RTS HS Series User manual

TECHNICAL
MANUAL
This manual should remain with the unit.
RTS Automatic Transfer Switch
A new standard of reliability

The manufacturer cannot anticipate every possible circumstance
that might involve a hazard. The warnings in this manual, and on
tags and decals affixed to the unit are, therefore, not all-inclusive. If
using a procedure, work method or operating technique the manu-
facturer does not specifically recommend, ensure that it is safe for
others. Also make sure the procedure, work method or operating
technique chosen does not render the transfer switch unsafe.
Throughout this publication, and on tags and decals affixed to the
generator, DANGER, WARNING, CAUTION and NOTE blocks are
used to alert personnel to special instructions about a particular
operation that may be hazardous if performed incorrectly or care-
lessly. Observe them carefully. Their definitions are as follows:
DANGER
After this heading, read instructions that, if not
strictly complied with, will result in serious
personal injury, including death.
After this heading, read instructions that, if not
strictly complied with, could result in serious
personal injury, including death.
After this heading, read instructions that, if not
strictly complied with, might result in minor or
moderate injury.
NOTE:
After this heading, read instructions that, if not strictly complied
with, may result in damage to equipment and/or property.
These safety warnings cannot eliminate the hazards that they
indicate. Common sense and strict compliance with the special
instructions while performing the service are essential to prevent-
ing accidents.
Four commonly used safety symbols accompany the DANGER,
WARNING and CAUTION blocks. The type of information each
indicates follows:
This symbol points out important safety informa-
tion that, if not followed, could endanger per-
sonal safety and/or property.
This symbol points out potential explosion
hazard.
This symbol points out potential fire hazard.
This symbol points out potential electrical shock
hazard.
GENERAL HAZARDS 
Any AC generator that is used for backup power if a NORMAL• (UTILITY) power source failure occurs, must be isolated from
the NORMAL (UTILITY) power source by means of an approved
transfer switch. Failure to properly isolate the NORMAL and
STANDBY power sources from each other may result in injury
or death to electric utility workers, due to backfeed of electrical
energy.
Improper or unauthorized installation, operation, service or• repair of the equipment is extremely dangerous and may result
in death, serious personal injury, or damage to equipment and/
or personal property.
Extremelyhighanddangerouspowervoltagesarepresentinside• an installed transfer switch. Any contact with high voltage ter-
minals, contacts or wires will result in extremely hazardous,
and possibly LETHAL, electric shock. DO NOT WORK ON THE
TRANSFER SWITCH UNTIL ALL POWER VOLTAGE SUPPLIES
TO THE SWITCH HAVE BEEN POSITIVELY TURNED OFF.
Only competent, qualified personnel should install, operate• and service this equipment. Adhere strictly to local, state
and national electrical and building codes. When using this
equipment, comply with regulations the National Electrical
Code (NEC), CSA Standard; C22.1 Canadian Electric Code and
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) have
established.
IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS
SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS - This manual contains important instructions that should be followed
during installation and maintenance of the generator and batteries.
SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS! Read the following information carefully before attempting to install,
operate or service this equipment. Also read the instructions and information on tags, decals, and
labels that may be affixed to the transfer switch. Replace any decal or label that is no longer legible.
DANGER! Connection of a generator to an electrical system normally supplied by an electric utility
shall be by means of suitable transfer equipment so as to isolate the electric system from utility
distribution system when the generator is operating (Article 701 Legally Required Standby Systems
or Article 702 Optional Standby Systems, as applicable). Failure to isolate electric system by these
means may result in damage to generator and may result in injury or death to utility workers due to
backfeed of electrical energy.







Table of Contents
1
Safety Rules .................................................Inside Front Cover
Section 1 — General Information............................................2
1.1 Introduction................................................................................2
1.2 Equipment Description................................................................2
1.2.1 Transfer Switch Mechanism..............................................2
1.2.2 Utility Service Disconnect Circuit Breaker..........................2
1.3 Transfer Switch Data Decal.........................................................2
1.4 Transfer Switch Enclosure...........................................................3
1.5 Safe Use Of Transfer Switch........................................................3
Section 2 — Installation..........................................................3
2.1 Introduction to Installation...........................................................3
2.2 Unpacking..................................................................................3
2.3 Mounting....................................................................................3
2.4 Connecting Power Source and Load Lines..................................3
2.5 Connecting Start Circuit Wires....................................................4
Section 3 — Operation............................................................4
3.1 Functional Tests and Adjustments...............................................4
3.2 Manual Operation........................................................................4
3.2.1 Close to Utility Source Side...............................................5
3.2.2 Close to Generator Source Side........................................5
3.2.3 Return to Utility Source Side.............................................5
3.3 Voltage Checks...........................................................................5
3.4 Generator Tests Under Load........................................................6
Section 4 – Notes ....................................................................7
Section 5 – Installation Diagram...........................................10
Section 6 – Electrical Data....................................................14
Section 7 – Exploded Views & Parts Lists.............................17
Section 8 – Warranty...............................................Back Cover
Never handle any kind of electrical device while standing• in water, while barefoot, or while hands or feet are wet.
DANGEROUS ELECTRICAL SHOCK MAY RESULT.
Jewelry conducts electricity and wearing it may cause dan-• gerous electrical shock. Remove all jewelry (such as rings,
watches, bracelets, etc.) before working on this equipment.
If work must be done on this equipment while standing on metal• or concrete, place insulative mats over a dry wood platform.
Work on this equipment only while standing on such insulative
mats.
Never work on this equipment while physically or mentally• fatigued.
Keep the transfer switch enclosure door closed and bolted at all• times. Only qualified personnel should be permitted access to
the switch interior.
In case of an accident caused by electric shock, immediately• shut down the source of electrical power. If this is not possible,
attempt to free the victim from the live conductor but AVOID
DIRECT CONTACT WITH THE VICTIM. Use a nonconducting
implement, such as a dry rope or board, to free the victim from
the live conductor. If the victim is unconscious, apply first aid
and get immediate medical help.
When an automatic transfer switch is installed for a standby• generator set, the generator engine may crank and start at
any time without warning. To avoid possible injury that might
be caused by such sudden start-ups, the system’s automatic
start circuit must be disabled before working on or around
the generator or transfer switch. For that purpose, a SAFETY
DISCONNECT is provided inside the transfer switch. Always
set that switch to its OFF position before working on the equip-
ment. Then place a “DO NOT OPERATE” tag on the transfer
switch and on the generator. Remove the Negative (Neg) or (–)
battery cable.
For authorized service,
reference the dealer locator
number found in the generator
owner’s manual.

2
Section 1 — General Information
RTS “HS” Type Transfer Switch
1.1 INTRODUCTION
This manual has been prepared especially for the purpose of famil-
iarizing personnel with the design, application, installation, opera-
tion and servicing of the applicable equipment. Read the manual
carefully and comply with all instructions. This will help to prevent
accidents or damage to equipment that might otherwise be caused
by carelessness, incorrect application, or improper procedures.
Every effort has been expended to make sure that the contents
of this manual are both accurate and current. The manufacturer,
however, reserves the right to change, alter or otherwise improve
the product at any time without prior notice.
1.2 EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION
The automatic transfer switch is used for transferring electrical
load from a UTILITY (NORMAL) power source to an GENERATOR
(STANDBY) power source. Such a transfer of electrical loads
occurs automatically when the UTILITY power source has failed or
is substantially reduced and the GENERATOR source voltage and
frequency have reached an acceptable level. The transfer switch
prevents electrical feedback between two different power sources
(such as the UTILITY and GENERATOR sources) and, for that rea-
son, codes require it in all standby electric system installations.
The transfer switch consists of a transfer mechanism, UTILITY
SERVICE DISCONNECT circuit breaker, a relay control, fuses, and
a terminal strip for connection of sensing wires.
This transfer switch is suitable for use as service equipment.
1.2.1 TRANSFER SWITCH MECHANISM
These switches (Figure 1.1) are used with a single-phase system,
when the single-phase NEUTRAL line is to be connected to a
Neutral Lug and is not to be switched.
Solderless, screw-type terminal lugs are standard.
Switch Wire Conductor Tightening
Rating Range Torque
100A #14-1/0 AWG 50 in-lbs.
200A #6-250 MCM 275 in-lbs.
This transfer switch is suitable for control of motors, electric dis-
charge lamps, tungsten filament and electric heating equipment
where the sum of motor full load ampere ratings and the ampere
ratings of other loads do not exceed the ampere rating of the
switch and the tungsten load does not exceed 30 percent of the
switch rating.
This UL listed transfer switch is for use in optional standby sys-
tems only.
This transfer switch is suitable for use on a circuit capable of
10,000 (100A) symmetrical amperes, 240 VAC maximum.
Figure 1.1 — Typical ATS Transfer Mechanism
UTILITY
CLOSING
COIL
GENERATOR
CLOSING
COIL
UTILITY LUGS
GENERATOR
LUGS (E1 & E2)
LOAD LUGS (T1 & T2)
1.2.2 UTILITY SERVICE DISCONNECT CIRCUITBREAKER
The utility service and generator disconnect circuit breakers for the
100 amp models are:
Siemens, Type BQ, 2-pole• 120/240VAC, 100A• 50/60 Hertz• Heating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (HACR) rated• Wire range: #1 - #8 AWG.• The conductor tightening torque is 50 in-lbs.•
The utility service circuit breaker for the 200 amp models are:
Siemens, Type ON, 2-pole• 120/240VAC, 200A• 50/60 Hertz• Wire range: 300 MCM - 1 STR (Line), 250 MCM - 6 STR• (Load - ATS)
The conductor tightening torque is 250 in-lbs. (Line), 275 in-• lbs. (Load - ATS)
1.3 TRANSFER SWITCH DATA
DECAL
A DATA DECAL is permanently affixed to the transfer switch enclo-
sure. Use this transfer switch only with the specific limits shown
on the DATA DECAL and on other decals and labels that may be
affixed to the switch. This will prevent damage to equipment and
property.
When requesting information or ordering parts for this equipment,
make sure to include all information from the DATA DECAL.

3
Record the Model and Serial numbers in the space provided below
for future reference.
MODEL #
SERIAL #
1.4 TRANSFER SWITCH
ENCLOSURE
The standard switch enclosure is a UL listed type 3R. UL type 3R
enclosures primarily provide a degree of protection against falling
rain and sleet and is undamaged by the formation of ice on the
enclosure.
1.5 SAFE USE OF TRANSFER
SWITCH
Before installing, operating or servicing this equipment, read the
SAFETY RULES (inside front cover) carefully. Comply strictly
with all SAFETY RULES to prevent accidents and/or damage to
the equipment. The manufacturer recommends that a copy of the
SAFETY RULES are posted near the transfer switch. Also, be sure
to read all instructions and information found on tags, labels and
decals affixed to the equipment.
Three publications that outline the safe use of transfer switches
are the following:
NFPA 70; National Electrical Code• NFPA 70E; Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace• UL 1008, STANDARD FOR SAFETY-AUTOMATIC TRANSFER• SWITCHES NOTE:
It is essential to use the latest version of any standard to ensure
correct and current information.
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO
INSTALLATION
This equipment has been wired and tested at the factory. Installing
the switch includes the following procedures:
Mounting the enclosure.• Connecting power source leads and load leads.• Connecting the generator sensing and transfer relay circuits.• Connecting any auxiliary contact (if needed)• Testing functions.•
2.2 UNPACKING
Carefully unpack the transfer switch. Inspect closely for any dam-
age that might have occurred during shipment. The purchaser must
file with the carrier any claims for loss or damage incurred while in
transit.
Check that all packing material is completely removed from the
switch prior to installation.
2.3 MOUNTING
Mounting dimensions for the transfer switch enclosure are in this
manual. Enclosures are typically wall-mounted. See “Installation
Diagram”.
Handle transfer switches carefully when install-
ing. Do not drop the switch. Protect the switch
against impact at all times, and against con-
struction grit and metal chips. Never install a
transfer switch that has been damaged.
This transfer switch is mounted in a UL type 3R enclosure. It can
be mounted outside or inside and should be based on the layout
of installation, convenience and proximity to the utility supply and
load center.
Install the transfer switch as close as possible to the electrical
loads that are to be connected to it. Mount the switch vertically to
a rigid supporting structure. To prevent switch distortion, level all
mounting points. If necessary, use washers behind mounting holes
to level the unit.
2.4 CONNECTING POWER SOURCE
AND LOAD LINES
DANGER
Make sure to turn OFF both the UTILITY
(NORMAL) and GENERATOR ( STANDBY) power
supplies before trying to connect power source
and load lines to the transfer switch. Supply
voltages are extremely high and dangerous.
Contact with such high voltage power supply
lines causes extremely hazardous, possibly
lethal, electrical shock.
Wiring diagrams and electrical schematics are provided in this
manual. NOTE:
All installations must comply with national, state and local
codes. It is the responsibility of the installer to perform an
installation that will pass the final electrical inspection.
The utility supply connection is made at the UTILITY SERVICE DIS-
CONNECT circuit breaker terminals. The generator and customer
supply load connections are made at the transfer switch mecha-
nism, inside the switch enclosure.
Conductor sizes must be adequate to handle the maximum cur-
rent to which they will be subjected, based on the 75°C column of
tables, charts, etc. used to size conductors. The installation must
comply fully with all applicable codes, standards and regulations.
All power cables must enter the enclosure through the knockouts
provided. If not using the knockouts, conduit entry into the enclo-
sure must be at or below knockouts to maintain the Type 3R rating.
Conduits should be arranged to provide separation between the
Utility and Generator supply conductors inside the enclosure.
Section 2 — Installation
RTS “HS” Type Transfer Switch

4
Section 3 — Operation
RTS “HS” Type Transfer Switch
Before connecting wiring cables to terminals, remove any surface
oxides from the cable ends with a wire brush. If ALUMINUM con-
ductors are used, apply corrosion inhibitor to conductors. Tighten
terminal lugs to the torque values on "Utility Service Disconnect
Circuit Breaker", and on the decal located on the inside of the door.
After tightening terminal lugs, carefully wipe away any excess cor-
rosion inhibitor.
Use a torque wrench to tighten the conduc-
tors, being sure not to overtighten, or damage
to the switch base could occur. If not tightened
enough, a loose connection would result, caus-
ing excess heat which could damage the switch
base.
Connect power source load conductors to clearly marked transfer
mechanism terminal lugs as follows
1. Connect UTILITY (NORMAL) power source cables to UTILITY
SERVICE DISCONNECT circuit breaker.
2. Connect the GENERATOR (STANDBY) source power cables to
switch terminals E1, E2.
3. Connect customer LOAD leads to switch terminals T1, T2.
Conductors must be properly supported, of approved insulative
qualities, protected by approved conduit, and of the correct wire
gauge size in accordance with applicable codes.
Be sure to maintain proper electrical clearance between live metal
parts and grounded metal. Allow at least 1/2 inch for 100-400
amp circuits.
2.5 CONNECTING START CIRCUIT
WIRES
Control system interconnections consist of N1 and N2, and leads
23 and 194/15B. Control system interconnection leads must
be run in a conduit that is separate from the AC power lead.
Recommended wire gauge sizes for this wiring depends on the
length of the wire, as recommended in the following chart:
MAXIMUM WIRE LENGTH RECOMMENDED WIRE
SIZE
460 feet (140m) No. 18 AWG.
461 to 730 feet (223m) No. 16 AWG.
731 to 1,160 feet (354m) No. 14 AWG.
1,161 to 1,850 feet (565m) No. 12 AWG.
3.1 FUNCTIONAL TESTS AND
ADJUSTMENTS
Following transfer switch installation and interconnection,
inspect the entire installation carefully. A competent, qualified
electrician should inspect it. The installation should comply
strictly with all applicable codes, standards, and regulations.
When absolutely certain the installation is proper and correct,
complete a functional test of the system.
Perform functional tests in the exact order pre-
sented in this manual, or damage could be done
to the switch.
IMPORTANT: Before proceeding with functional tests, read and
make sure all instructions and information in this section are
understood. Also read the information and instructions of labels
and decals affixed to the switch. Note any options or accessories
that might be installed and review their operation.
3.2 MANUAL OPERATION
DANGER
Do NOT manually transfer under load.
Disconnect transfer switch from all power
sources by approved means, such as the main
circuit breaker(s).
A manual HANDLE is shipped with the transfer switch. Manual
operation must be checked BEFORE the transfer switch is operated
electrically. To check manual operation, proceed as follows:
1. Turn the generator’s AUTO/OFF/MANUAL switch to OFF.
2. Turn OFF both UTILITY (service disconnect circuit breaker)
and GENERATOR (generator main line circuit breaker) power
supplies to the transfer switch.
3. Note position of transfer mechanism main contacts by
observing the moveable contact carrier arm. This can be
viewed through the long narrow slot in the inside cover of the
ATS. The top of the moveable contact carrier arm is yellow to
be easily identified.
• Manual operation handle in the UP position - LOAD terminals
(T1, T2) are connected to UTILITY terminals (N1, N2).
• Manual operation handle in the DOWN position - LOAD termi-
nals (T1, T2) are connected to EMERGENCY terminals (E1,
E2).
Do not use excessive force when operating the
transfer switch manually or damage could be
done to the manual handle.

5
3.2.1 CLOSE TO UTILITY SOURCE SIDE
Before proceeding, verify the position of the switch by observing
the position of manual operation handle in Figure 3.1. If the handle
is UP, the contacts are closed in the NORMAL (UTILITY) position,
no further action is required. If the handle is DOWN, proceed with
Step 1.
Step 1: With the handle inserted into the moveable contact carrier
arm, move handle UP. Be sure to hold on to the handle as
it will move quickly after the center of travel.
Step 2: Remove manual operating handle from moveable contact
carrier arm. Return handle to storage bracket.
3.2.2 CLOSE TO GENERATOR SOURCE SIDE
Before proceeding, verify the position of the switch by observ-
ing the position of the manual operation handle in Figure 3.1. If
the handle is DOWN, the contacts are closed in the GENERATOR
(STANDBY) position. No further action is required. If the handle is
UP, proceed with Step 1.
Step 1: With the handle inserted into the moveable contact carrier
arm, move the handle DOWN. Be sure to hold on to the
handle as it will move quickly after the center of travel.
Step 2: Remove manual operating handle from moveable contact
carrier arm. Return handle to storage bracket.
3.2.3 RETURN TO UTILITY SOURCE SIDE
Step 1: Manually actuate switch to return manual operating handle
to the UP position.
Step 2: Remove manual operating handle from moveable contact
carrier arm. Return handle to storage bracket.
3.3 VOLTAGE CHECKS
1. Turn ON the UTILITY power supply to the transfer switch using
the UTILITY SERVICE DISCONNECT circuit breaker.
DANGER
PROCEED WITH CAUTION. THE TRANSFER
SWITCH IS NOW ELECTRICALLY HOT.
CONTACT WITH LIVE TERMINALS RESULTS IN
EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS AND POSSIBLY FATAL
ELECTRICAL SHOCK.
2. With an accurate AC voltmeter, check for correct voltage.
Measure across ATS terminal lugs N1 and N2. Also check N1
to NEUTRAL and N2 to NEUTRAL.
3. When certain that UTILITY supply voltage is correct and compat-
ible with transfer switch ratings, turn OFF the UTILITY supply to
the transfer switch.
4. On the generator panel, set the AUTO/OFF/ MANUAL switch to
MANUAL position. The generator should crank and start.
Section 3 — Operation
RTS “HS” Type Transfer Switch
Attach handle to
the moveable contact
carrier arm.
Move handle UP for the
NORMAL (UTILITY) position.
Move handle DOWN for the
GENERATOR (STANDBY)
position.
NOTE: Return handle to
storage position in enclosure
when finished with manual transfer.
Figure 3.1 — Actuating Transfer Switch

6
5. Let the generator stabilize and warm up at no-load for at least
five minutes.
6. Set the generator's main circuit breaker (CB1) to its ON or
CLOSED position.
DANGER
PROCEED WITH CAUTION. GENERATOR
OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS NOW BEING DELIVERED
TO TRANSFER SWITCH TERMINALS.
CONTACT WITH LIVE TERMINALS RESULTS
IN EXTREMELY DANGEROUS AND POSSIBLY
FATAL ELECTRICAL SHOCK.
7. With an accurate AC voltmeter and frequency meter, check the
no-load, voltage and frequency.
Measure across ATS terminal lugs E1 to E2. Also check E1 to
NEUTRAL and E2 to NEUTRAL.
a. Frequency....................................................60-62 Hertz
b. Terminals E1 to E2.......................................240-246 VAC
c. Terminals E1 to NEUTRAL............................120-123 VAC
d. Terminals E2 to NEUTRAL............................120-123 VAC
8. Set the generator’s main circuit breaker (CB1) to its OFF or
OPEN position.
9. Set the AUTO/OFF/MANUAL switch to the OFF position to shut
down the generator. NOTE:
Do NOT proceed until generator AC output voltage and fre-
quency are correct and within stated limits. If the no-load volt-
age is correct but no-load frequency is incorrect, the engine
governed speed may require adjustment. If no-load frequency
is correct but voltage is not, the voltage regulator may require
adjustment.
3.4 GENERATOR TESTS UNDER
LOAD
1. Set the generator's main circuit breaker to its OFF or OPEN
position.
2. Set the UTILITY SERVICE DISCONNECT circuit breaker to the
OFF position.
3. Manually actuate the transfer switch main contacts to
their GENERATOR (STANDBY) position. Refer to "Manual
Operation".
4. To start the generator, set the AUTO/OFF/ MANUAL switch to
MANUAL. When engine starts, let it stabilize for a few min-
utes.
5. Turn the generator's main circuit breaker to its ON or CLOSED
position. The generator now powers all LOAD circuits. Check
generator operation under load as follows:
• Turn ON electrical loads to the full rated wattage/amper-
age capacity of the generator. DO NOT OVERLOAD.
• With maximum rated load applied, check voltage and
frequency across transfer switch terminals E1 and E2.
Voltage should be greater than 230VAC and frequency
should be greater than 59 Hertz.
• Let the generator run under rated load for at least 30 min-
utes. With unit running, listen for unusual noises, vibra-
tion, overheating, etc., that might indicate a problem.
6. When checkout under load is complete, turn the generator's
main circuit breaker to its OFF or OPEN position.
7. Let the generator run at no-load for several minutes. Then,
shut down by setting the AUTO/OFF/MANUAL switch to its
OFF position.
8. Move the transfer switch's main contacts back to their UTIL-
ITY position. For example, LOAD connected to UTILITY power
supply. Refer to "Manual Operation". Handle and operating
lever of transfer switch should be in the UP position.
9. Turn on the utility power supply to transfer switch, using the
UTILITY SERVICE DISCONNECT circuit breaker. The utility
power source now powers the loads.
10. Set the generator's AUTO/OFF/MANUAL switch to its AUTO
position.
Section 3 — Operation
RTS “HS” Type Transfer Switch

7
Section 4 — Notes
RTS “HS” Type Transfer Switch

8
Section 4 — Notes
RTS “HS” Type Transfer Switch

9
Section 4 — Notes
RTS “HS” Type Transfer Switch

10
Section 5 — Installation Diagram
RTS “HS” Type Transfer Switch
100 & 200 Amp Non-Service Entrance ATS Enclosure - Drawing No. 0H2932-A

11
Section 5 — Installation Diagram
RTS “HS” Type Transfer Switch
100 & 200 Amp Non-Service Entrance ATS Enclosure - Drawing No. 0H2932-A

12
Section 5 — Installation Diagram
RTS “HS” Type Transfer Switch
100 & 200 Amp Non-Service Entrance ATS Enclosure - Drawing No. 0G6832-A

13
Section 5 — Installation Diagram
RTS “HS” Type Transfer Switch
200 Amp Service Entrance ATS Enclosure - Drawing No. 0H4905-A

14
Section 6 — Electrical Data
RTS “HS” Type Transfer Switch
Wiring Diagram/Schematic - Drawing No. 0H1488-B

15
Section 6 — Electrical Data
RTS “HS” Type Transfer Switch
Wiring Diagram/Schematic - Drawing No. 0H1488-B

16
Section 6 — Electrical Data
RTS “HS” Type Transfer Switch
Transfer Switch Interconnections - Drawing No. 0H1895-A

17
Section 7 — Exploded Views and Parts List
RTS “HS” Type Transfer Switch
200A Transfer Switch Assembly – Drawing No. 0G9701$-A
Parts list on page 19.

18
Section 7 — Exploded Views and Parts List
RTS “HS” Type Transfer Switch
200A Transfer Switch Assembly – Drawing No. 0G9701$-A
Parts list on page 19.