuclear facilities, flight control systems, or other
applications in which the failure of such products could result in personal injury, loss of life or catastrophic property damage.
If the customer uses or sells the products for use in any such applications: (1) the customer acknowledges that such use or
sale is at the customer's sole risk; (2) the customer agrees that Pettersson Elektronik is not liable, in whole or in part, for any
claim or damage arising from such use; and (3) the customer agrees to indemnify, defend and hold Pettersson Elektronik
harmless from and against any and all claims, damages, losses, costs, expenses and liabilities arising out of or in connection
with such use or sale.
Note: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to part 15 of
the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment
is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not
installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications.
Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required
to correct the interference at his own expense. Modifications not expressly approved by the manufacturer could void the
user's authority to operate the equipment under FCC rules.
Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
CompactFlash is a registered trademark of SanDisk Corporation.
Other company, product and service names mentioned in this manual, may be trademarks of others.
© Pettersson Elektronik AB, 2005-2018 May 2018

4
Introduction
Please note that with the introduction of D1000X Firmware version 2, the CF card
used should no longer be “formatted and prepared” in the D1000X Utility software.
Instead, simply use a standard FAT32 formatted CF card. Using a “formatted and
prepared” CF card with the new firmware will result in unreadable files. A list of
what's new in version 2 can be found on the last page of this manual.
General information
The D1000X is an ultrasound detector with three independent ultrasound conversion systems,
heterodyne, frequency division and time expansion. In addition to this, the D1000X also has a
built-in high-speed recording system that uses a Compact Flash (CF) card (type I) as storage
medium. The resulting sound files are in “wav” format. Using a commonly available card
reader, the sound files can be transferred to a PC for analysis. For further information about
managing the files created with the D1000X, please refer to the section “File management”.
The CF card is used for recording sound, but also for temporary storage when the detector is
used in the time expansion mode, so in these operation modes, it is necessary to have a CF
card installed in the CF slot of the detector. Before using the CF card in the D1000X, the card
has to be formatted in the detector or in a PC.
Although the D1000X is mainly intended for use with ultrasonic signals such as bat calls, it
can also be used to record audible signals. If the highpass filter in the detector is disabled, the
detector can be used at frequencies down to about 500 Hz. This makes it suitable for
recording e.g. bird song. On request, the detector can be modified to allow use at even lower
frequencies. For optimum sound quality at frequencies below 5 kHz, another microphone than
that supplied with the D1000X may be required.
This manual describes the various functions of the detector and examples of different set-ups
suitable in various situations are given. It does not, however, attempt to give any in-depth
information regarding actual field work and identification of bat species. For such
information, the user is referred to other available literature, such as Barataud: Acoustic
Ecology of European Bats (Biotope Éditions) or Ahlén and Baagoe: Use of ultrasound
detectors for bat studies in Europe: experiences from field identification, surveys and
monitoring. Acta Chiropterologica 1(2): 137-150.
The microprocessor program (the firmware) of the D1000X is upgradeable. The main
program of the D1000X can be upgraded by the user, using an upgrade file supplied by
Pettersson Elektronik.
Caution. Always follow the instructions supplied with the CF card you are using.
Specifically, always switch off the power to the D1000X before removing or
inserting a CF card. Never switch the power off or plug/unplug external DC power
while the D1000X is accessing the CF card, i.e. while recording, playing or
formatting the CF card. Doing so can cause loss of recorded files and/or corruption
of the CF card.
!
!

5
Powering the detector
The detector can be powered either from internal batteries or from an external power supply.
In the case of internal batteries, 5 AA cells are used. Alkaline batteries or rechargeable NiMH
cells are recommended – please note the polarity as indicated in the battery compartment! To
open the battery compartment lid, remove the lock screw using a screwdriver, a small coin or
similar. An external power supply or battery of 7-10 V DC can also be connected to the DC
jack. When external power is plugged in, the internal batteries are automatically disconnected.
The center pin of the DC jack is the positive pole of the power supply, as shown on the panel
label. The Main Power switch disconnects the battery or external power supply when set to
OFF, to avoid unintentionally switching the detector on. When this switch is set to ON, the
detector can be switched on by pressing the ON/OFF key for at least 1.5 seconds. To switch
the detector off, press the ON/OFF key for 3 seconds.
In order to constantly maintain power to the real-time clock and some other parts of the
detector, a small rechargeable battery is incorporated in the detector. This battery is
automatically charged from the regular batteries/power supply. The rechargeable battery will
keep the real-time clock running for about one month also when the regular power
supply/batteries are removed.
Caution. Carefully note the polarity of the batteries and/or the external power
supply. Reverse polarizing the supply voltage as well as exceeding the maximum
voltage may cause permanent damage to the detector!
Never allow any of the battery terminals or battery clips of the D1000X to get in
contact with the metal housing of the detector, either directly or through a metal
object. This may happen e.g. if the batteries are removed by means of a small screwdriver. If
you need to use an aid to remove the batteries, you should use an electrically insulated (i.e.
non-metal) object. Never use batteries with a damaged insulation layer over the housing. If
the metal housings of two adjacent batteries make contact, one or more batteries will be
short-circuited. If any of the above conditions occurs, damage to the detector and/or batteries
may result. The batteries may also become very hot, causing the danger of personal injury
and/or fire.
Battery handling precautions. Incorrect use or handling of the batteries can
cause them to leak or burst and create the danger of fire and personal injury as
well as damage to the detector.
Remove the batteries from the D1000X if you do not plan to use it for more than
two weeks.
Never recharge batteries, never allow direct connection between two ends of a battery and
never try to take batteries apart.
Do not expose batteries to direct heat or dispose of them by burning. Doing so can create the
danger of explosion.
Never mix batteries of different types.
Dead batteries are susceptible to leakage, which can cause serious damage to the D1000X.
Remove batteries from the detector as soon as you notice they are dead.
!
!

6
MIC
Pettersson
ULTRASOUND DETECTOR D 1000X
REC LEVEL (dB)
REC POWER ARMED
FREQUENCY VOLUME
INPUT GAIN PHONES HF/MEM
REC
COM
HET
FD
PLAY
ESC
ON/OFF
ENTER


FD HET MEM FD HET MEM
LEFT/SPKR PHONES RIGHT
NORMAL MEMHET
HET SOURCE
-40 -30 -20 -12 -6 -4 -2 0
Switches to select which system to listen to in
the headphones and speaker (SPKR).
FD = Frequency Division, HET = Heterodyne,
MEM = Memory (Time expansion)
Heterodyne source switch.
Normal =
the source is the
microphone signal.
MEM > HET = the source is a sound
file from the memory (CF card).
Thumb-wheel knobs to adjust the
heterodyne tuned frequency and the
loudspeaker/headphones volume.
Keys to start/stop recording to CF
card.
MIC = Record from the microphone
signal at the chosen sampling rate.
COM = Record spoken comments
from the microphone at 32 kHz
sampling rate.
HET = Record from the heterodyne
system at 44.1 kHz sampling rate.
FD = Record from the frequency
division system at 44.1 kHz
sampling rate.
The Play key starts/stops playing a
file or list of files from the CF card.
The ESC key is used to undo various
operations. In the standard mode it is
also used to erase the last file.
ON/OFF key. Press and hold for at
least 3 seconds to turn on/off the
detector.
Loudspeaker
ENTER key to confirm
various made selections.
In the standard mode also
used to enter the “setup
mode”.
UP/DOWN ARROW keys
used to navigate in various
menus.
In the standard mode used to
switch between different
profiles.
LEDs to indicate when the
detector is switched on, in
the recording and armed
modes.
Recording level indicator.
Indicates the signal level at
the ADC input.
Top panel overview

7
Front panel overview
Rear panel overview
Microphone
connector
Input gain controlPhones output jack
HF/MEM output
jack
CF card slot
DC IN jack 7-
10V
(center pin = +)
Main power switch
Serial input jack
for GPS and
service
Suitable plug for
DC jack:
EIAJ RC-.5320,
class 2
(O.D. 4.0 mm
I.D. 1.7 mm)

8
Display overview
384 10
MAN
fs=384.0kHz
TE=x10
PRE POST
3s OFF
LAST M00036
16.36.30
CF
BAT
202.0
kHz
384 10
MAN
fs=384.0kHz
TE=x10
PRE POST
3s OFF
PLAY AUTO
PROMPT
TRIG HP
EXT ON
LEDINT 3
SAVE/QUIT
ERASE FILE
M00036.WAV
NO
YES
PLAY
LIST
PLAY
SELECT
M00035
M00036
M00037
M00038
M00039
M00040
M00041
M00042
M00043
M00044
TRIG LEVEL
LEV 0
LEV 1
LEV 2
LEV 3
LEV 4
LEV 5
LEV 6
LEV 7
PLAYLIST
SELECT
P4
P3
P2
P1
Use
↑
↓
to select a file and then
press ENTER to play.
Use
↑
↓
to select a playlist and
then press ENTER. If no play-
list has been to added to the
card, the user will be returned
to the main menu.
Select YES to erase the last
recorded file.
Press ENTER to navigate
through the parameters and ↑↓
to change the values.
ENTER
PLAY PLAY
LIST
ESC
FORMATTING
DOS SPACE
39936kB
CONTINUE?
D1000X
Loader V1. 1
ProgId
BATSOUND
V1. 0. 0
050803
20. 03:40
SET CLOCK
DATE 121003
TIME 17. 32
When booting the D1000X, a message saying "Release key" will be shown. Pressing the PLAY button immediately after releasing the key (just when the display
has changed from "Booting" to "BOOTING") will allow the user to format the card and to set the clock. Pressing/holding ESC before releasing the key will allow
the user to upgrade the firmware. For more details, please refer to the following sections of this manual.
Use
↑
↓
to select the
desired value and then
press enter to go to
the next parameter.
Pressing
↓
twice will
initiate the firmware
upgrade. A CF card
with a firmware file
must be present in the
CF card slot.
Press ENTER to format
the card. Press ESC to
proceed to the main
menu without
formatting.
Please format the card in
a PC whenever possible,
since this is much faster.
This screen will be shown
before the user starts an
automatic recording. Use ↑↓
to
select the desired t
rigger level.

9
Getting started
Software installation
For information on the computer requirements please refer to the Specifications section of this
manual.
The D1000X Utility program comes on the CF card that is supplied with the D1000X and can
also be downloaded from www.batsound.com. Insert this card in a CF card reader connected
to your computer and copy the file “D1000X Utility.exe” from the CF card to the desired
folder on your computer. To run the program, locate the file “D1000X Utility.exe” in
Windows Explorer and double-click it. You can also create a shortcut to this file by right-
clicking on its name in Windows Explorer and selecting “Create shortcut”.
Optionally, the D1000X Utility can also be used to generate a number of so called “profiles”.
Each profile contains all of the selectable settings such as sampling rate, time expansion
factor, LED intensity and so on. The profiles are stored in a file on the CF card. This file is
read by the D1000X as the card is installed, making it possible to select between the profiles
you have generated with the D1000X Utility. If no profiles are stored on the CF card, the
D1000X will use a set of predefined profiles instead.
The D1000X can play files from the CF card either one by one or from a “play list”. The
D1000X Utility can be used to generate a play list with a number of files to be played in a
sequence. The name of the play list file should have six characters. The extension .LST will
be added by the D1000X utility.
The D1000X Utility is also used to load a new firmware file onto a CF card, in order to
reprogram the firmware of the detector. As new firmware upgrades become available, such
firmware upgrade files will be supplied by Pettersson Elektronik along with upgrade
instructions.
Caution. Formatting a storage medium erases all data previously stored. Make
sure you don’t inadvertently format a card or other storage device that contains
data you wish to retain!
Preparing the detector for use
Insert a set of new batteries into the battery holder of the D1000X. The holder takes 5 AA
cells. Alkaline batteries or NiMH cells are recommended. To open the battery compartment
lid, remove the lock screw using a screwdriver, a small coin or similar. Alternatively, an
external battery pack can be connected to the DC jack. In either case, make sure the batteries
are connected with the indicated polarity, or damage to the D1000X may result.
Before using the D1000X you should make sure that you have a freshly formatted FAT32 CF
card and install it in the CF card slot of the detector. The CF card that is supplied with the
!

10
D1000X contains this User's Manual and the D1000X Utility Software. Please save these files
to your PC and format the CF card before using it in the D1000X.
If you wish to delete sound files on the CF card, use the ESC key on the detector to delete
single files or simply format the card to delete all files on the card. Deleting individual files
from the card, while the CF card is in a card reader should be avoided since this will not free
any space for making new recordings with the D1000X.
To access the CF card slot, open the hinged door on the rear of the D1000X. The door is
opened by gently pressing the hinge upwards (1) while pulling the door open (2) (see below).
CF card precautions.
Always follow the instructions supplied with the CF card and any CF card reader
you are using. To read files from the CF card in your PC using a USB card
reader, insert the card in the reader and then plug the USB connector into a USB
port of the computer. To remove the CF card from the computer, use the Safely Remove
Hardware application, if the Safely Remove Hardware icon appears in the notification area
on the computer screen (click on the icon and follow the instructions).
Make sure the D1000X is turned off using the ON/OFF key or the Main Power switch before
you insert a CF card into the CF card slot or remove a CF card from the slot.
Never switch the power off while the D1000X is accessing the CF card, i.e. while recording,
playing or formatting the CF card. Doing so can cause loss of recorded files and/or
corruption of the CF card.
When inserting a CF card into the D1000X, make sure that the card is oriented correctly.
Make sure that the correct side of the card is facing up and that you insert the correct side of
the card into the detector.
Static electricity, electromagnetic radiation and other electrical phenomena can cause
corruption or loss of data stored on the CF card. For this reason, you should always make
backup copies of important sound files on other media such as computer hard disk or CD.
CF card problems can usually be corrected by formatting the card. Formatting a CF card
deletes all information stored on the card, including sound files and profiles. Before
formatting a card you should copy all files you wish to keep on other media. If you plan to use
the D1000X where you don’t have access to other storage devices, it is a good idea to take
along a few extra CF cards just in case you experience an unexpected CF card problem.
!

11
Formatting is recommended for any CF card that you suspect contains corrupted files or for
newly purchased CF cards.
Before starting a format operation in the D1000X, make sure the batteries are fresh or use a
reliable external power supply. Interruption of power to the detector during the format
operation results in improper formatting, making it impossible to use the card.
Caution. Should water or any foreign objects get into the CF card slot,
immediately turn off power, remove the batteries and/or unplug the external power
supply.
!

12
Using the detector the first time
Make sure the Main Power switch is ON. Switch on the power
to the detector by pressing the ON/OFF key for at least 1.5
seconds. As the display shows “D1000X Release key” release
the ON/OFF key. The text “BOOTING” is displayed followed
by a scan of the CF card. The complete scan can take several
tens of seconds if it's a large CF card. If you wish to circumvent
the scan, press and hold the ESC key when the text READY is
displayed at the bottom of the screen. Next the text
“SEARCHING GPS” is displayed. For more information on
using a GPS receiver with the D1000X, please refer to the
section “Using a GPS receiver” in this manual. When the main
screen is shown (see picture), the detector is ready to be used.
The main screen shows the most important recording
parameters, the name of the active “profile”, the recording
mode, the sampling frequency, the time expansion (TE) factor
and the Pre/post trigger time. The name of the last recorded file
and the time (HH.MM.SS) are also shown.
The two indicators show the remaining free space of the CF
The D1000X Main Screen card and the battery/external power supply voltage. When all
segments of the battery indicator turn blank, the battery voltage
is approximately 5.3 V and the batteries should be replaced. At a battery voltage of
approximately 5.0 V, the detector will automatically turn off. The heterodyne tuned frequency
is shown at the bottom.
It should be noted that the battery indicator shows the battery voltage, and not necessarily the
remaining battery life. Different battery types exhibit different voltage characteristics and
some types may remain at almost full voltage until its capacity is nearly exhausted.
To test the heterodyne system, set the left FD/HET/MEM switch to the HETerodyne position
and the NORMAL/MEM→HET switch to the NORMAL position. Adjust the VOLUME
control so that a weak noise is heard in the loudspeaker. If necessary, you can also adjust the
gain with the INPUT GAIN control at the front panel. Then turn the FREQUENCY control to
give a display reading of approximately 20 kHz and gently snap your fingers near the
microphone. A scraping sound should be heard in the loudspeaker. Another good ultrasound
source is a jingling bunch of keys.
The frequency control is only used for the heterodyne system and works in the following way.
The display shows the center of the frequency range (approximately 10 kHz wide), to be
transformed. If the control is set to 20 kHz, you can listen to ultrasonic frequencies between
approximately 15 and 25 kHz.
To test the frequency division system, change the FD/HET/MEM switch to the FD position
and repeat the exercise above. In this case the frequency control has no influence, all signals
over the entire frequency range of the detector will be transformed.
The time expansion/direct recording system can be configured in a variety of ways, so we
will here only test a few basic functions. Set the FD/HET/MEM switch to the MEMory
position.

13
The detector has ten different predefined profiles, containing different combinations of
settings, each suitable for a certain situation. These profiles can be used as they are, or
modified by the user. Let’s start with one of the existing profiles and make a change to this.
Use the UP or DOWN ARROW keys to browse through the available profiles and select the
“MAN 384” profile. This profile uses the sampling frequency 384 kHz and manual start/stop
of each recording.
To change the settings, press the ENTER key once to enter the settings menu. In this mode,
the different recording parameters can be selected. Each parameter can be changed using the
UP and DOWN ARROW keys. The “active” parameter, that is currently being changed is
shown with a frame around it. Press the ENTER key to accept the displayed value. Set the
parameters as follows:
Recording mode: MAN
Sampling frequency fs: 384 kHz
Time expansion factor, TE: 10
Pre-trigger time PRE: OFF
Post-trigger time POST: MAN
Replay mode: AUTO
Save mode: AUTO
High-pass filter HP: ON
LED intensity: 3
As you see, the only parameter that needs to be changed is the Save mode. Setting this to
AUTO means that all recordings you make will be automatically saved as a file on the CF
card.
When you have entered the parameter values as indicated above, select SAVE at the bottom
of the screen and press the ENTER key. If you press the ESC key while in the settings menu,
you will leave the menu without saving any changes.
Note: Changing the recording parameters as described above is usually not the preferred
method in the field. Preparing the desired profiles on the CF card using the D1000X Utility
gives you a much quicker way to change the settings and is the recommended method in most
cases.
For more information on the meaning of the different parameters, please refer to the detailed
description in the next section of this manual.
To make a "direct recording" of the ultrasound, press the MIC key once to start recording,
generate some sound, e.g. by snapping your fingers, and then press the MIC key a second
time to stop recording. The detector has here been configured to automatically replay the
recorded sequence in time expanded fashion (x10), so you will now hear the time expanded
sound. Replaying the entire sequence will take ten times longer than the actual recording time.
With the selected settings, the time expanded sequence is automatically saved in a file on the
CF card. This file can be replayed again by pressing the PLAY key on the detector (see the
section Playing Files).

14
Setting the clock
The sound files stored on the CF card will have the date and time saved in the file properties,
so it is important to set the system clock before starting to make recordings. Under normal
circumstances, this only has to be done once. A small backup battery will keep the real-time
clock running even if the detector is out of batteries for a period of about one month. This
battery is automatically charged by the main batteries and the user does not need to pay any
attention to it.
To set the clock, turn off the detector. Press the ON/OFF button for at least 1.5 seconds. The
text “D1000X Release Key” will appear. Release the ON/OFF key and the text changes to
“D1000X Booting”, followed by “D1000X BOOTING”. While “D1000X BOOTING” is
shown, press and hold the PLAY button until a menu appears. Select “SET TIME” and press
ENTER. Enter the time and date using the UP/DOWN ARROW and ENTER keys. The
format for the date is YYMMDD and for the time HHMM. After you have set the minutes
and press the ENTER key, the detector will start from the chosen HHMM time and with the
seconds starting from 00. On the display the time will be shown in HH.MM.SS 24-hour
format.
Formatting a CF card
As mentioned previously in this manual, a CF card can be formatted either in a PC or directly
in the detector. To perform this operation in the D1000X, turn the power off, install the CF
card in the CF slot of the detector Press the ON/OFF button for at least 1.5 seconds. The text
“D1000X Release Key” will appear. Release the ON/OFF key and the text changes to
“D1000X Booting”, followed by “D1000X BOOTING”. While “D1000X BOOTING” is
shown, press and hold the PLAY button until a menu appears. Select “FORMT CF” and press
ENTER.
To format the card, press ENTER as the text CONTINUE appears. To proceed without
formatting the card, press ESC. While the D1000X formats a CF card, the current sector
number will be shown to indicate the progress of the operation. Upon completion of this
process, the detector automatically enters the normal operation mode. The detector must not
be switched off during the formatting/preparation operations or damage to the CF card may
result.
Formatting a card in the D1000X can take several minutes, particularly for large capacity CF
cards. Performing the same in a PC is much faster and is the recommended method.
Note: The D1000X expects the CF card to have the FAT32 file system. If the CF card that
you wish to prepare in the D1000X is new and you are unsure which file system it has, you
should first format the CF card in a PC, selecting FAT 32 as file system.

15
Ultrasound conversion methods
The heterodyne system
There are several different principles to convert ultrasound into audible sound. As mentioned
above, one of the systems in the D1000X is based on the heterodyne principle. This technique
means that a limited frequency range is selected for conversion into the audible range. If the
frequency control is set to 30 kHz, the range from approximately 25 to 35 kHz will be
transformed. This is illustrated in the figure below.
Let’s assume an ultrasonic signal with constant frequency is emitted. When the frequency
control of the D1000X is turned from low frequencies to higher, a high-pitched tone will be
heard in the loudspeaker when the frequency setting is appr. 5 kHz lower than the frequency
of the ultrasound source. The closer the tuned frequency comes to the ultrasound's frequency,
the lower the frequency of the loudspeaker tone gets. When both frequencies are identical the
resulting output frequency becomes zero, i.e. nothing is heard in the loudspeaker. If you
continue to turn the frequency control towards higher frequencies, a tone will again be heard
in the loudspeaker, however this time the frequency will increase as the tuned frequency
increases. By tuning the frequency control up and down it is possible to locate the frequency
resulting in a zero Hz output frequency (the tuned frequency then equals the frequency of the
ultrasound).
Note: The example above is only intended to illustrate the heterodyne principle. Constant
frequency sounds are very rare in practice, so in most cases you will only be able to get an
approximate measure of the signal frequency.
The frequency control of the D1000X changes the frequency in small steps, the size of which
differ depending on the frequency. When tuning while listening to a constant frequency signal
these steps are easily noticeable. The tuned frequency can be changed from 5 kHz to 235 kHz.
As an alternative to using the microphone real-time signal as input to the heterodyne system,
it is also possible to use a sound file from the CF card. In that case, you can listen to the
sounds over and over again through the heterodyne system, which can be helpful when
attempting to identify the bats in the field. To use the recorded sounds as input to the
heterodyne system, set the HET SOURCE switch to the MEM→HET position and start

16
playing the desired sound file. The signal is then replayed at its original speed and frequency
regardless of the time expansion factor (TE) setting.
Note: In order not to interfere with the continued streaming of samples to the CF card at high
sampling frequencies, the update and display of the tuned frequency and clock as well as the
update of the battery indicator is disabled while recording with the two highest sampling
frequencies, 750 and 768 kHz.
The frequency division system
Frequency division means that the frequency of the ultrasound is changed with a constant
factor of 10. A frequency of 40 kHz becomes 4 kHz, a frequency of 50 kHz becomes 5 kHz
etc. Using this system, any activity over the entire frequency range 10 – 200 kHz can be
constantly monitored. Furthermore, the shape of the transformed signal closely follows that of
the original signal, as shown in the figure below.
The frequency division is obtained by counting the number of “zero-crossings” made by the
original signal. An output signal with one zero-crossing for each ten zero-crossings of the
original signal is then generated. Normally, this gives an output signal with a frequency of one
tenth of the original frequency. However, if the original signal has a strong harmonic
component, extra zero-crossings will occur and the resulting output frequency will be higher
than that corresponding to the fundamental frequency (the system transforms the harmonic
frequency component, not the fundamental). This situation is relatively uncommon, except for
e.g. the Rhinolophus species. Nevertheless, it is important to remember that it occasionally
may occur.
The time expansion system
In a time expansion system, a sequence of the ultrasonic signal is captured and stored in a
digital memory after which it is replayed at a slower speed. That way the frequency becomes

17
lower and the ultrasound becomes audible. Since the signal is stretched out in time, it is also
possible to hear details in the sound, not audible with other ultrasound conversion systems.
In the D1000X the time expansion function is a part of the recording system described in the
next section.

18
The recording and playback system
General
The high-speed recording system of the D1000X can also be configured to act as a time
expansion system. High-speed playback is also possible with the D1000X. In addition to
recording the ultrasonic signal directly, recording from the heterodyne and frequency division
systems is also possible. This is done at a lower sampling rate (44.1 kHz) to save CF card
space. Spoken comments can be recorded using the detector’s microphone either in the
normal, full-speed recordings (using the MIC key) or at reduced sampling rate (32 kHz) as
special, commentary files (using the COM key). The choice of recording source is made by
pressing the desired recording key; MIC, COM, HET or FD. Only one signal can be recorded
at each time.
When a COM recording is made, the selected recording parameters (PRE and POST values)
are overridden and the recording is started by pressing the COM key and stopped by pressing
it a second time.
The recording parameters
The recording system is controlled by a number of parameters that can be changed in the
settings menu or by assigning the desired values in externally created profiles.
If the CF card in the D1000X has a file with external profiles, the user will be prompted at
power-on of the D1000X whether to use the external or internal set of profiles. If you confirm
the question “LOAD INI-FILE?” by pressing the ENTER key, the set of external profiles is
loaded into the D1000X from the CF card. To load the internal, default profiles instead, press
the UP or DOWN ARROW key to display the text “LOADING DEFAULTS” and confirm
this by pressing ENTER.
The recording parameters are:
Recording mode – MAN or AUTO
Sampling frequency (sampling rate)
Time expansion factor
Replay mode
Save mode
Pre/post trigger time
Trigger source
High-pass filter – ON or OFF
LED and LCD backlight intensity
To change the recording parameters of the current profile, press ENTER while the detector is
in its standard mode. To navigate between parameters, use the UP/DOWN ARROW keys.
Press the ENTER key to select a parameter, use the UP/DOWN arrow keys to change its
value and then press ENTER again to lock it in. When you are pleased with your recording
parameters, they should be saved by selecting SAVE at the bottom of the settings menu and
pressing ENTER.
In order to leave the settings menu without saving, press the ESC key.

19
Any changes made to existing profiles that are saved, will be kept in the detector until it is
turned off. If you wish to permanently save a certain profile, please use the method with
externally generated profiles instead. Please refer to the section about the D1000X Utility for
information on this.
• Recording mode
The recording mode is either manual (MAN) or automatic (AUTO). In the manual mode, the
user starts (and in some sub-modes also stops) the recordings by pressing the desired
recording key, usually the MIC key. In the automatic mode, the detector “listens” for signals
and starts a recording only in the presence of a signal that meets certain triggering criteria. In
the AUTO mode, the detector can be left unattended for automatic recording of bat calls.
More information on this is found in the section “The details of the triggering parameters”.
• Sampling frequency
The sampling frequency (or sampling rate), f
s
, determines the maximum signal frequency that
can be recorded. The theoretical upper signal frequency limit is half the sampling frequency.
In practice, the upper signal frequency limit is lower than that. The D1000X has an adaptive
anti-aliasing filter that allows aliasing-free sampling up to about 0.4 x f
s
. This filter is
automatically adapted according to the chosen sampling frequency and does not require any
action from the user.
A higher sampling frequency gives better sound quality at the expense of larger sound files,
so it is usually a good idea not to choose an unnecessarily high sampling frequency. The
following sampling frequencies are available in the D1000X:
32, 44.1, 48, 96, 100, 192, 200, 250, 300, 384, 400, 500, 750 and 768 kHz
Note: In order not to interfere with the continued streaming of samples to the CF card at high
sampling frequencies, the update and display of the tuned frequency and the clock as well as
the update of the battery indicator is disabled while recording with the two highest sampling
frequencies, 750 and 768 kHz.
• Time expansion factor
When replaying recorded sound files (either immediately after the recording was made – with
the Replay mode set to AUTO - or at a later time) the time expansion factor (TE) determines
how much longer the replay takes compared with the original signal. If the TE factor is set to
10, the replay will take 10 times longer than the original signal and the frequencies will be 10
times lower than they originally were. The TE factor only affects the D1000X playback, not
the resulting sound files.
Files recorded with the COM, HET or FD keys will obtain a TE factor of 1, regardless of the
TE value in the recording profile.

20
• Replay mode
The Replay mode can be set to manual (MAN) or automatic (AUTO). The latter means that
after each high-speed recording, the recorded signal is automatically replayed using the
current TE factor. That way the detector behaves like a time expansion detector. If the Replay
mode is set to MAN, no replay of the recorded signal is made. It is of course still possible to
manually replay a file recorded with these settings using the PLAY key.
• Save mode
The Save mode determines if and how sound files are saved and can be set to NO, AUTO or
PROMPT. If set to NO, the recording just made will not be permanently saved to a file. This
setting should typically only be used with the automatic replay mode (replay mode set to
AUTO). Then the detector is only used as a time expansion detector, without saving any files.
If the Save mode is set to AUTO, all recordings will be automatically saved.
If set to PROMPT, the user is prompted after each recording whether to save it or not. To save
a file, press ENTER as the text SAVE? appears on the display. To continue without saving the
last recording, press ENTER as the text ERASE? is shown. To toggle between SAVE? and
ERASE?, press the UP ARROW key or DOWN ARROW key.
When files are saved to the CF card, they are numbered sequentially. The prefix tells the type
of recording (M=MIC, C=COM, H=HET, F=FD). I.e. the first “MIC“ recording you make on
an empty CF card, will obtain the name M00001.wav.
• Pre/post trigger time
The triggering system determines when a recording is started and stopped. The parameters
that control the triggering system are the Recording mode (see above) and the Pre/post trigger
time. The selectable values for Pre/post trigger time depend on the chosen sampling rate.
The pre trigger time is the time that is recorded just before the triggering moment and the post
trigger time is the time recorded after the triggering moment. The actual pre and post trigger
time that is obtained may differ slightly from the value chosen in the D1000X settings.
More information on this is found in the section “The details of the triggering parameters”.
• Trigger source
The source of the level-activated triggering modes can be selected as