Tatung TPC-2OOO User manual

PARTNO:5738810101
TATUNG
INSTRUCTIONMANUAL
SMALLBUSINESSCOMPUTER
TPC-2OOO
USER'SMANUAL
TATUNGELECTRONICSCORP.
400 PaiLing5thRoad, Taipei R.O.C.
Telex: " 12861TATUNG PT " VERSIONNO:1.1
Tel:[phone]JANUARY1984
Facsimile: [phone]

NOTICE
TATUNG ELECTRONICS CORP. has prepared this manual foruseby TATUNG custom-
ers.Theinformationcontainedhereinshallnotbereproducedinwholeorin
part without TATUNG'S prior written approval.
TATUNG reserves the right to make improvement inthe product described in
this manual atany time and without prior notice, andthe reader should in
all cases consult TATUNG to determine whether any such changes have been
made.
Every efforts has been made to ensure that this manual accurately documents
the operation and servicing of TATUNG TPC-2000. However, dueto ongoing
improvement along with future products, TATUNG cannot guarantee the
accuracy of printed material after the date of publication, norcan TATUNG
acceptresponsibilityforerrorsoromissions.

*FCCWARNING*
Thisequipmentgenerates,uses,andcanradiateradiofrequencyenergyand
ifnot installed and used in accordance with the user's manual, may cause
interferencetoradiocommunications.Astemporarilypermittedbyregulation
ithasnot been tested for compliance with the limits for Class A computing
devicespursuanttoSubpartJ ofPart15ofFCCRules,whicharedesignedto
provide reasonable protection against such interference. Operation of this
equipmentina residentialareaislikelytocauseinterferenceinwhich
casetheuserathisownexpensewillberequiredtotakewhatevermeasures
mayberequiredtocorrecttheinterference.
If this equipment does cause interference to radio or television reception,
whichcanbedeterminedbyturningtheequipmentoffand on, theuseris
encouragedtotrytocorrecttheinterferencebyoneormoreofthe
followingmeasures:
*Reorientthereceivingantenna
*Relocatethecomputerwithrespecttothereceiver
* Move the computer away from the receiver
*Plugthecomputerintoa differentoutletsothatcomputerandreceiver
areondifferentbranchcircuits
Ifnecessary,theusershouldconsultthedealeroranexperienced radio/
televisiontechnicianforadditionalsuggestions.Theusermayfindthe
followingbookletpreparedbytheFederalCommunicationsCommissionhelpful.
"HowtoIdentifyandResolveRadio-TVInterferenceProblems".
/
ThisbookletisavailablefromtheUSGovernmentPrintingOffice,Washington
DC 20402, StockNo. 004-000-00345-4
*FUSEREPLACEMENTWARNING*
Forcontinuedprotectionagainstriskoffire,replaceonlywithsametype
andratingsoffuse.

CONTENTS
SECTIONPAGE
I, INSTALLATION ..................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ..................................................... 1
1.2 Unpacking the TPC-2000 ........................................... 1
1.3 Setup AndHowToGet TPC-2000 Started ............................ 2
1.4 Routine Operating Instructions ................................... 5
1.5 System Shutdown .................................................. 6
II SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ............................................... 7
2.1 Introduction ..................................................... 7
2.2 Hardware Overview ................................................ 7
2.3 Software Overview ................................................ 9
III CP/M OPERATING SYSTEM ............................................ 10
3.1 General Description .............................................. 10
3.2 Function Description Of CP/M ..................................... 11
3.2.1 File References .................................................. 12
3.3 Switching Disks .................................................. 14
3.4 The Form Of Built-in Commands .................................... 14
3.4.1 ERA afn <cr> ..................................................... 14
3.4.2 DIR afn <cr> ..................................................... 15
3.4.3 REN ufn1=ufn2 <cr> ............................................... 15
3.4.4 SAVE n ufn <cr> .................................................. 16
3.4.5 TYPE ufn <cr> .................................................... 17
3.5 Line Editing And Output Control .................................. 17
3.6 Transient Commands ............................................... 18
3.6.1 STAT <cr> ........................................................ 19
3.6.2 ASM ufn <cr> ..................................................... 20
3.6.3 LOAD ufn <cr> .................................................... 21
3.6.4 PIP <cr> ......................................................... 22
3.6.5 EDufn <cr> ...................................................... 29
3.6.6 SYSGEN <cr> ...................................................... 31
3.6.7 SUBMIT ufn parm#1 ... parm#n <cr> ................................ 32
3.6.8 DUMP ufn <cr> .................................................... 34
3.6.9 MOVCPM <cr> ...................................................... 34
3.7 BDOS Error Messages .............................................. 36
IV TPC-2000 SOFTWARE UTILITIES ...................................... 38
4.1 REFORM ........................................................... 38
4.2 DCHECK ........................................................... 39

SECTIONPAGE
4.3 MODE ............................................................. 40
4.4 DCOPY ............................................................ 41
4.5 SETUP ............................................................ 43
4.6 MTS ..............................................................44
4.7 CRTEST ........................................................... 45
4.8 FUNCTION ......................................................... 45
V TPC-2000 HARDWARE ................................................ 47
5.1 Serial Port (SIO or DART) ........................................ 47
5.2 Parallel Port (PIO) .............................................. 47
5.3 Counter Timer Circuit (CTC) ...................................... 47
5.4 Floppy Disk Formatter/Controller (FDC) ........................... 48
5.5CRT Controller (CRTC) ....^....................................... 48
5.6 Serial Keyboard Encoder (SKE) .................................... 48
VI KEYBOARD ......................................................... 49
6.1 Numeric Pad Functions ............................................ 49
6.2 Alphanumeric Keypad .............................................. 50
6.2.1 General .......................................................... 50
6.2.2 RESET ............................................................ 50
6.2.3 SPACE BAR ........................................................ 50
6.2'. 4 SHIFT ............................................................ 50
6.2.5 CTRL ............................................................. 50
6.2.6ESC.............................................................. 50
6.2.7DEL.............................................................. 51
6.2.8 BREAK ............................................................ 51
6.3LED Indicator .............................................. ...^-... 51
6.3.1 Programmable Phrase .............................................. 51
6.3.2 SHIFT LOG ........................................................ 52
6.3.3 CAP LOG .......................................................... 52
6.3.4 LOCAL ............................................................ 52
6.4 Special Function Keypads ......................................... 52
6.4.1 Cursor Movement .................................................. 52
6.4.2 EDIT Functions ................................................... 54
6.5 Others. ........................................................... 55
6.5.1 Visual Attributes ................................................ 55
6.5.2 Function Key ..................................................... 56
6.5.3 Control Character Codes .......................................... 56.
6.5.4 Summary ............................................................ 57

APPENDICES
APPENDIX
PAGE
AThe ASCII Character Set .......................................... 59
B Input/Output Port Assignment ..................................... 62
C Functions Table List ............................................. 64
D TPC-2000 Keystrokes And Codes .................................... 66
E System Startup Checklist ......................................... 67
F Interpretation Of Disk Controller Status ......................... 68
H Troubleshooting .................................................. 70
FIGURES
1-1 Front Panel ...................................................... 2
1-2 Rear Panel ....................................................... 2
1-3 Diskette Insert .................................................. 5
2-1 System Block Diagram ............................................. 8
6-1 TPC-2000 Standard Keyboard Layout ................................ 49
6-2 Numer ical Keypad ................................................. 50
6-3LED Indicator .................................................... 51
TABLES
4-1 Disk Format SetFor TPC-2000 ..................................... 39

SECTIONI
INSTALLATION
1.1 Introduction
Thismanualisdesignedforpeoplewhowanttolearntoprogramthe
computer orto bring economy and efficiency tohis business. With this
manual anda TATUNG TPC-2000 desktop small business computer, anda bit
ofyourtimeandattention,youwillfindthatthereisnothing
difficultaboutusingTPC-2000.
TheTPC-2000istheidealsystemforthesmallbusinesswithdata jf
processingrequirements.Thissystemallowsstreamingoftimeconsuming |
tasks,suchasinventorycontrol,orderentry,andbilling.Itrunsthe |
CP/M V2.2 Operating System and all utilities and application softwares |
designedforCP/M.. |
Simply adda TTL INPUT/OUTPUT board onto TPC-2000, the TPC-2000 becomes
an industrialcontroller for such as ROBOT, chemial PH control ... etc.
Ascomputingrequirementsgrow,theTPC-2000canbecomea workstation
ofthehostcomputer,withitsbuilt-infloppydriveservingaslocal
storage.BecausetheTPC-2000hasa functionwhichallowsittoaccept
down-loads fromthehostcomputer,itcanworkasa workstationwithor
withoutitsdiskdrive(s).
When the TPC-2000 functions asa terminal ofa host computer, itcan
simulateother types ofterminalsbysendingterminalcontrolcode
tables from the host computer.
1.2UnpackingtheTPC-2000
Carefully unpack the TATUNG TPC-2000 computer. Donotusea sharp or
pointed instrument to open the packing box, as this may pierce the
protectivecoveringandscratchthefinishonthemachine.Carefully
remove the computer from the shipping carton and inspect for external
damage. Ifany damage is noted, please notify TATUNG and file a-claim
fordamageswiththeshippingCarrier.Donotdiscardtheshipping
cartonandanyofpackagerelatedpartsastheseshouldbeusedto
return(Beforereturn,ensurethatthepackagemethodisthesameas
TATUNG original package you received) the machine to TATUNG inthe
eventofa hardwaremalfunction.
Assuming that there isno damage, position the computer in such a way
thatthereisclearaccesstothefrontandrearpanels.Ensurethat
theventilationportson £he sidesareclearandunobstructed.

1.3SetupandHowtoGet TPC-2000 Started
AsshowninFigure 1-1, theTPC-2000microcomputersystemshould
includeprocessorunit,CRTdisplay,anddetachablekeyboard.
/
CRTDriveB CPUDriveA
PowerKeyboard
SwitchConnector
Figure1-1FrontPanel
Fuse / ACOutlet\ DIPSwitch\CentronicTypeExpansion
xPrinter
ConnectorBusConnector
Monitor8"Drive
ConnectorConnectorRS-232Port
Figure1-2RearPanel

Usethesuppliedcablestointerconnecttheseseparateparts,bevery
careful and make sure that all connectors are pluged in right
direction.Next,plugtheTPC-2000endofthecomputer'spowercord
into the TPC-2000 ( onthe rear left side ofthe TPC-2000 ),andthe
other end into a three-prong grounded wall outlet.
NowtheTPC-2000iscompletelysetup.turnthepoweron( thepower
switchisontheupperrightcornerofthefrontpanel),you will hear
a beepsound andan underline cursor should appear at upper left corner
ofthescreen.
Getthe system diskette from its package and insert it into drive A,
thebuilt-indriveontherightsideofthesystem,withthelabel
facingupandtheovalcutouttowardtheback pf thediskdrive,clamp
the front lever down. Depress "F1" key, this sequence is called System
Boot. In this sequence, the disk drive will make whirring and clacking
noises as CP/M-80 is loaded into memory. The first thing that CP/M-80
does after itis loaded into memory isto display the following message
onyourscreen:
6MK TATUNGDOS VERS. V.W , ,
A>' . .... . . . , '
where 64K indicate that the memory size of TPC-2000, the version
number, represented above byV.W tells youthe revision level ofthe
Tatung version that you own. "A>" is systemprompt to tell you CP/M-80^
is ready to read a command from yourkeyboard. It also tells you that
drive A is your "default" drive. That means that until you tell CP/M-80
todo otherwise, it looks for program and data files onthe diskette in
drive A. , .
;
Ifyourscreendisplay doesn't conformtotheabovedescription, don't
worry. Turn the poweroff, then check each connector and system diske-
tte.Ifeverythingseemsallright,youmaydothesystembootsequence
again andthe " 6HK TATUNG DOS VERS 2.24* " will display on screen.
Otherwise youmay call your dealer who will give youthe best answer.
TATUNG recommends that you make a backupcopy ofthe TPC-2000 system
disk.and usethatcopytoperformalloperation,theoriginaldisk
shouldbestoredina safeplace.
In order to check the function ofthe distribution diskette and some
basic functions ofthe TPC-2000, type the following command to display
a list, ofthefilesonthedistribution diskette : .

DIR <cr>
Thescreenshoulddisplaylikefollowingformat:
A
A
A
A
A
A
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
PIP
DUMP
LOAD
MODE
F
MTS
COM
COM
COM
COM
DAT
COM
: ED
:SUBMIT
:REFORM
:DCOPY
:FUNCTION
:XSUB
COM:
COM:
COM:
COM:
COM:
COM
STAT
ASM
SYSGEN
SETUP
MOVCPM
COM
COM
COM
COM
COM
*
*
I
:
*
DDT
F1
DCHECK
CRTEST
PRTEST
COM
COM
COM
COM
COM
Inordertoobtaina back-upcopyofsystemdiskette,youshouldinsert
a blank diskette in drive B then format and generate system on this
diskette ( See Section 5 ). Copy files from your original disk onto
your backup disk, type the command :
PIP B:=A:*.*[V] <cr>
The system will copy all disk files from the disk A ontodisk B,and
verifies that each file has been copied correctly. The name of each
file is displayed atthe CRT asthe copy operation proceeds. When this
iscompletedthesystemwillagaindisplaythepromptsymbol "A>". You
n6whavea completecopyof-youroriginaldisk.Releasethefront
levers for both drives and remove both disks from their drives. Store
theoriginaldiskinsafeplace.PlacethecopieddiskintodriveA,
and clamp the front lever. Type a CTRL-C. ( Note: The character """
represents the Control function and "C is typed by holding down the
controlkeywhiletypinga C ) Thesystemshouldrespondwiththe "A>"
promptsymbol.
Ifyouareusinganexternalhard-copyprinter,connectitscableto
Centronictypeprinterjackontherearofthecomputer.Pluginthe
printer's power cord and turn onits power switch. Make any other
necessary settings ontheprinterinaccordancewiththe printer's
operating manual. Refer tothe SETUP Command ifitis necessary to
change the Operating System. Test the printer by typing the command :
PIPLST:=A:DUMP.ASM<cr>
Ifallisworkingcorrectly,theprinterwillbegintypinga copyof
theCP/MDUMPsourceprogram.Savethisprintoutforfuturereference.
Thiscompletestheinitialsetupandcheckout.Ifyouhaveencountered
anydifficulties,refertoAppendixF andAppendixG ofthismanual.
Assumingthatnodifficultieshavebeenencounteredtothispoint,you
cannowbeginusingyourcomputer.Itissuggestedthatyoufamiliarize

yourself with the rest of this manual prior to starting any major
operations.
NOTE
Always remove your diskettes from the disk drives before you
turnoffyour TPC-2000.
1.4 RoutineOperatingInstructions
Forthe initial startup and checkout of your system, consult Section
1.3of this manual to ensure that your computer is operational.
Afterthesystemiscompletelycheckedoutandoperating correctly, use
thefollowinginstructionsasa guideforroutinesystemstartup.
ConsultFigures 1-1 through 1-3, ifrequired,forpositioningand
placementinformation.Thefollowinginstructionsassumethatyour
systemusesa standardCRTdisplayanda detachablekeyboard.
<J
Figure1-3DisketteInsert

Turnonthe power switchonthefrontpaneloftheTPC-2000.If
appropriate,turnonthepowerswitchontheprinterorother
peripheraldevice(s).
Releasethefrontleverofbothdrives,Inserta systemdisk(adisk
containingtheCP/MOperatingSystemprogramontracks0,1 and2)in
thedriveA withthemanufacturer'slabelfacingon.Referto Figure
1-3forthecorrectmethodofinsertingthedisk.Andclampthefront
leverofdrive A.
Make sure your system issetonby real panel switch (please refer
Appendix B)and press "F1" keys to cause the system to "AUTO Boot", the
system will displaythemessage:
TATUNGDOSVERS V.W*
andthenthesymbol "A>" will appear.Thisistheindicationthatthe
OperatingSystemprogramhassuccessfullyloadedandiscontrollingthe
TPC-2000'S operation. At this point youmay enter the appropriate CP/M
commandstoperformtheprocessingrequired.
1.5SystemShutdown
There is only special precaution which should be observed when youare
finishedwiththecomputerandarepreparingtoturnitoff.
Powertothecomputershouldnotbeturnedonoroffwithdiskettesin
thediskdrives.Therefore,beforeturningoffthepower switch,
release both front levers and remove the diskette or diskettes. Failure
to observe this precaution could allow an unpredictable magnetic field
to erase or alter a small part ofthe information onthe diskette. The
potentially disastrousresultofsuchanalterationmightnotbe
discovered until some time later.
NOTE
Don'tswitchonTPC-2000within30secondsafterpoweroffTPC-2000
oryou will break down the power supply of TPC-2000

SECTIONII
SYSTEMDESCRIPTION
2.1 Introduction
Atypicalmicrocomputersystemconsistsofa CPU(CentralProcessing
Unit),input,output,storagedevices,anda programcalledthe
OperatingSystem.
TheCPUisa singleintegratedcircuitchip,calledmicroprocessor,it
isthe heart ofthe system. Its function isto obtain instructions from
the memory and perform the desired operations.
Theinputdeviceis usually a keyboard.Typicaloutputdevicesincludes
CRT(Cathode Ray Tube) and printer.
Storage devices include computer's internal Random Access Memory (RAM),
Read Only Memory(ROM), andthe magnetic floppy disks. The RAM is
volatile storage, it must have power applied to retain its information.
Thefloppydisksarenon-volatilestoragebecausetheyretaintheir
informationregardlessofpowerapplication.
TheOperatingSystemprogramenablesthecomputertoacceptdirections
from the user andit must be loaded into the computer before the
computercandothefunction.TheOperatingSystemacceptsand
interprets commands from the keyboard, reads from and writes tothe
floppydisks,communicateswiththeoutputdevice(s),andkeepstrack
ofwhereinformationisstoredonthedisks.
The TATUNG TPC-2000 Integrated desktop microcomputer system isa single
user system, itisa compactandveryattractivedesktopunit.The
standardsystemconsistsoftheprocessorunit,CRTdisplay,detachable
keyboardanddualslimline mini-floppy diskdrives.
2.2HardwareOverview
The TATUNG TPC-2000 computer includes a Z80A (4MHz) microprocessor, two
slim line 5 1/4" mini-floppy diskette drives. Each system also include
64K bytes RAM and 4K bytes ROM for main memory, 4K bytes RAM and 2K
bytesROMfordisplaymemory.
Standard system includes a serial RS-232C interface port for printer;
baud rate of 110,300,600,1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, or 19200 bpscanbe
selected through software orby hardware switch; one Centronics type
interfaceforparallelprinter.

MULTI-
PLEXER
DISPLAY
RAM
Figure2-1SystemBlockDiagram
TheTPC-2000detachablekeyboardhasbeendesignedforeasytoused.It
has93sculpturedkeysarrangedinstandardtypewriterformat,and
includesalpha lock, 18-keynumericpadwithdecimaland6 programmable
functionkeyswhichcanbeusedtoimplementautomaticallycomplicated
andrepetitiveoperationwitha singlekeystroke.
The disk drivesincorporatedinyourTPC-2000vary from modeltomodel,
according tothefollowings:
1> single side, 96 TPI — 360K Bytes of formatted storage per drive.
2> double side, 96TPI— 720K Bytes of formatted storage per drive.
AwiderangeofoptionsisavailablewiththeTPC-2000,eachisfully
supported by TATUNG.
*Colormonitordisplayunit
*Graphicdisplayboard
*8"floppydrive:
TPC-2000canbeaddedwith 2 additionaldrives (if TPC-2000already
has2 mini-floppy drives),or U drives(ifTPC-2000doesnothaveany
mini-floppy drives).Each8"drivehasa 616K (singleside)or1.2MB
(doubleside)
« Virtualdisk:
Each virtual disk has 256KB capacity. The TPC-2000 canbe added upto
8virtualdiskboards
* Harddisk:
TPC-2000 canbe added upto 4 sets of5 1/M" or hard disk drives.
8

i
Thereare6.6MB/drive,13.3 MB/drive, and 2? MB/drive optionsfor5
1/4"Winchesterharddisk.
*Serialinterfaceboard:
Each interface board has14 RS-232C serial ports. The TPC-2000 canbe
addedupto2 boards.
* TTL input/ouput board:
EachI/Oboardhas 64 input/ouputpoints.TPC-2000canbeaddedwith
2input/outputboard.
OPERATINGCONDITIONS———
Powerrequirement
Power consumption
OperatingTemperature
Humidity
Weight
Dimensions (mm)
110V or220V+/-10%,50or60Hz
less than 100VA
10°C- 40°C
20%- 80%Noncondensing
12Kg
450(W)X 42800 X 620(D)
2.3SoftwareOverview
Thetermsoftwarereferstowhateverprogramwillbeusedwiththe
computer.Thisincludesthe CP/M OperatingSystemprogram,thevarious
utilityprogramsprovidedwiththecomputerandanyprogramwrittenby
theuseroracquiredbyothermeans.
TheprogramstoredintheROMiscalled"Firmware",sinceitisprogram
material,butnoteasilyalterable.TheROMfirmwarewillbeconsidered
asubsetofthesoftware,sinceitisprogrammaterial.Theprogramin
theROMwaswrittenby TATUNG andisrequiredinordertoperformthe
mostbasicmachinefunctions.
TwooperatingsystemsareavailablefortheintegratedTPC-2000system;
theCP/MV2.2forsingleusersandthe CP/NET forlocalnetworks.Both
operatingsystemssupporta widerangeofapplicationlanguages.
OPERATINGSYSTEM : CP/MV.VV,CP/NET
UTILITIES
LANGUAGES
: KSAM, DATASTAR,SUPERSORT,WORDSTAR,SUPERCALC,
VEDIT, BISYNC,L80,LIB80,DBASEII
:ASM,M80,MAC,FORTRAN, CBASIC, CB80, MBASIC,
PASCAL/M , PASCAL/MT+ , COBOL80

SECTIONIII
CP/MOPERATINGSYSTEM
3.1GeneralDescription
CP/Misa monitorcontrolprogramformicrocomputersystemdevelopment
whichusesIBM-compatibleflexibledisksforbackupstorage.CP/M
providesa generalenvironmentforprogram construction, storage,and
editing, along with assembly and program check-out facilities. It
alsoprovidesrapidaccesstoprogramsthrougha comprehensivefile
management package. The file subsystem supports a named file structure
, allowing dynamic allocation of file space as well as sequential and
random file access. Using this file system, a large number of distinct
programscanbestoredinbothsourceandmachineexecutableform.
CP/Malsosupportsa powerful contexteditor,Intel-compatible
assembler,anddebuggersubsystems.Optionalsoftwareincludesa
powerfulIntel-compatiblemacroassembler,symbolicdebugger,along
with various high-level languages. When coupled with CP/M's Console
Command Processor, the resulting facilities equal or excel similar
largecomputerfacilities.
CP/Mislogicallydividedintoseveraldistinctparts:
BIOSBasicI/OSystem(hardwaredependent)
BDOS Basic Disk Operating System
CCP Console Command Processor
TPATransientProgramArea
The BIOS provides the primitive operations necessary to access the
diskettedrivesandtointerfacestandardperipherals(teletype,CRT,
PaperTapeReader/Punch,anduser-definedperipherals),andcanbe
tailoredbytheuserforanyparticualrhardwareenvironmentby
"patching" this portion of CP/M. The BDOS implements disk allocation
strategies which provide fully dynamic file contruction while minimi-
zing head movement across the disk during access. Any particular file
may contain any number of records, not exceeding the size ofany
singledisk.Ina standardCP/Msystem,eachdiskcancontainupto
6') distinct files. The BDOS has entry points which include the
followingprimitiveoperationswhichcanbeprogrammaticallyaccessed:
X
SEARCHLookfora particulardiskfilebyname.
OPENOpena fileforfurtheroperations.
CLOSEClosea fileafterprocessing.
RENAMEChangethenameofa particularfile.
READReada recordfroma particularfile.
10

WRITE Write a record onto the disk.
SELECT Select a particular disk drive for further operations.
TheCCPprovidessymbolicinterfacebetweentheuser'sconsoleandthe
remainderoftheCP/Msystem.TheCCPreadstheconsoledeviceand
processes commands which include listing the file directory, printing
thecontentsoffiles,andcontrollingtheoperationoftransient
programs,suchasassemblers,editors,and debuggers.. Thestandard
commands which are available inthe CCP are listed ina following
section.
The last segment of CP/M isthe area called the Transient Program Area
(TPA). TheTPA holds programs which are loaded from the disk under
command ofthe CCP. During program editing, for example, theTPA holds
theCP/Mtexteditormachinecodeanddataareas. Similarly, programs
createdunderCP/Mcanbecheckedoutbyloadingandexecutingthese
programsintheTPA.
It should be mentioned that anyorallofthe CP/M component
subsystemscanbe "overlayed" byanexecutingprogram.Thatis,oncea
user's program is loaded into the TPA, the CCP,BDOS, and BIOS areas
canbeusedasthe program's dataarea.A "bootstrap"loandeis
programmatically accessible whenever the BIOS portion isnot
overlayed;thus,theuserprogramneedonlybranchtothebootstrap
loaderattheendof execution, andthecompleteCP/Mmonitoris
reloadedfromdisk.
3.2FunctionalDescriptionofCP/M
TheuserinteractswinCP/MprimarilythroughtheCCP,whichreadsand
interprets commands entered through the console. In general, theCCP
addressesoneofsevealdiskswhichareonline(thestandardsystem
addressesuptofourdifferentdiskdrives).Thesediskdrivesare
labelled A,B,C, andD.A disk is "logged in"ifthe CCP is currently
addressingthedisk.Inordertoclearlyindicatewhichdiskisthe
currentlyloggeddisk,theCCPalwayspromptstheoperatorwiththe
disk name followed bythe symbol "<" indicating that theCCPis ready
for another command. Upon initial start up,the CP/M system is
broughtinfromdiskA.andtheCCPdisplaysthemessage
xxK CP/M VER m.m
where xxisthe memory size (in kilobytes) which this CP/M system
manages,andm.mistheCP/Mversionnumber.AllCP/Msystemsare
initially setto operate ina 16k memory space, butcanbe easily
reconfigured toitany memory size onthe host system (see the MOVCPM
transient command). Following system signon, CP/M automatically logs
11

indisk A, promptstheuserwiththesymbol "A>" (indicatingthatCP/M
is currently addressing disk "A"), and waits fora command. The
commands are implemented attwo levels: built-in commands and
transientcommands.Nearlyallofthecommandsreferencea particular
file or group of files. The form ofa file reference is specified
below.
3.2.1 FileReferences
A file reference identifies a particular file or group of files on
particulardiskattachedtoCP/M.Thesefilereferencescanbeeither
"unambiguous"(ufn)or"ambiguous"(afn).Anunambiguousfile
reference uniquely identifies a single file, while an ambiguous file
reference maybe satisfied bya number of different files.
File referneces consist oftwo parts: the primary name ndthe
secondartyname.Althoughthesecondaryameisoptional,itusually
is generic; that is,the secondary name "ASM," for example, is used to
denotethatthefileisanassemblylanguagesourcefile,whilethe
primary name distinguishes each particular source file. Thetwo names
are se par tedbya "." asshowbelow:
PPPPPPPP.sss
where pppppppp represents the primary name of eight characters or
less, andsssisthe secondary name ofno more than three characters.
Asmentionedabove,thename
pppppppp
is also allowed andis equivalent toa secondary name consisting of
three blank. The characters used in specifying an unambiguous file
referencecannotcontainanyofthespecialcharacters
<> • . - 9 * r i
X / » | | . — • L J
whileallalphanumericsremainingspecialcharactersareallowed.
Anambiguousfilereferenceisusedfordirectorysearchandpattern
matching. The form ofan ambiguous file reference is similar toan
unambiguousreference,exceptthesymbol "?" maybeinterspersed
throughouttheprimaryandsecondarynames.Invariouscommands
throught CP/M, the "?" symbol matches any character ofa file name in
the "?" position. Thus, theambiguousreference
X?Z.C?M
12

ppppppp. and*.sss
areabbreviationsfor
ppppppp.??? and ???????.sss
respectively. Asanexample,
DIR ».«
is interpreted bythe CCP asa command to list the names ofall disk
filesinthedirectory,while
DIRX.Y
searches only fora file bythe name X.Y . Similarly, the command
DIRX?Y.C?M ,
causes a search forall (unambiguous) file names onthe disk which
satisfy this ambiguous reference.
The following file names are valid unambiguous file references:
X
A.Y
XYZ
XYZ.COM
GAMMA
GAMMA.1
Asanaddedconvenience,theprogrammercangenerallyspecifythedisk
drive name along with the file name. In this case, the drive name is
give asa letter A through D followed bya colon (:). The specified
drive is then "logged in" before the file operation occurs. Thus, the
following are valid file names with disk name prefixes:
A:X.Y
B-.SYZ
C:GAMMA
It should also be noted that all alphabetic lower case letters in file
and drive names are always translated to upper case when they are
processedbytheCCP.
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