Supermicro SuperServer AS-2021A-T2R+F User manual

SCHLI
CH’S
MANUALOFFORES
TRY.
VOLUMEII .
SILVICUL T UR E .
SIRWM.SCHLICH,
PH.D.,M.A.Ox0N.
PROFESSOR OF FORESTRY
,UNIVE RSIT YOFOX F ORD;LATEI
NSPE CTOR-GENERAL
OF FORESTSTOTHEGOVERNMENTOFINDI A.
FOU
RTHEDITION,REVISED.
WITH106 IL L USTRAT I
ONS.
LONDON
BRADBURY
,AGNEW,CO.LD.,10
,BOUVERIE STRE ET.
1910.

BRADBURY,AGNEW,co.LD.,PRI
NTERS,
IONDONANDTONBR IDGE.

TABLE O F CO
NTEN TS.
INTRODUCTION
PAR TI.
—'
I
‘
HE F OUNDATIONSOFSILVICULTU RE
ChapterI
.
—
LOCALITYINREL ATIONToFORESTVEGETATION
Section I.
—TheAtmosphere
SectionII—Climate
1.Heat
2.Light
3.Moisture
4.AirCurrents
SectionII
I—Soil
1.Origin of Soil
FormationofIndigenousSoil
CompositionofSoil
PhysicalPropertiesof8011
C lass1ficationof 80115
EffectoftheSoiluponForestVegetation
SectionIK—EfiectofForestVegetationon theLocality
m
e
w
-
s
a
n
e
Section I
C—AssessmentoftheQualityoftheLocality
ChapterII.
—DE VELOPMENTOF FORESTTRE ES
1.Shape
2.HeightGrowth
3.DiameterGrowth
4.VolumeGrowth
5.DurationOfLife
6.ReproductivePower.
Chapter III.
—CHARACTERANDCOMPOSITIONOFWOODS.
Section I—PureWoods
Section IL—MixedWoods
1.Advan tagesofMixedWoods
LDisadvantages ofMixedWoods
3.RulesfortheFormation ofMixedWo
ods

viTABLE or C ONTENTS.
ChapterI
II
.
—cm
ltini1e/7.PAGE
Secti onI
I—
\Iixeil
4.MixtuiesofShadebeai iiigSpecies
.Mixtuies ofShadebea i ingwithLightd emanding
Spec ies
6.MixturesofLightdeman di n gSpecies
V
ChapterIV.
—THESILVICULTURALSYSTEMSOR METHODSor
TREATMENT9 2
SectionI—
Descripti on ofSystems93
1.ClearCuttinginHighFO i cs t9 3
2.TheShelter-woodCompartmentor UniformS
ystem96
3.TheShelter-woodGroupSystem98
4.TheShelter-woodSelectionSystem10
0
5.TheCoppiceSystem10 2
6.TheCoppice withStandards S
ystem104
7.HighForestwithStandards 107
8.Two-storied HighF orest108
9.HighForestwithSoil-protectionWood109
10.ForestryCombinedwiththeGrowingofField Crops 109
1 1.ForestryCombinedwithPasture 1 12
12.ForestryCombin edWiththeRe aringofGame112
SectionI
I.
—Choice ofS
ystem112
PAR TI
I
.
—
FORMA T IONANDR E GENE R ATIONO F WOODS119
ChapterI
.
—PRELIMINARYWORKS122
Sectio n L—ChoiceofSpecies122
SectionII.
-Fe nc ing128
SectionJ I
L—ReclamationoftheS
oil135
1.TreatmentofanImpermeableSubstratum136
2.TreatmentofSwampyGroundGenerally137
3.Iii'igationofAridLand143
4.TreatmentofExcessiveAcc umulationsofVegetable
Flatter
5.FixationofShiftingS and
6.Fixation o fUnstableS
oilonSlopes
ChapterII.
—ARTIFICIALFORMATIONOF WOODS
Section L—DirectS owing
A.ConditionsofSuccess
1.Choice ofSpecies
2.QualityofSeed
3.Quan tityofSeed
4.ConditionsofGermin ation
BMethodsofS
owing
1.B
roadcas tS
owing
2.Pa rtialSowing

TABLEOFCONTENTS.vii
ChapterI I.
—continue(l.PAGE
SectionII—Plaiiting
A.Condition sofSuccess
1.ChoiceofSpecies
2.Differe n tKinds ofPlants
3.QualityofPlan ts
Agean dSize ofPlants
Sea sonforPlanting
DensityofPlanting
Distribution ofPlan tsovertheArea
8.NumberofPlants
9.LiftingPlants
10.PruningPlants
11.Protection ofPlantsinTran sit
12.Preparation oftheSoil
s
i
c
B.RaisingPlan ts
1.PurchaseofPlan ts
2.Plan tstake n fromExistingWoods
3.RaisingPlan tsinNurse ries
C.Methods ofPlanting
l.Plan tingwithBallsofEarth
2.PlantingwithoutBalls ofEarth
3.MoundPlanting
D.Plan tingofSlips,Layers andSuckers
ChapterIII.
—NATURALREGENERATIONOFWOODS
S
ection L—NaturalRegenerationbySeed
A.NaturalRegeneration underaShelter-wood
1.TheCompa rtmen torUniformS
ystem
2.TheStripSystem
3.TheGroupSystem
4.CombinationoftheGroupan d StripSystems
5.TheSelection S
ystem
6.Comparative MeritsoftheFour S
ystems
B.NaturalRegen erationfromAdjoiningWoods
Section IL—NaturalRegenerationbyShootsandSuckers
ChapterIV.
—FORMATIONO F MIXEDWOODS
1.Formation of E ven AgedMixedWoods
2.Formation of:Uneven AgedMixedWoods
ChapterV.—
CHOICEOFMETHOD OFFORMATION
Section L—Choice betwe enDirectSowingandPlan ting
Section II.
—
Choicebetween ArtificialRegenerationan dNatura l
RegenerationbySeed
S
ectionIII—CombinationofSeveralMethods ofFormation282

TABLEOFCONTENTS.
PAR TIII— TENDINGO F WOODS
Chapter I
.
—TENDINGOFWOODSDURINGEARLYYOUTH
1.Protection agai nstExtern alDan gers
2.PreservationofaProperDen sityoftheCrop
3.Clean i ngofYoungWoods
4.Preservation ofaProperMixture
ChapterII.
—
TENDINGorFULLYSTOCK E DWOODSAFTEREARLY
YOUTH
SectionI—Remova lofDead,Injured,orotherms e Undesirable
Tre e s
S
ectionI
L—Pruning
SectionI
II —Thinning
1.General
2.TheMostSuitableGrowingSpace
3.TheTheoryofThinning
4.Thin n ingofMixedWoods
5.Thi n ningofCoppiceWoods
6.Pri n cipalAdvantagesofThinnings
7.Exec utionofThin n ings
ChapterIII
.—TENDINGorOPENWOODSFORTHEPRODUCTION
OFLARGETIMBER
1.TheTheory
2.Prin cipalFormsofTreatment
b3.Exec utionoftheWork.
PARTIV .
—
SILVICULTURALNOTESONBRITISHFO R ES
T
TRE E S
1.Beech
2.Hornbeam
3.Oak
4.Ash
5.Elm
6.SweetChestn u t
7.Maple
8.Alder
9.Birch
10.Willow
11.Poplar
12.Lime-tree
13.Hazel
14.Robinia
15.Walnut
16.SilverFi r
17.NorwaySpruce
18.SitkaSpruce
19.ScotchPine

TABLEOF CONTENTS.
PARTIV .
—
SILVICULTURALNOTESBRITISHFOR EST
TRE E S—continued.
PAGE
20.BlackorAustrianPine
Cors wanPine
WeymouthPi n e
Larch
24.DouglasFir
25.GiantThuia
Lawson’sCypress
WesternHemloc k
INDEX

SILVIC U LTU R E.
I
NTRODUCTI
ON.
S
IL VIOULTURE literally means the culture of forests,that is
to “say all measures connected with the formation,preserva
tion and treatment of forests.In practice,however,the word
forestry is used to express and comprise all this,while by
Silviculture,in its narrower sense,is understood the formation,
regeneration and tending of forests,or woods,until they
become ripe forthe axe.S ilviculture,in the lattersense,
teaches how a forest,or wood,can be produced and guided to
maturity so as to realise in the most advantageous manner the
object w hich the proprietorhas in View.
The obj ect,for which a particular forest is maintained,
depends on the will and pleasure of the owner,in so faras his
freedom of action is not limited by rights of third persons,or
by legal enactments.The obj ect itself can be one of many,
and of thesethe following may be mentioned by way of
illustration
1.To yield produce of a definite description,for instance
trees and shrubs of special beauty,ortrees giving a
certain kind of timber,or other produce fit for particular
purposes: such as gra ss,turpentine,caoutchouc,etc.
To produce the greatest possible quantity of wood or
other produce per acre and year.
3.To produce the highest possible money return,per acre
and year.
To produce the highest possibl e interest on the invested
capital.
5.To produce certain indirect effects forinstance,to
s.B