RTI Piranha User manual

Reference Manual - English - Version 5.5C
&
Piranha
QABrowser
RTI article number: 9629050-10

Welcome to Piranha
and the QABrowser
The Piranha is an X-ray Analyser/Multimeter for
everybody working with Quality Assurance and
Service of X-ray systems.

NOTICE
Palm, palmOne, and TUNGSTEN are trademarks of PalmOne, Inc.
HotSync and Graffiti are trademarks of ACCESS CO., LTD
Microsoft, Windows, Win32, Windows XP, 2003, Vista, 7, and 8 are either registered trademarks
or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.
BLUETOOTH is a trademark owned by Bluetooth SIG, Inc., USA.
Notice
RTI Electronics Inc.
33 Jacksonville Road, Bldg. 1,
Towaco, NJ 07082,
USA
Phone: [phone] (Toll free)
Int. [phone]
Fax: Int. [phone]
E-mail
Sales: [e-mail]
Support: [e-mail]
Service: [e-mail]
Web site: http://www.rti.se
Contact Information -
United States
RTI Electronics AB reserves all rights to make changes in the Piranha, the
QABrowser, and the information in this document without prior notice.
RTI Electronics AB assumes no responsibility for any errors or consequential
damages that may result from the use or misinterpretation of any information
contained in this document.
Copyright © 2001-2014 by RTI Electronics AB. All rights reserved.
Content of this document may not be reproduced for any other purpose than
supporting the use of the product without prior permission from RTI Electronics
AB.
RTI Electronics AB
Flöjelbergsgatan 8 C
SE-431 37 MÖLNDAL
Sweden
Phone: Int. [phone]
Fax: Int. [phone]
E-mail
Sales: [email protected]
Support: [email protected]
Service: [email protected]
Web site: http://www.rti.se
Contact Information -
World-Wide
Piranha & QABrowser Reference Manual
2014-06/5.5C
III

Intended Use of the Piranha System
Accessory to diagnostic X-ray equipment to be used as an electrometer. Together with external
probes it is to be used for independent service and quality control, as well as measurements of
kerma, kerma rate, kVp, tube current, exposure time, luminance, and illuminance within limitations
stated below.
If installed according to accompanying documents, the product is intended to be used together
with all diagnostic X-ray equipment except for:
- therapeutical X-ray sources.
- X-ray equipment with tube potential below 18 kV.
- X-ray equipment on which the instrument cannot be mounted properly, e.g. equipment where the
beam field size is narrower than the active part of the detector.
- specific types of X-ray equipment listed in the instructions for use or in additional information
from the manufacturer.
With the X-ray installation in stand-by conditions without patients present, the product is intended
to be used:
- to provide the operator with information on radiation beam parameters that might influence
further steps in an examination but not an ongoing exposure.
- for assessing the performance of the X-ray equipment.
- for evaluation of examination techniques and procedures.
- for service and maintenance measurements.
- for quality control measurements.
- for educational purposes, authority supervision etc.
The product is intended to be used by hospital physicists, X-ray engineers, manufacturer's service
teams, and other professionals with similar tasks and competencies. The operator needs a short
training to be able to use the product as intended. This training can be achieved either by careful
study of the manual, studies of the built-in help function in measurement software or, on request,
in a short course ordered from the manufacturer.
The product is intended to be used inside X-ray rooms ready for clinical use and can safely be left
switched on and in any measuring mode in the vicinity of patients.
The product is NOT intended to be used:
- for direct control of diagnostic X-ray equipment performance during irradiation of a patient.
- so that patients or other unqualified persons can change settings of operating parameters during
and immediately before and after measurements.
Piranha & QABrowser Reference Manual 2014-06/5.5C
Intended Use
IV

Piranha & QABrowser Reference Manual
2014-06/5.5C
Contents 1
Table of Contents
1. ................................................................................................. 5 Introduction
..................................................................................................... 51.1 About this Manual
..................................................................................................... 51.2 Introduction to the Piranha
..................................................................................................... 61.3 PC Requirements
..................................................................................................... 61.4 Palm OS Computer Requirements
2. ................................................................................................. 9 Description of the Piranha
..................................................................................................... 92.1 Indicators and Connectors
..................................................................................................... 122.2 Setting Up the Piranha for the First Time
..................................................................................................... 122.3 Setting Up the Piranha
..................................................................................................... 132.4 Hardware and Specifications
.............................................................................................................132.4.1 Piranha internal detector (Internal detector)
..........................................................................................................132.4.1.1 General ..........................................................................................................132.4.1.2 Power & Communication Specifications
..........................................................................................................142.4.1.3 Specifications, Piranha
..........................................................................................................212.4.1.4 Typical Response, Piranha
..........................................................................................................242.4.1.5 Angular Sensitivity, Piranha
.............................................................................................................262.4.2 Piranha External Probes
..................................................................................................... 292.5 Standards and Compliances
.............................................................................................................292.5.1 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)
.............................................................................................................302.5.2 Manufacturer's Declaration of Conformity
.............................................................................................................312.5.3 Intended Use
.............................................................................................................322.5.4 FCC Certification
..................................................................................................... 322.6 Maintenance
.............................................................................................................322.6.1 Updating the Piranha Firmware
.............................................................................................................352.6.2 Managing Detector Calibrations
3. ................................................................................................. 37 Description of the QABrowser
..................................................................................................... 373.1 Introduction to the QABrowser
..................................................................................................... 373.2 Starting the QABrowser
..................................................................................................... 383.3 Real-time Display and Waveforms
.............................................................................................................383.3.1 Using the Real-Time Display
.............................................................................................................423.3.2 Waveforms - Acquiring and Viewing
.............................................................................................................433.3.3 Measurement Settings
..........................................................................................................453.3.3.1 Settings - Conditions
..........................................................................................................483.3.3.2 Settings - Piranha
..........................................................................................................503.3.3.3 Settings - Internal detector
..........................................................................................................523.3.3.4 Settings - Other Detectors
..................................................................................................... 523.4 QABrowser Applications
.............................................................................................................533.4.1 The Accuracy Application (single-parameter)
.............................................................................................................553.4.2 The Accuracy Application (multi-parameter)
..................................................................................................... 573.5 Data Logging
..................................................................................................... 593.6 Favourites
.............................................................................................................603.6.1 Getting Started with Favourites

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.............................................................................................................633.6.2 Start here!
..................................................................................................... 633.7 QABrowser Setup
.............................................................................................................643.7.1 Regulations Setup
.............................................................................................................643.7.2 Units Setup
.............................................................................................................653.7.3 Log Setup .............................................................................................................653.7.4 Preferences Setup
.............................................................................................................663.7.5 Detector Information
.............................................................................................................663.7.6 System Info
.............................................................................................................663.7.7 System Test
..................................................................................................... 673.8 Battery & Power Status
..................................................................................................... 683.9 Indicators and Symbols
..................................................................................................... 703.10 Installation of Palm OS Handheld Computers
.............................................................................................................703.10.1 Updating QABrowser on the handheld
.............................................................................................................723.10.2 Uninstalling the QABrowser
4. ................................................................................................. 74 Measurement Principles & Theory
..................................................................................................... 744.1 Overview of Capability for Measurement Modes
..................................................................................................... 744.2 Measurement Type Settings
..................................................................................................... 754.3 Update Modes
.............................................................................................................764.3.1 Using Timed Update Mode
.............................................................................................................774.3.2 Using Free Run Update Mode
..................................................................................................... 784.4 Display Messages and Active Messages
.............................................................................................................784.4.1 Active Messages
.............................................................................................................804.4.2 Display Messages
..................................................................................................... 824.5 Waveforms and Triggers
..................................................................................................... 834.6 Measurement Principle for the Piranha
..................................................................................................... 834.7 HVL & Total Filtration
..................................................................................................... 854.8 Linearity
..................................................................................................... 864.9 Reproducibility
5. ................................................................................................. 88 Measurements with the Piranha System
..................................................................................................... 885.1 Introduction
..................................................................................................... 895.2 Radiography
.............................................................................................................915.2.1 kVp, Time, Dose, and Dose Rate
.............................................................................................................945.2.2 Dose Measurements with Piranha Dose Probe
.............................................................................................................955.2.3 HVL Application
..........................................................................................................965.2.3.1 Introduction 2
..........................................................................................................975.2.3.2 kVp, Time, Dose, and Dose Rate 2
.............................................................................................................995.2.4 Quick-HVL and Total Filtration
..................................................................................................... 1015.3 Cine/Pulsed Radiography
.............................................................................................................1025.3.1 kVp, Time, Dose, and Dose Rate
.............................................................................................................1025.3.2 Pulse Measurements with Piranha Dose Probe
.............................................................................................................1035.3.3 HVL, Quick-HVL, and Total Filtration
..................................................................................................... 1035.4 Fluoroscopy and Pulsed Fluoroscopy
.............................................................................................................1045.4.1 Image Intensifier Input Dose Rate
.............................................................................................................1065.4.2 kVp and Dose Rate
.............................................................................................................1085.4.3 HVL, Total Filtration, and Quick-HVL
.............................................................................................................1105.4.4 Pulsed Fluoroscopy
..................................................................................................... 1135.5 Mammography

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.............................................................................................................1135.5.1 General .............................................................................................................1145.5.2 Setting Up the Piranha for Mammography
.............................................................................................................1155.5.3 kVp, Time, and Dose Measurements with the Internal detector
.............................................................................................................1175.5.4 Dose Measurements with the Piranha Dose Probe
.............................................................................................................1185.5.5 HVL Application
.............................................................................................................1195.5.6 Quick-HVL
.............................................................................................................1195.5.7 Mammo Compensations and Corrections
..........................................................................................................1205.5.7.1 Corrections for the Compression Paddle
..........................................................................................................1205.5.7.2 Normalization
..........................................................................................................1225.5.7.3 Beam Correction Factor
..........................................................................................................1225.5.7.4 Corrections for Angular Sensitivity
.............................................................................................................1235.5.8 Average Glandular Dose, AGD (MGD)
.............................................................................................................1245.5.9 Mammographic Pre-pulses
.............................................................................................................1245.5.10 Scanning Beam Mammography
..................................................................................................... 1255.6 Dental and Panoramic Dental
.............................................................................................................1285.6.1 kVp, Time, Dose, and Dose Rate
.............................................................................................................1305.6.2 Waveforms
.............................................................................................................1315.6.3 Panoramic Systems
.............................................................................................................1335.6.4 HVL, Total Filtration, and Quick-HVL
..................................................................................................... 1345.7 CT
.............................................................................................................1345.7.1 CT kVp .............................................................................................................1365.7.2 Parameters for CT Scanner Models
.............................................................................................................1375.7.3 Quick-HVL and Total Filtration
..................................................................................................... 1375.8 Tube Current Probes
.............................................................................................................1385.8.1 MAS-1, Invasive mAs Probe
.............................................................................................................1415.8.2 MAS-2, Non-invasive mAs Probe
..................................................................................................... 1435.9 Light Measurement
.............................................................................................................1435.9.1 Luminance - Monitor/Viewbox (cd/m²)
.............................................................................................................1455.9.2 Illuminance - Ambient Light (lx)
6. ................................................................................................. 148 Optional Accessories
..................................................................................................... 1486.1 Holder & HVL Stand
..................................................................................................... 1486.2 Piranha Panoramic Holder
7. ................................................................................................. 152 Problems and Solutions
..................................................................................................... 1527.1 Troubleshooting
..................................................................................................... 1547.2 Bluetooth
.............................................................................................................1547.2.1 Bluetooth Passkey
.............................................................................................................1567.2.2 Enable Bluetooth Passkey
..................................................................................................... 1567.3 How To Report a Problem
8. ................................................................................................. 158 Glossary
..................................................................................................... 169
Index

Introduction
Chapter 1

1. Introduction
About this Manual
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Piranha & QABrowser Reference Manual
1 Introduction
About this Manual1.1
This manual is divided into a few main parts.
1. A general description of the Piranha.
2. A general description of the QABrowser.
3. Some theoretical background and basic principles.
4. Descriptions on performing measurements with the system for different modalities.
5. Description of different accessories for the Piranha.
6. Troubleshooting tips, an FAQ, and a glossary.
Users who use the Piranha with only a PC and Ocean are recommended to read at
least the following topics:
Introduction
Description of the Piranha
Measurements with the Piranha System
This manual gives a short introduction to handheld computers and enough of
information to get started and use it with the Piranha. However, it is advised (if you are
going to use a handheld computer) to study the manual that is included with your
handheld computer to get familiar with its capabilities.
Pictures in included manuals for detectors and probes may include an ADI module (a
small module with a connector attached to the detector cable). ADI modules are used to
store calibration data and used by other products than the Piranha from RTI Electronics.
For the Piranha system, calibration data is instead stored inside the system. See
section Managing Detector Calibrations for more information.
The handheld computer is sometimes called "Palm" or "Palm computer" in this manual,
this is referring to all types of handheld computers running Palm OS or Windows Mobile
that currently are possible to use with the Piranha and the QABrowser.
Typographical Rules
Terms in bold face are references to texts on screenshots, like buttons and texts, and
menu items. Other terms are italicized.
Introduction to the Piranha1.2
Congratulations to your purchase of a Piranha. You have now in your hand the most
powerful tool for X-ray analysis. It has been carefully designed to meet the needs of
both standard QA applications as well as advanced service/repair/calibration of modern
X-ray systems, while still being very simple and intuitive to use. It can measure all the
required parameters such as kVp, exposure time, dose, HVL, Total Filtration, dose/
pulse, dose rate, tube current, mAs, waveforms, and much more.
The Piranha can be used in two different ways:
As a "meter" with a handheld computer and the QABrowser or a PC with Ocean
Quick-Check.
As a complete "QA-system" with a PC and the Ocean software.
35

1. Introduction
Introduction to the Piranha
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This manual describes the Piranha and the QABrowser. The PC software, Ocean, is
described in a separate manual.
The Piranha system's main features are:
Very easy and intuitive to use
Accurate
Active Compensation - No manual corrections are needed
Measures on all modalities with one detector
Specially designed measuring modes for pulsed waveforms
Compact
QABrowser or Ocean is used for control and data processing
Waveform analyser
USB and Bluetooth interface
Free upgrade of firmware
New and unique design
Free upgrades of the firmware (the software resident in the cabinet and measuring
modules) are available on RTI Electronics Web site at http://www.rti.se.
If you have questions, comments, or feel that some functionality is missing, you are
welcome to contact us at RTI Electronics at sale[email protected]. You can of course also call or
send a fax (see notice section for details).
PC Requirements1.3
To run the RTI Updater, the QABrowser Updater, and Ocean the following is required:
Minimum requirements
Windows XP, 2003, Vista, 7/8 32-bit, or 7/8 64-bit.
Pentium class 300 MHz, 64 MB RAM (24 MB free), 60 MB of HD 1
USB port
Display and graphics card with at least 800×600 resolution
Recommended requirements
Windows 7/8 32-bit or 8 64-bit
Pentium class 500 MHz, 128 MB RAM (32 MB free), 100 MB HD
USB port
CD/DVD-ROM for installation
Internet connection for updates (Recommended)
1: Virtual memory and available hard drive space. Microsoft recommends that you have at least 20 % of your
total HD space free for virtual memory.
Palm OS Computer Requirements1.4
To run the QABrowser the following is required:
Minimum requirements
PalmOS v5.0 or higher
16 MB of memory
Colour screen with a resolution of 320×320 pixels
Palm connection: Bluetooth wireless
Recommended requirements

1. Introduction
Palm OS Computer Requirements
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Piranha & QABrowser Reference Manual
RTI Handheld Display or Palm Tungsten E2/TX
Bluetooth wireless.

Description of the Piranha
Chapter 2

2. Description of the Piranha
Indicators and Connectors
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Piranha & QABrowser Reference Manual
2 Description of the Piranha
Indicators and Connectors2.1
The Piranha comes in a lot of different models, the external design is basically the same
for all models (except for the External Probe port).
Edge: External Probe port (on
some Piranha models)
Detector area
The rectangular marking indicates where the active
detector area is located. The detector surface is
located 10 mm below the surface, see section
Specifications, Piranha . Minimum X-ray field is
3×21 mm.
The recommended field size is shown as red
corners. (20×40 mm).
Power switch (on edge)
Turns the Piranha on and off
Indicators for charging, status, and Bluetooth
USB Palm charger
port output (not used)
The USB port is used when using RTI Updater to update the internal firmware. It can
also be used when the Piranha is used together with a PC running the QA software
Ocean. Note that the USB connector cannot be used when connecting to a handheld
computer. The system is then powered from the PC via the USB cable. The PC
however have a limited USB power output, so when fast charging is needed the power
supply needs to be connected here. This is also possible when using the Bluetooth link
to communicate with the Palm or PC. The port is marked USB.
14

2. Description of the Piranha
Indicators and Connectors
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The orange indicator
for Charging of
batteries is lit when
charging is active.
Note that charging is
possible even when the
power switch is off.
The blue indicator for
Bluetooth is lit when the
Bluetooth interface is active
and discoverable.
The multi-coloured indicator for Status
shows the status of the system, e.g.
battery level as described below. Also
works as Power indicator, one of the
colours will light when the Piranha is on.
Battery level
The status indicator is used to show the battery level of the Piranha.
1. Starting a system running on batteries the status indicates for 3 seconds:
- Green if battery level over 25 % (4 h left)
- Yellow if battery level between 10 and 25 % (1½-4 h left)
- Red if battery level below 10 % (<1½ h left).
The idea is to get a quick indication when powering on the system if it will take me
through today's work.
2. When running on batteries the status indicator shows:
Status colour
Running time left
Green
>2 hours
Yellow
>1 hours
Red
>15 minutes
Flashing red
<15 minutes
You may also check the battery level in the QABrowser, see section Power
Status . For Ocean on the PC, please see the Ocean manual.
See section Power & Communication Specifications for more information about
battery charging and discharging times.
External Probe port and Opening
for filter position viewing
Here you attach the external probes that come with some models of the Piranha. The
port is marked EXT. Not all models have this port.
67
13

2. Description of the Piranha
Indicators and Connectors
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Piranha & QABrowser Reference Manual
The small square opening above may be used for monitoring the filter position inside
the Piranha.
Power switch
Turns the Piranha
on and off (Marked
1/0)
Product marking
Indicates the model of you
Piranha, as well as the
version, serial number, and
applicable conformity
markings.
Camera thread for mounting
the Piranha to a holder.
Attachment for Safety strap
The Power switch is used to turn the Piranha on and off. Piranha has several ways of
saving power when it is inactive, but must be powered off manually since there is no
auto-power off function.
Below a block diagram of a typical Piranha system is shown.

2. Description of the Piranha
Indicators and Connectors
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Setting Up the Piranha for the First Time2.2
Before you use your Piranha for the first time, please do the following:
Attach the external power supply.
Charge the system for 16 hours.
Then continue according to the following section.
Setting Up the Piranha2.3
To set up the Piranha:
1. Power on the Piranha using the power switch. Optionally you may connect the power
supply.
2. Place the Piranha under the tube or mount the holder and HVL stand for positioning
of the Piranha in the X-ray field. The stand allows you to position the Piranha (or the
external Dose Probe) and HVL filters in any angle including upside-down. Use the
light-field or other help to position the Piranha in the X-ray field. The Piranha detector
is not sensitive for different field sizes as long as the entire sensitive detector area is
irradiated, but try to keep the field size down to minimize scattering.
It is also recommended to position the Piranha in such a way that the
detector area is orientated perpendicular to the anode/cathode axis, to
avoid the heel effect.
Recommended field size is 20×40 mm.
3. Connect with Handheld via Bluetooth, or with Ocean via included USB cable or via
Bluetooth.

2. Description of the Piranha
Hardware and Specifications
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Piranha & QABrowser Reference Manual
Hardware and Specifications2.4
Specifications are valid after a warm-up time of one minute and presuming reference
conditions. All specifications are for use together with the Piranha unless otherwise
stated. All specifications can be changed without prior notice. RTI Electronics AB
assumes no responsibility for any errors or consequential damages that may result from
the misuse or misinterpretation of any information contained in these specifications.
2.4.1 Piranha internal detector (Internal detector)
2.4.1.1 General
With the Piranha internal detector you will manage most of your measurements. Tube
voltage, exposure time, dose, and dose rate are measured for all kinds of modalities:
conventional radiography, fluoroscopy, pulsed fluoroscopy, cine, mammography, dental,
panoramic dental, and CT (kVp only, not dose and doserate). In one exposure, the
detector provides tube voltage, time, dose, dose rate, quick-HVL, and estimated total
filtration on radiographic, fluoroscopic, dental, and CT exposures. On pulsed radiation
and cine, also dose per pulse and pulse rate are measured. The Piranha internal
detector is very sensitive and can measure peak tube voltage for as low outputs as
50 kV / 0.050 mA at 50 cm.
Typically the exposure time has to be at least 5 ms to get a kVp value but it depends on
the waveform. On modern X-ray generators (high-frequency with fast rise and fall times)
the peak tube voltage can normally be measured with exposure time as short as 1 ms.
Dose and time values will be given for even shorter exposure times.
The estimations of total filtration and Quick-HVL are done from one single exposure
using a combination of detector and filters in the Piranha. In situations when the total
filtration cannot be automatically estimated, a "standard" HVL measurement may be
required. All measured kVp and dose values measured with the Piranha are
automatically compensated for the actual beam/radiation quality. This means that no
manual corrections of measured data is needed.
The range indicator can be viewed behind a
little lid, that can be pushed to the side. Make
sure to close it afterwards, to avoid light
leaking into the detector.
2.4.1.2 Power & Communication Specifications
Power Source

2. Description of the Piranha
Hardware and Specifications
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Power supply
5 V AC/DC adapter with Mini-USB connector, internal battery, or
USB cable supply from PC.
Battery operated
One 2000 mAh Li-Ion battery. Operation time typically 15 hours.
Typical charging times are listed below.
External power
100-240 V AC 50/60 Hz with external adapter.
Power output
On connector marked "5V OUT" for supply/charging of Palm.
Only functional when AC/DC adapter is connected to USB port.
Typical Battery Charging and Running Times
Capacity
Running
time
Charging time
Using Power supply
USB, Piranha ON
USB, Piranha OFF
50 %
7½ h
1½ h (90 min)
3½ h
17 h
80 %
12 h
2½ h (150 min)
6 h
27 h
90 %
13½ h
3¼ h (195 min)
7 h
30 h
100 %
15 h
5 h (300 min)
8½ h
32 h
Note that other mains power solutions that uses a regular USB cable to connect to the
Piranha, will behave like USB in the table.
Communication
USB
Max 12 Mbit/s (USB v1.1)
Bluetooth
115 kbit/s
2.4.1.3 Specifications, Piranha
The inaccuracy is here defined as the root of the square sum of systematic errors,
which has not been eliminated, and random errors (dispersion around a mean value).
The calculation of the inaccuracy is based on 15 different measurements and with a
confidence level of 95 %. Of the total inaccuracy, random error is 20 % and general
inaccuracy is 80 %.
Note: Irradiation time is often called exposure time in daily use.
General
Operating temperature and
relative humidity
15 – 35 °C
at <80 % relative humidity
Storage temperature
–10 °C to +50 °C
Operating air pressure
Minimum 80 – 106 kPa

2. Description of the Piranha
Hardware and Specifications
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Piranha & QABrowser Reference Manual
Reference conditions
Temperature
+18 °C to +23 °C
Relative humidity
50 %
Air pressure
101.3 kPa
X-ray field size
Inside the Piranha top panel.
Calibration is done with field size typically 5 mm less than the size of the
top panel.
Radiation quality
Radiography
Mammography
CT
70 kV, 2.5 mm Al
28 kV, 30 µm Mo
120 kV, 2.5 mm Al
Note: The reference conditions are given in reference to the IEC61674 standard.
Physical dimensions
Detector area
3 × 21.1 mm
Detector position
10 mm below top panel, as indicated in figure below and by a 3 mm rim
on 3 edges.
Size
133 × 75 × 26 mm (5.2" × 2.9" × 1.02")
Weight
Approximately 405 g

2. Description of the Piranha
Hardware and Specifications
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Parameters
Tube voltage (kVp)
The average of all samples with compensation for the ripple
(default method)
Time
Irradiation time (Exposure time)
Air kerma (Dose)
Measured air kerma (may be called dose or air kerma in this
manual)
Air kerma rate (Dose rate)
Average air kerma rate (may be called dose rate or air kerma rate
in this manual)
Total Filtration
Estimation of total filtration (for conventional radiography,
fluoroscopy, dental, and CT)
Quick-HVL
Estimation of Half Value Layer (for conventional radiography,
fluoroscopy, dental, mammography, and CT)
Half Value Layer
Standard HVL using filters for evaluation on radiography,
fluoroscopy, dental, and mammography (all for both pulsed and
conventional)
kV waveform
Waveform is calculated based on detector signals measured after
different thickness of filtration.
Dose rate waveform
Signal measured from radiation detector (solid-state detector).
Measuring range and inaccuracy
Radiography, Fluoroscopy, and Dental
Parameter
RQ
Range
Inaccuracy
Resolution
kVp (standard)
W / 3 mm Al
R1
35 – 160 kV
±1.5 %
4 digits
(10 or 100 V)
kVp dental
W / 3 mm Al
R1
35 – 105 kV
±1.5 %
As above
Irradiation time
0.1 ms – 2000 s
1 – 65535 pulses
±1 % or ±0.5 ms
±1 pulse
0.5 ms
1 pulse
Air kerma (Dose) 2
with wide range option
(WR)
0.7 µGy – 1000 Gy
15 nGy – 1000 Gy
(2 µR – 100 kR)
±5 %
–
Air kerma rate 2
(Dose rate)
with wide range option
(WR)
10 µGy/s – 450 mGy/s 3
15 nGy/s – 450 mGy/s 3
1.7 µR/s – 50 R/s
0.1 mR/min – 3000 R/min
±5 % or ±7 nGy/s
±5 % or ±0.8 µR/s
±5 % or ±0.05 mR/min
(for Irr. time >20 ms)
Typ. noise:
3 nGy/s
-Free run
-High Sensitivity
-Low Sensitivity
15 nGy/s – 12 mGy/s 2
150 nGy/s – 12 mGy/s 2
25 µGy/s – 450 mGy/s 2
±5 % or ±7 nGy/s
±5 % or ±7 nGy/s
±5 % or ±0.1 µGy/s
Typ. noise:
3 nGy/s
Estimated total
filtration
1.0 – 90 mm Al
(full kV range)
±10 % or ±0.3 mm
±15 % >50 mm Al
(60 – 120 kV, HF/DC,
>10 µGy/s)
2 digits
(0.1 or 1 mm)
Quick-HVL
1.2 – 14 mm Al 4
(50 – 150 kV)
±10 % or ±0.2 mm
(60 – 120 kV, HF/DC,
>10 µGy/s) 1
3 digits
(0.01 or 0.1 mm)