Rauckman Utility Products ZAPshield User guide

RUPWS3038A
© 2003 All Rights Reserved
www.rauckmanutility.com
Rauckman Utility Products, LLC
37 Ednick Drive
Swansea, Illinois 62226
Rauckman ZAPSHIELD™
Application Guide
Patent Pending
ZAPSHIELD Model W-1525G
TABLE of CONTENTS
Page
About Rauckman ZAPSHIELD ................................................................................ 2
Theory of Operation ................................................................................ 2
Product Design Objectives ................................................................................ 3
Electrical Tests ................................................................................ 4
Application ................................................................................ 7
Conclusion ................................................................................ 8

Theory of Operation
Effective Discharge Energy:
For a capacitive discharge to be effec-
tive, the discharged energy needs to be
above the perception point and below
the fatal point.
According to studies* performed, for a
human body resistance of 1000 ohms
a 1 second continuous 60-Hz current
of:
5 mA causes a tingling sensation.
10-20 mA would cause the beginning of
sustained muscular contraction.
100-300 mA causes ventricular fibrillation,
and can be fatal if continued over 1
second.
Let’s calculate the 1 Sec. energy for these:
Voltage = R x I = 1000 x I
Time = 1 Sec
Power = V x I
Energy = Watt per Sec = Joules
For 5 mA
Voltage = 5 V
Energy = .025 Joules
For 10 mA
Voltage = 10 V
Energy = 0.1 Joules
For 100 mA
Voltage = 100 V
Energy = 10 Joules
So would a 10 volt source be sufficient to
scare squirrels away? No not, quite.
A squirrel has lots of hair and a tough hide.
So the resistance of the squirrel would be
more likely 50,000 to 100,000 ohms.
Rauckman ZAPSHIELD Application Guide
RUPWS3038A
© 2003 All Rights Reserved
www.rauckmanutility.com
Rauckman Utility Products, LLC
37 Ednick Drive
Swansea, Illinois 62226
2
About Rauckman ZAPSHIELD
The ZAPSHIELD is an active animal barrier designed to be installed on live distribution and sub-
station bushings and insulators. While in the ever-present electric field of an energized circuit
the ZAPSHIELD builds and stores an
electric charge. Once touched by ani-
mals such as squirrels or snakes, the
ZAPSHIELD will dissipate its stored ener-
gy in the form of an electrostatic dis-
charge to scare the animals away.
Figure 1: ZAPSHIELD Model W-1525R
* Nave & Nave, Physics For the Health Sciences, 3rd Ed, W. B. Saunders, 1985

If we do the same calculations for 5 mA cur-
rent for higher resistance then we see:
Voltage = 50k x 5 mA = 250 Volts
Energy = 1.25 Joules
Voltage = 100k x 5 mA = 500 Volts
Energy = 2.5 Joules
So do we need that much voltage? YES.
Do we need that much energy? NO.
What we need is an initial Voltage high
enough (250 to 500 Volts) to overcome high
skin resistance, and then reduce the voltage
very quickly (Figure 2) so that after the skin
resistance breakdown it would not harm the
animal with high currents.
So the key is the duration of the applied volt-
age / current. To be effective, the discharge
voltage and current should be high but occur
for a very short time (i.e. µseconds).
Rauckman ZAPSHIELD Application Guide
RUPWS3038A
© 2003 All Rights Reserved
www.rauckmanutility.com
Rauckman Utility Products, LLC
37 Ednick Drive
Swansea, Illinois 62226
3
Figure 2: Effective Range of Voltage vs. Time for 50k to 100k Ohm Resistance
Product Design Objectives
The objectives were to design a product that:
1 - Delivers enough shock to scare the animals and conditions them to stay away from live
electrical equipment.
2 - Keeps the shock level below lethal point.
3 - Keep the energy discharge far below any level that would affect system protection and
coordination.

Electrical Tests
Purpose of Tests:
60-Hz capacitive discharge tests were
conducted to determine and verify the
working parameters of the Rauckman
ZAPSHIELD for use by electrical utilities in
substations and on distribution circuits.
To simulate working conditions and meas-
ure the voltage peaks and discharge cur-
rent values of the product.
ZAPSHIELD Models Tested/Applicable:
Model Description
W-1525R 10” Diameter, Red (tested)
W-1525G 10” Diameter, Gray
Testing Laboratory:
High voltage test lab at F. Gano Chance
Research Center in Centralia, Missouri, USA
(Figure 3).
Rauckman ZAPSHIELD Application Guide
RUPWS3038A
© 2003 All Rights Reserved
www.rauckmanutility.com
Rauckman Utility Products, LLC
37 Ednick Drive
Swansea, Illinois 62226
4
Figure 3: High Voltage Test Labs.
Figure 4: Test Setup with ZAPSHIELD Mounted
Between Skirts 3 and 4 (from top).
Position 1&2
Position 3&4
Position 5&6
TEST 1 - TRANSFORMER BUSHING
Test Setup / Procedure:
A 7.2 kV, 10 kVA single phase, pole mounted
transformer was secured on a 10-inch alu-
minum beam (Figure 4) and the tank of the
transformer was grounded. Tests were con-
ducted and data recorded with the
ZAPSHIELD mounted between bushing’s skirts
1 & 2, 3 & 4, and 5 & 6 (from top).

Voltage was applied to the primary bushing
of the transformer at 7.2 kV RMS L-G. The
current discharged from the edge of the
ZAPSHIELD was measured by using a hotstick
with a fitting wired to a 1000-ohm resistor.
The 1000-ohm resistor represented the ani-
mal’s body resistance.
Attached in series with this resistor was a
100-ohm measurement resistor connected to
ground (Figure 5).
The voltage drop across the 100-ohm resistor
was measured and from that discharge cur-
rent and voltage drop was calculated across
the 1000-ohm resistor.
ZAPSHIELD Test Data:
Figure 6 shows the voltage curve
graphs (oscilloscope screen captures)
for the ZAPSHIELD mounted at the 3
positions on the transformer’s insula-
tor. At the highest point (between 1-2
skirt position) the discharge is at 530
mA and 530 Volts at 1.028 µsec.
Rauckman ZAPSHIELD Application Guide
RUPWS3038A
© 2003 All Rights Reserved
www.rauckmanutility.com
Rauckman Utility Products, LLC
37 Ednick Drive
Swansea, Illinois 62226
5
Figure 6: ZAPSHIELD‘s Voltage
Curves for 3 Transformer Bushing Positions
Figure 5: Test Setup Schematic

TEST 2 - STATION POST INSULATOR
Test Setup / Procedure:
A LAPP post insulator (cat. # 315210-70)
was mounted on a 10-inch aluminum beam
(Figure 7). Tests were conducted and data
recorded with the ZAPSHIELD mounted under
the 1st and the 3rd (from top) major diameter
skirt of the insulator.
Test voltage of 19.9 kV RMS L-G was applied
to top of the insulator. The current discharged
from the edge of the ZAPSHIELD was meas-
ured similar to test performed on the trans-
former.
ZAPSHIELD Test Data:
Figure 8 shows the graphs of the
oscilloscope screen captures of the
voltage curves for the ZAPSHIELD
mounted under the 1st and 3rd (from
top) major diameter skirts of the insu-
lator. At the highest point (under 1st
skirt) the discharge is at 1 A and
1000 Volts at 1.128 µsec.
Rauckman ZAPSHIELD Application Guide
RUPWS3038A
© 2003 All Rights Reserved
www.rauckmanutility.com
Rauckman Utility Products, LLC
37 Ednick Drive
Swansea, Illinois 62226
6
Figure 7: ZAPSHIELD Mounted Under 1st Major
Diameter Skirt of a station post Insulator
Figure 8: Voltage Curves with ZAPSHIELD Mounted Under
1st & 3rd Major Diameter Skirts of the Insulator.

Application
Figures 9 and 10 show the voltage peak for
the ZAPSHIELD located on different positions
of the transformer bushing
and the station post insula-
tor.
Voltage peak generated is
directly affected by place-
ment of the ZAPSHIELD.
Based on the graphs, tables
1 and 2 show the recom-
mended placement of the
ZAPSHIELD for different kV
class equipment to create
effective voltages.
Rauckman ZAPSHIELD Application Guide
RUPWS3038A
© 2003 All Rights Reserved
www.rauckmanutility.com
Rauckman Utility Products, LLC
37 Ednick Drive
Swansea, Illinois 62226
7
Figure 9: Comparison of Skirt Position vs. Voltage Peak on the
ZAPSHIELD Mounted on the Transformer Bushing
Figure 10: Comparison of Major Skirt Position vs.
Voltage Peak on the ZAPSHIELD Mounted
on the Station Post Insulator
Table 1: Placement on Transformer Bushing
based on System Voltage
Table 2: Placement on Station
Post Insulator based on
System Voltage
Voltage Class >> 15 kV 27 kV 35 kV
L-G Voltage >> 7.2 kV 14.4 kV 19.9 kV
1&2 Skirt Position YES YES NO
2&3 Skirt Position YES YES YES
3&4 Skirt Position NO NO YES
Voltage Class >> 15 kV 27 kV 35 kV*
L-G Voltage >> 7.2 kV 14.4 kV 19.9 kV
Under 1st Major Skirt YES YES NO
Under 2nd Major Skirt YES YES NO
Under 3rd Major Skirt NO NO YES * For higher voltages consult factory.

Conclusion
As discussed earlier, for a capacitive dis-
charge to be effective, its discharged energy
should be above the perception point and
below the fatal point.
The Voltage and currents must be high
enough to overcome the initial high resist-
ance of the animal and must last only a frac-
tion of a second.
Looking at the Figure 11 curve for ZAPSHIELD
on 1-2 skirt position you would see:
Voltage = 530 Volts
Current = 530 mA
Time = 1.028 µSec
Watt = 530 x (530/1000) = 281
ZAPSHIELD Energy = 281 x (1.028 µsec)
= 0.000289 Joules
= 289 µJoules
ZAPSHIELD delivers the right amount of volt-
age and current in the very short time of
1.028 µsec that effectively scares the animal
away without harm. The ZAPSHIELD uses neg-
ative response conditioning to train the ani-
mal to stay away from energized utility equip-
ment.
Rauckman ZAPSHIELD Application Guide
RUPWS3038A
© 2003 All Rights Reserved
www.rauckmanutility.com
Rauckman Utility Products, LLC
37 Ednick Drive
Swansea, Illinois 62226
8
Figure 11: Discharge Energy of ZAPSHIELD on 1&2 Skirt Position of 7.2 kV Transformer