Tektronix MicroLab | User manual

TEK INSTRUCTION PartNo: 070-2827-01
MANUAL Product Group 64
MicroLab|
067-0892-00/01/02/03/04
Instruction Manual
Tektronix
IOIRCLLENGR

TEK INSTRUCTION Part No. 070-2827-01
MANUAL, Product Group 61
MicroLab|
067-0892-00/01/02/03/04
Instruction Manual
Please check for change information
at the rear of this manual
First Printing DEC 1983 Tekt ry.
kronix
Revised APR 1984
(0 TO EXCELLENCE

Copyright ©1983 by Tektronix, Inc. All rights reserved.
Contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any
form without the permission of Tektronix, Inc.
Products of Tektronix, Inc. and its subsidiaries are covered
by U.S. and foreign patents and/or pending patents.
TEKTRONIX, TEK, SCOPE-MOBILE, and et are regis-
tered trademarks of Tektronix, Inc. TELEQUIPMENT is a
registered trademark of Tektronix U.K. Limited.
There is no implied warranty of fitness for aparticular
Purpose. Tektronix, Inc. is not liable for consequential
damages.
Specification and price change privileges are reserved.
Printed in U.S.A.

MicroLab |Instruction
PREFACE
Introduction
This Instruction Manual supports the TEKTRONIX
MicroLab|, atest fixture and demonstration aid for
TEKTRONIX microprocessor development products.
Documentation Overview
The MicroLab! support documentation consists of one
primary manual (this MicroLab |Instruction Manual) and
several supplemental manuals, one for each of the
MicroLab |personality cards.
About This Manual
This manual is divided into twoparts. The first part of this
manual explains the operating structure of the MicroLab I,
and the commands that affect the operation of the
MicroLab |.
The second part of this manual contains servicing
information, and is designed to be used bytrained service
technicians. This manual is not designed asatraining tool.
The intent is to provide adetailed theory of operation that
will allow atechnician to locate aproblem to aparticular
component onacircuit board.
WARNING }
The second half of the manual explains the internal
workings of the MicroLab|, and contains servicing
instructions that are for use by qualified personnel
only. Don’t perform any servicing other than that
contained in the operating part of this manual unless
you are qualified to do so.
Revision History
Revision history information is included in the text and
diagrams as they are revised and reprinted. Original
manual pages have an @symbol in the bottom inside
corner of the page. Existing pages of amanual, when
revised, have arevision code and datein place of the @
symbol. New pages added to asection, whether they
contain old, new, or revised information, will have the @
symbol
Slashed Zeros (9)
Zeros are slashed in this manual only when needed for
clarity.
Hexadecimal Notation
All addresses are in hexadecimal notation except where
otherwise noted.
Change Information
Change information is located in the back of this manual in
the CHANGE section. Change information should be
entered into the body of the manual when the manual is
received.

MicroLab |Instruction
CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE) ocean action ste sarenosemacAnees fenstenssasouns iTHE FOLLOWING SERVICING INSTRUCTIONS ARE
FOR USE BY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL ONLY. TO AVOID
PERSONAL INJURY, DO NOT PERFORM ANY SER-
VICING OTHER THAN THAT CONTAINED IN OPERA-
TING INSTRUCTIONS UNLESS YOU ARE QUALIFIED
OPERATORS SAFETY SUMMARY .TO DO So.
SECTION 1GENERAL INFORMATION ease
Introduction to MicroLab |Sl ese oeCON Sa INS TALEATION
Puce ee Uae ce SsINOHUNIONS coon lnm ma Cen OR eee Teast 44
Testing...... 11 Packaging ........ 41
Demonstration .14 Site Considerations .41
Overview .... a4 Power Consumption
nerves
scinracs.
soni atecuie 4a
Features... 1-2 Power Sources 41
Front Panel .pie2 Fuses ..... aa
pore. ano Other Considerations ....... ena
Manne Ae Personality Card Installation .4-2
Discrestics ee Checking Out the MicroLab |4-2
Firmware.. SECTION 5MICROLAB |THEORY OF OPERATION
Functional Overview .........sc00seeeceees Poonee Sau
MicroLab 1/Personality Card Communications. ats eee ae
The MicroLab |Monitor ............0ce000 11-3 PesanaltyiceTas. =
SECTION 2. OPERATOR FAMILIARIZATION OS EIVIEW ese Epil
PopiersUpoyainaave ewan obo,
lnteochon arrestoaeou ce mA pene sich
Demonstration Run cheng. eh
Code TED aae Switches and Transformer ......0.2.000cs0000000 5-4
Keypad Definitions 22 SPOGi =
‘aeaaee :ae +12 Volt Supply .. =
introduction .a
eecee totePeoe
pepe: Reco dey eeECO SESS BA eae Zz Communications .........+. 5-5
Using the MicroLab
|
Cassette
ane Storage System 26 teSie
aay
eae a
Storing Files ...... .2-6 :
Roading WFiless.csc:anceeae es 27 Reser Girenitive: ecze!
|Can't Get The Tape To Load. What Do |Do? ... 2-7 MECao ty ee enbae
Programming FI—F8 ........0000ecc0ceceeee esses 27 SeeRea :ae
Using PROM to Store the Key Vector Table .128 Sew, er
Using the MicroLab |with aTerminal .2-8 16-Bit Operation
:
6.6
Connecting the Terminal.........+.. 29 paneeR a
The Terminal 1/0 Locations .2Wie ee
The Terminal Port Connector 2-9 Aeon Menic a
Using the RS-232-C MODEM Port 129 :
vateWee ank saa ee otras She 5-7
Programming the MicroLab |Display and Keypad ... 2-10 Latch Address Decoder ............. 5-8
Reading the Keypad ............1+s0seeeeeeeeee 22-10 High-Order Address Latch/Comparator .5-8
Writing to the Display es....542...s-cccnsses eva sess 2-10 ee ae ane as
Raises nares ok Gt AM aa ow-Order Address Latch/Comparator...........6.+ 4
Qualifying Logic -5-8
Salt Testes cect cpeenene: 242 5a as 8
WietGell Testen nyc prtaet iota oe 2-12 ‘aee
ee ::thes ae Don't’ Gare Latch <<cavs ca ccncoys davies cecece 5-9
HOF COURS «ns eeeer eevee Reon Eale es
Using the Expansion Connector .2-14 aes
Hicationss mer =. eit asnuncun een erences FAG
ee
eee 3ss
Sheeitieavions 2AND cheer, Son an Oe ee ese 5-9
SECTION 3. PERSONALITY CARD OPERATOR
FAMILIARIZATION

SECTION 5 (Cont.) Page
5-10
5-10
5-10
5-11
5-11
Breakpoint Delay Counter
Breakpoint Status and Control Registers
The Serial 1/0 Ports ......
Baud and Clock Generator.
Terminal Port............ i
MODEM Port .6-11
Cassette Port. -. 6-11
The Modulator, «<i .0<;aecienarssenmossser seers 5-11
The Demodulator 26-12
\/O Decoding. ...... 526-14
DRRBIAVTCAGIGSE, SixtadslGs perare eee5-14
Display RAM .26-14
Display Enable .225-14
Writing to the Display RAMEE ie eos 5-14
Reading the Display RAM .5-15
Character Counter......... 25-15
Sean Decodar «isets <ssceerapencrsuanesies eee 5-15
Keypad Encoding ........ 5-16
SPECIAL Key Debounce .5-17
InenUnp Gags ce enee5-17
-5 Volt Regulator and +5 Volt Crowbar............. 5-17
SECTION 6CALIBRATION PROCEDURE
SONICS ere has doh go cere neh eens cena teen eeaA 6-1
MicroLab |Disassembly..........2...000eecs0sseeeeeeees 61
Separating the Cabinet Halves........ 6-1
Removing the Main Interconnect Board 6-2
Gaining Access to the Power Supply .63
Removing the Keypad/Display Board 6-4
Power Supply Calibration ......... 165
-12 Volt Adjustment .6-5
+12 Volt Adjustment .6-6
+5 Volt Adjustment. -6-6
SECTION 7MAINTENANCE AND TROUBLESHOOTING
AihtrodOCtloncsae eases unc acneetacmaeeen ance WA
Static-Sensitive Devices..............025 FA
Reducing Susceptibility to Static Discharge. A
Preventive Maintenance. 7
Cleaning .. 7A
Exterior .72
Interior ....... a2
Visual Inspection .12
Troubleshooting... |7-2
Troubleshooting Aids .72
Diagrams 7-2
Circuit Board Illustrations 7-2
Capacitor Marking 73
Diode Codes. e13
Obtaining Baplecemant Paris) .7-4
Parts Repair and Exchange Program ..............06. 7-4
SECTION 8 REPLACEABLE ELECTRICAL PARTSLIST
SECTION 9 DIAGRAMS
SECTION 10 REPLACEABLE MECHANICAL PARTS LIST
SECTION 11 PERSONALITY CARD SERVICE
REV AJUN 1980
Table of Contents—MicroLab |Instruction
ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. No. Page
The TEKTRONIX MicroLab |.........000eeceeeeeee vi
1-1 MicroLab |and Personality Card Block Diagram .... 1-3
2-1 The MicroLab |Keypad ..........6ccceeceeeeeeeeee 22
2-2 The MicroLab |Cassette Port... :126
2-3. The MicroLab |RS-232-C Ports 728
2-4 The MicroLab |Terminal Port Status Byte ........ 2-9
2-5 The MicroLab |Keypad Byte....... 2-10
2-6 The MicroLab |Display Organization... 211
2-7 Expansion Connector Cable .............66605 214
4-1 Installing APersonality Card...........00000000004 42
4-2 MicroLab |Baud Selection..............0000000004 43
5-1 Example of Text Heading .251
5-2 MicroLab |Block Diagram 5abo
5-3 Keypad/Display Block Diagram................ 5-3
5-4 MicroLab |Memory Configuration. .5-6
5-5 Breakpoint Logic Block Diagram... 257.
5-6 Timing Diagram for the “Kansas City Standard
++ 5-11
5-7 2400 Hz ("1") Timing 5-13
5-8 1200 Hz ("1") Timing -5-13
5-9 The Display RAM Bit Format .................... 5-14
5-10 MicroLab |Display Block Diagram ............... 5-15
6-1 Looking at the Bottom of the MicroLab |
6-2 Main Interconnect Board Cable Locations .
6-3 Personality Card Guide Rails and
High Voltage Protective Cover ...............
6-4 The Cabinet Top Containing the
Keypad/Display Board .........
6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-5 MicroLab |Power Supply Adjustment
Sadia RT LE 6-5
7-1 Tantalum Capacitor Color Code ..................5 7-3
7-2 Diode Polarity Marking ................000005 ae
7-3 Pin Configuration for Semiconductor Components -- 7-4
TABLES
Table No. Page
2-1 The Example Personality Card Key Vector Table... 2-7
2-2 The RS-232-C Port Connector Configuration....... 2-9
2-3. MicroLab |Key Codes............ .2-10
2-4 MicroLab |Display Characters .... 2-11
2-5 Electrical Characteristics .......... 2-16.
2-6 Environmental Characteristics ..... Dasa eitee= ae
2-7 Physical Characteristics .-2-16
4-1 MicroLab |Fuse Requirements. 41

Installation—MicroLab |Instruction
OPERATORS SAFETY SUMMARY
The general safety information in this part of the summary
is for both operating and servicing personnel. Specific
warnings and cautions will be found throughout the
manual where they apply, but may not appear in this
summary.
Terms
In This Manual
CAUTION statements identify conditions or practices that
could result in damage to the equipment or other property.
WARNING statements identify conditions or practices that
could result in personal injury or loss oflife
As Marked on Equipment
CAUTION indicates apersonal injury hazard not
immediately accessible as one reads the marking, or a
hazard to property including the equipment itself.
DANGER indicates apersonal injury hazard immediately
accessible as one reads the marking.
Symbols
In This Manual
This symbol indicates where applicable cautionary or
other information is to be found.
As Marked on Equipment
4DANGER high voltage.
©Protective ground (earth) terminal.
ZA ATIENTION—refer to manual.
Grounding the Product
This product is grounded through the grounding conductor
of the power cord. To avoid electrical shock, plug the power
cord into aproperly wired receptacle before connecting to
the power input or output terminals. Aprotective ground
connection by way of the grounding conductor in the power
cord is essential for safe operation.
Use the Proper Power Cord
Use only the power cord and connector specified for your
product.
Use only apower cordthat is in good condition.
Refer cord and connector changes to qualified service
personnel.
Use the Proper Fuse
To avoid fire hazard, use only the fuse specified in the parts
list for your product, and which is identical in type, voltage
rating, and current rating
Refer fuse replacement to qualified service personnel.
Do Not Operatein Explosive
Atmospheres
To avoid explosion, do not operate this product in an
atmosphere of explosive gases unless it has been
specifically certified for such operation.
Do Not Remove Coversor Panels
To avoid personal injury, do not removethe product covers
or panels. Do not operate the product without the covers
and panels properly installed.
®

Safety Summary—MicroLab |Instruction
SERVICING SAFETY SUMMARY
FOR QUALIFIED SERVICE PERSONNEL ONLY
Refer also to the preceding Operators Safety Summary.
Do Not Service Alone
Do not perform internal service or adjustment of this
product unless another person capable of rendering first
aid and resuscitation is present.
Use Care When Servicing With Power
On
Dangerous voltages exist at several points in this product.
To avoid personal injury, do not touch exposed connections
and components while power is on.
Disconnect power before removing protective panels,
soldering, or replacing components.
Power Source
This product is intended to operate from apower source
that will not apply more than 250 volts rms between the
supply conductors or between either supply conductor and
ground. Aprotective ground connection by way of the
grounding conductor in the power cord is essential for safe
operation.

MicroLab |Instruction
2827-1
The TEKTRONIX MicroLab I.
vi REV AJUN 1980

MicroLab |Instruction
Section 1
GENERAL INFORMATION
Introduction To MicroLab|
The MicroLab |is atool used to test and demonstrate
microprocessor/microcomputer development systems.
The MicroLab |can be “personalized” to actlike any of a
number of microprocessor- or microcomputer-based
computers.
NOTE
For purposes of simplicity, referencesin this manual
to the term microprocessor will apply equally to
microcomputer devices, except where otherwise
Stated.
Purpose
The MicroLab |is designed to take the place of prototype
equipment in an environment where amicroprocessor
development system is demonstrated or tested. The
functions of the MicroLab |are:
©to test an Emulator Processor and its Prototype Control
Probe.
@to demonstrate the use of an Emulator Processor, and at
the same time, amicroprocessor development system.
The following paragraphs briefly describe each of these
functions.
Testing
The MicroLab |provides acircuit with known
characteristics. This allows an Emulator Processor and
Prototype Control Probeto be checked for proper operation.
There are also tests contained in the MicroLab |operating
system that are designed to excercise the Emulator
Processor and its probe.
Demonstration
The MicroLab |acts like aprototype circuit, which allows
the capabilities of an Emulator Processor to be
demonstrated.
Overview
The MicroLab |supports awide variety of microprocessors
and microcomputers. In order to make the MicroLab |
perform like aspecific microprocessor-based product, a
circuit board called a“personality card” is connected
through the MicroLab |front panel. The personality card
contains circuitry and firmware that, in effect, cause the
MicroLab |to become aspecific microprocessor-based
computer.
The MicroLab |mainframe contains the general interface
logic (including 1/O ports, RAM, keyboard and display) used
by all the personality cards. Therefore, to make the
MicroLab |act like an 8085-based computer, all that’s
required is an 8085 Personality Card.
Most personality cards contain amicroprocessor or
microcomputer device. The device is located in azero-
insertion-force (ZIF) socket. When the MicroLab |is used to
test or demonstrate an Emulator Processor, the device is
removed, and the Prototype Control Probe plug is inserted
into the socket.
1-1

General Information—MicroLab |Instruction
Features
With some personality cards, the MicroLab |is capable of
operating on astand-alone basis. When the personality
card is installed, and amicroprocessor or microcomputer is
installed in the personality card, the MicroLab |becomes a
complete mini-computer.
Front Panel
The MicroLab |can be operated completely from the front
panel. There’s no need to connect aterminal, or any other
support devices. The front panel features include
®An 8-digit, 7-segment LED display. The display shows
you address and data information, as well as commands
and error messages.
@A25-key keypad used for command, data, and address
entry.
1/O Ports
Three I/O ports are available on the MicroLab |:
@An RS-232-C compatible 1/O port configured for use
with aterminal. The terminal is not totally supported in
the MicroLab |operating system. Certain keypad
commands will send data toa terminal connected to this
port.
An RS-232-C compatible 1/O port configured for use
with amodem. The modem port is not supported in the
MicroLab |operating system.
©Acassette tape serial |/O port using the “Kansas City”
recording format. The cassette port is fully supported by
the MicroLab |operating system. The cassette tape
recorder used must be supplied by you, and cannot be
ordered from Tektronix, Inc.
The MicroLab |also contains abus expansion connector
that allows you to directly access the microprocessor’s
data, address, and control lines.
Memory
The MicroLab |contains 4K x8-bit RAM. This RAM can be
reconfigured into a2K x16-bit format for use with 16-bit
personality cards. In both the 2K and 4K configuration, a
1K-byte block of memory is software relocatable
1-2
Diagnostics
The MicroLab |is capable of performing the following
testing routines.
@Internal self-test routines are included for MicroLab |
performance verification
@External test routines are available for verifying the
operation of an Emulator Processor and Prototype
Control Probe.
Firmware
The MicroLab |operating system is, in most cases,
contained within PROM devices on the personality card
used. Some personality cards require that the MicroLab |
operating system be loaded from adisc, via a
microprocessor development system. The MicroLab |
operating system has the following capabilities.
@Hexadecimal display and modification of memory or
register contents.
@Program start, program interrupt (with some personality
cards), and program continue from the keyboard.
@Program dump to and load from the optional cassette
tape recorder.
@Eight user-definable function keys.
FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW
The MicroLab |is divided into two major operational
sections: the MicroLab |mainframe, and the personality
card. These two sections are shown in Fig. 1-2.
The personality card contains the microprocessor device, a
PROM-based monitor for the MicroLab |, memory address
decoding, control signal generation, and I/O decoding
logic.
The MicroLab |mainframe contains the remainder of the
circuitry, including RAM, that is required for
microprocessor operation.
@

General Information—MicroLab |Instruction
Display
Expansion RS-232-C Cassette
Connector Ports Port
MicroLab |
Operating
System PROM
Common Bus
Microprocessor /
Microcomputer
Personality Card
2827-2
Fig. 1-1. MicroLab |And Personality Card Block Diagram.
The MicroLab |and personality card share acommon bus, and are interdependent for operation.
NOTE
The circuitry on the personality card is
microprocessor dependent. That is, an 8085 per-
sonality card won't contain the same logic as an 1802
personality card. The personality card description
given in the first two sections of this manual is
generalized, except where aspecific example isgiven.
The personality card supplements located in Sections
3and 11 of this manualgive specific information for
each card.
MicroLab |/Personality Card
Communication
Note in Fig. 1-2 that the MicroLab |andthe personality card
are connected by abus. This bus carries the address, data,
and control information between the two circuit boards. For
example, if akey is depressed on the MicroLab Ikeypad, the
keypad/display encoder converts the key press to digital
information and places the information on the MicroLab |
REV AJUN 1980
internal bus. The bus transfers the information to the
personality card. On the personality card, decoding logic
converts the information to aform that can be understood
by the microprocessor. The microprocessor is under control
of the MicroLab! monitor (usually located on the
personality card) and reacts to the information according to
monitor instructions.
The MicroLab |Monitor
The MicroLab |operates from amonitor that will reside
either in PROM on the personality card, or will be loaded
from amicroprocessor development system into MicroLab|
RAM. Where the monitor resides depends on the
personality card used.
The monitor is primarily reponsible for responding to
entries made on the MicroLab |keypad, and reacting
accordingly. We'll talk more about monitor functions later
in Section 2.
1-3

MicroLab |Instruction
Section 2
OPERATOR FAMILIARIZATION
Introduction
In this section, we're going to talk about how to operate the
MicroLab |. The first thing we'll do is make ademonstration
run on the MicroLab! with an 8085 Personality Card
mounted. Even if you don’t have an 8085 Personality Card,
it should be fairly easy to follow through the demonstration.
After the demonstration run, we'll discuss each of the
major functions of the MicroLab |, in the following order:
@Keypad Definitions
@MicroLab |Self Test
©Cassette Tape File Storage and Retreival
@Programming F1-F8
@Using The Spare RS-232-C (terminal) Port
@Using the Spare RS-232-C (modem) Port
@Programming the MicroLab |Display And Keypad
A
list of possible error messages can be found at the end of
this section.
Demonstration Run
In this demonstration run, we'll place five numbers in the
MicroLab |memory, then add the five numbers together
and place the sum in another memory location. Here is a
listing of the program we'll enter.
+OR@ 3090
}THIS ROUTINE ADDS FIVE VALUES LOCATED
HIN 3080-3084 AND PLACES SUM IN 3110
;CLEAR ACCUMULATOR
sLOAD BEGINNING ADDRESS INTO H.L
sLOAD PASS COUNTER VALUE (5) INTO B
sADD CURRENT MEMORY LOCATION TO ACCUMULATOR
INCREMENT H,L REGISTER BY 1
iDECREMENT PASS COUNTER (B) BY 1
LIF PASS COUNTER NOT ZERO, ADD NEXT NUMBER
3090 xRA A
3091 LXT_H, 3080
3094 MVI_B, 05
3096
=
ADD
3097 INK H
3098 DCR B
3099 NZ, 3096
309¢ STA, 3110
309F MP, 0000
;STORE ACCUMULATOR (SUM) IN 9110
iJUMP TO MONITOR
NOTE
This demonstration run makes use of the 8085
Personality Card—if you want to go through the
demonstration run, you'll need aMicroLab |with an
8085 Personality Card installed. However, an 8085
Personality Card is not required to understand the
sequence ofthe run.
The MicroLab |doesn’t have an assembler, so all code must
be entered in hexadecimal notation. The MicroLab!
facilitates entry of hex code by doing alot of housekeeping
chores, as we'll see next.
Code Entry
The following steps will lead you through program entry
and execution.
1. Make sure the 8085 Personality Card is fully inserted
into the MicroLab |.
2. Turn the power switch ON. It’s located on the right side
of the MicroLab |. The display will show "8085" on the
left side and the firmware version on the right side.
Then display will blank, and be replaced with “HELLO”.
3. Press the LOAD ADDRESS key. The display will now
show “CAP XXXX" (the last four digits could be any
hexadecimal number). “CAP” stands for “current
address pointer” and means the MicroLab |address
pointer is pointing to the address displayed. We'll talk
more about the CAP later in this section.
4. Enter the address (in this case, 3080)of the first data
byte to be added. When youpressthefirst number key,
the address portion ofthe display will disappear and be
replaced by each number asyou enter it. When you've
entered all four address digits, the MicroLab! will
move the addresstothe left side of the display, and
show the data at that address on the right side.
5. Now press the AUTO key. The display will place adash
between the address and the data. This means the
MicroLab! is in the AUTO mode. AUTO stands for
“auto load and increment”. The MicroLab |will now
automatically incrementto the next address after each
data byte is entered. It’s not necessary to press any key
other than the data value to be entered into memory.
6. Now enter the first data value. For the purposes ofthis
demonstration, we'll add 1, 2, 3,4, and 5. So, enter 01
on the keyboard. Notice that each entry is echoed to the
display.
7. Enter 02,and notice that the address increments by 1
when you enter the first digit. Now enter 03, 04, and
05. The addresspart of the display should show 3084
after you've entered 05.
2-1

Operator Familiarization—MicroLab |Instruction
8. Now thatthe data is loaded, we needtogetoutof the
auto-increment mode. Press the SHIFT key. As soon as
the SHIFT key is pressed, the display will show
“rEAdY”. The SHIFT key can be used to escape from all
monitor controlled functions except aprogram you
write, the self- and processor-test routines, and
programmable key functions. We'll talk about all these
functions later.
The preceeding steps load our five data values into
memory. Now we'll load the body of the program.
1. Press “LOAD ADDRESS”.
2. Enter 3090 on the keyboard. Address 3090 is the
beginning of the add routine.
3. Press AUTO again. The following list of hexadecimal
digits is the add program in its object code state. The
list reads from left to right, top to bottom. Enter the first
value at the upper left side of the list, and work your
way across the page, then move to the nextline down.
AF 21 80 90 06 05 84 29 05 C2
96 90 32 10 31 C3 00 00
4. When you've entered the last 00, press SHIFT to
escape from the auto-increment mode.
The program is now entered into MicroLab! memory.
Program execution is next.
1. Press LOAD ADDRESS andenter 3090 (the beginning
of the program).
2. Press GO. The 8085 will now execute the program,
then return control to the monitor. You'll see the
MicroLab |display show “8085 XX", then “HELLO”.
This means the program is finished.
To look at the value stored in memory, press the LOAD
ADDRESS key and enter 3110. Location 3110 should
contain OF, the hexadecimal sum of the five numbers
entered.
This ends the demonstration of the MicroLab |. We haven't
used all the facilities available in the MicroLab I, nor have
we explained all their functions. That's coming up next.
Keypad Definitions
The MicroLab |keypad islaid out in five rowsoffive keys
each, as shown in Fig. 2-1.
Sixteen of the keys are dual-function. In the normal mode,
the 16 keys act as ahexadecimal keypad. In the shifted
mode, the keys take on special functions. The nine
command keys in the outer ring are used to operate the
MicroLab |.
22
Fig. 2-1. The MicroLab |Keypad.
The outer keys control the MicroLab I. The inner keys are
dual-function keys.
In this text, we'll talk about each key individually, giving the
key’s function and use.
RESET Key
The RESET key issues amaster reset to the entire
MicroLab |. Current program execution is interrupted, and
control is returned to the MicroLab |monitor. When RESET
is pressed, the LED display is cleared, and the name of the
personality card in use is displayed, followed by the word
“HELLO”.
LOAD ADDRESS Key
This key allows youto enter an address from the MicroLab |
keypad. When you first press LOAD ADDRESS, the display
will show "CAP XXXX”. This indicates the position of the
current address pointer. As you enter the address, the four
rightmost digits are replaced with the values you enter.
When thelastdigit is entered, the address is moved to the
left, while the data contained at that addressis displayed on
the two rightmost LEDs. You must enter any leading zeros
found in the address.
®

LOAD DATA Key
After you've selected an address with the LOAD ADDRESS
key, the LOAD DATA key can be used to change the
information contained within that address. Pressing LOAD
DATA causes adash to appear on the display between the
address and data. Then, any two hexadecimal numbers you
enter will be stored at that location.
Again using the 8085 Personality Card as an example, if
you press LOAD ADDRESS, the display will read “CAP
XXXX" (the Xs won't appear on the display, but indicate the
current address pointer value). Then the next four
hexadecimal digits you enter will replace the address
shown. After the last address digit is entered, the two right-
hand LEDs will display the data at that address
Now, if you press LOAD DATA, the dash will appear
between the address and the data. The next two
hexadecimal values you enter will be shown on thedisplay
and simultaneously placed into the address you specified.
As soon as the last data value is entered, the dash will
disappear.
If you should decide that the data value you entered is
wrong, simply press LOAD DATA again and enter the
correct value. As with LOAD ADDRESS, leading zeros must
be entered
LOAD DATA is asingle action key. Each time you want to
change data, you'll have to press the LOAD DATA key.
The display will show an error code if you try to load data
into the following locations:
@an area where no memory exists
@an address that contains the operating system, whether
it be in RAM or PROM
INC Key
The INC key increments the displayed address by 1. INC is
used to examine sucessive address contents. If the INC key
is held down, the function will be repeated until the key is
released.
Once astarting address has been entered with the LOAD
ADDRESS key, the INC key can be used to increment the
address to the next location you might want to change with
the LOAD DATAkey. Simply increment to the address you
want, press LOAD DATA, and enter the new data value.
Operator Familiarization—MicroLab |Instruction
DEC Key
The DEC keyis used in exactly the same way as the INC key,
except that the address is decremented by 1
AUTO Key
The AUTO keysimplifies and speeds program entry into the
MicroLab I. AUTO stands for “auto increment and load
data”. Once abeginning address has been established, the
AUTO function will automatically increment the address
each time you enteradata value.
For example, if you press LOAD ADDRESS, and then enter
3100, the data at 3100 will be shown ontheright side of
the display. When AUTO ispressed, the display will place a
dash between the address and data. The next two
hexadecimal values entered will be displayed as data and
simultaneously entered into the address shown. After
you've entered the value, the AUTO function forces the
MicroLab |to the next address and again enters the LOAD
DATA mode. In this way, you can enter astring of data into
successive address locations with no extra keypresses.
To escape from the AUTO mode, press the SHIFT key. The
display will show "rEAdY”.
GO Key
The GO key causes the MicroLab! to begin program
execution at whatever address the CAP is pointing to. For
example, if your program begins at location 3100, use the
LOAD ADDRESS keyto enter 3100 on the display. Then
press GO. The MicroLab |will begin execution at location
3100.
SPECIAL Key
The SPECIAL key causes the current program execution to
be interrupted. The addressofthe instruction interrupted is
displayed, along with the value at that location. In some
personality cards the microprocessor register values are
saved in memory when the SPECIAL keyis pressed.
2-3

Operator Familiarization—MicroLab |Instruction
SHIFT Key
The SHIFT key has two functions. It allows you to escape
from functions such as AUTO, andit enables the second set
of key functions printed in orange on the keypad. The SHIFT
key must be pressed each time ashifted function is
required.
Hexadecimal Keys
The keys labeled O-F are the hexadecimal entry keys. Each
of these keys has asecond, shifted, function that we'll talk
about next.
Shifted Functions
EXAMINE (SHIFT4) Key
The EXAMINE key displays the contents of the address
pointed to by the current address pointer (CAP). For
example, pressing (SHIFT) EXAMINE will show the current
CAP address and its contents. Both the INC and DEC keys
can beusedin their normal fashion to look at other register
contents.
DUMP (SHIFT 5) Key
The DUMP function causes the contents of aspecified
memory range to be dumped ontothe LED display, or onto
the screen of aterminal. When (SHIFT) DUMP is entered,
the display will show “SA” (starting address). Enter the
four-digit addressof the first location you want dumped.
When thefinal digit of the starting address is entered, the
display will show "EA” (ending address). Enter the last
address you want dumped. When the last digit of the
ending address is entered, the MicroLab! will begin
dumping the information onto the display (and onto the
terminal screen).
If aterminal is used, the dump can be paused by pressing
the terminal's space bar. To continue the dump,press the
space bar again.
RELOC (SHIFT6) Key
A1K-byte portion of MicroLab| RAM is software
relocatable. That is, a1K-byte block of RAM can be
relocated to anew beginning addressby using the RELOC
key. The 1K block cannot be relocated to areserved address
24
space, such as the addressspaceallocated to the system
monitor. The block will be relocated in 1K address
increments. For example, you can’t relocate the RAM to
3FFF, but you can relocate it to 4000.If an odd address,
such as 3FFF is entered, the monitor will relocate the RAM
to the next lower address boundary (3COO0 in this case).
When you press (SHIFT) RELOC, the current address
boundary will be displayed. If you enter anew base
address, the address will be echoed back to the display as
you enterit. As soon as the last addressdigit is entered, the
display will blank, then show “rEAdY”. If you just want to
check the base address, press (SHIFT) RELOC, note the
address, and press SHIFT again.
REGISTER (SHIFT 7) Key
The REGISTER key allows you to examine and alter the
microprocessor register contents. For example, (using the
8085 Personality Card) pressing (SH/FT) REGISTER will
cause the contents of the program counter to be shown on
the display. When you press INC, the next register will be
displayed and so on, through all the registers. The order in
which the registers are displayed is determined by the
personality card used.
The register contents can be altered simply by entering a
new value from the hexadecimal keys. To escape from the
register mode, press SHIFT.
If an optional terminal is attached to the MicroLab |, the
register contents are displayed in table format on the
terminal screen.
SELF TEST (SHIFT 0) Key
The SELF TEST key puts the MicroLab |and personality
card through aseries of tests to verify proper operation.
Later in this section, we'll discuss theself test functions in
detail.
PROC TEST (SHIFT 1) Key
The PROC TEST is usedto test an Emulator Processor and
its Prototype Control Probe that is plugged into the ZIF
socket on the personality card. The PROC TEST features are
dependent on which personality card is used. Refer to the
personality card supplementfor more information on this
test.

TAPE LOAD (SHIFT 2) Key
The TAPE LOAD keyis usedto load afile from cassette tape
into the MicroLab |memory. When (SHIFT) TAPE LOAD is
pressed, the word “FILE” is shown onthedisplay. This is
your cue to enter atwo-digit file name. After the file name
is entered, the monitor will display “SEArCH”, andscan the
tape forthe file specified. If the file is not found, press SHIFT
to escape. If the file is found but thefile header cannot be
verified, the display will show “ERROR C8”. If the file is
found and the header is verified, the monitor will verify the
contents of each block in the file by testing the checksum.
The checksum value is verified twice. If an error occurs in
the first checksum, the display will show an “ERROR C9”. If
the error occurs in the second checksum, the display shows
“ERROR CA”.
If there are no checksum errors, the display will show the
beginning addressofthe file just loaded.
TAPE SAVE (SHIFT 3) Key
The TAPE SAVE key allows files stored in MicroLab!
memory to be saved on cassette tape. When (SHIFT) TAPE
SAVE is pressed, the display shows “FILE”. After you enter
atwo-digit file name, the display will show “SA”(starting
address). Enter afour-digit beginning address. When the
Operator Familiarization—MicroLab |Instruction
last address digit is entered, the display will clear, then
show “EA” (ending address), and wait for an ending
address. After you enter an ending address, thedisplay will
show "GA". The “GA”displayis the starting addressof the
program you want to save. For example, if your executable
code exists from 137B to 2000,andadata table exists from
1000 to 137A, you'll want to enter 137B as the "GA" value.
Later, when you load the program to run it, the "GA”
address is loaded into the CAP to tell you where the
beginning of exacutable code is.
Once the "GA”value is entered, the monitor will pause for
about three seconds, and then begin dumping the contents
of the specified address range onto tape. As each byte is
written, the address and data are shown on the display.
When the last addressis written, the display will show the
ending address and the data at that location.
F1—F8 (SHIFT 8—F)
These keys are programmable, and we'll discuss how to
program them, and some oftheir possible uses, laterin this
section.
PROCEDURES
Introduction
The next few pages will help you make use of the
capabilities of the MicroLab |. In this part of the manual,
we'll talk about the following subjects:
@using the cassette tape port;
@programming the user-definable keys;
@using the MicroLab |with an optional terminal;
©programming the MicroLab|display and keypad;
@relocating a1K block of RAM; and
©using the self-test features of the MicroLab |.
Cassette Tape File Storage and
Retrieval
MicroLab |is able to store and retrieve files from arelatively
inexpensive cassette tape recorder. (The recorder is an
option provided by the you.) The recording formatis called
“Kansas City Standard”. This standardis afairly forgiving
@
recording method in terms of recorder and tape quality.
Data is recorded asynchronously at 300 baud. There are
eight data bits and one stop bit used, with even parity
detection.
Each file has atwo-digit hexadecimal name assignedtoit.
This file name is entered when the file is first stored. Files
are retrieved simply by specifying the file name.
Tape Recorder Quality
Aword here about the kind of tape recorder you'll use with
the MicroLab |. Although the "Kansas City Standard” is a
slow, simple standard that will work with almost any
quality audio cassette tape recorder, good judgement
should be used. Alow-priced tape recorder using the
cheapest tape possible may work, but results will be much
more satisfactoryif you use high quality tape in amedium
priced machine. If the recorder you use has an automatic
volume setting feature, it should be disabled in some way
so that you can setthe recording level.
25

Operator Familiarization—MicroLab |Instruction
Be sure not to touch the tape surface while handling the
cassette, and don’t store the cassette around electrical
equipment that radiates ahigh magnetic field (such as a
television set). The tape you buy should be the kind called
“leaderless tape”. Most commercial cassette tapes have a
mylar leader about six inches long. If you don’t use
leaderless tape, make sure thefirst file you store does not
begin on the leader.
Leave several seconds of space between thefiles you store.
This allows you to easily tell where one file stops and
anotherstarts. In this way, you can listen to the tapeat fast
forward, and stop at the file you want to recover.
Using the MicroLab |Cassette Tape
Storage System
There are two audio jacks on the left side of the MicroLab |
(see Fig. 2-2). On the bottom of the MicroLab |, you'll find a
plate which tells which of the jacks is used for input, and
which is used for output. As shown in Fig. 2-2, the leftmost
jack receives data from the cassette recorder. The
rightmost jack outputs data to the recorder.
2827-4
Fig. 2-2. The MicroLab |Cassette Port.
The Cassette Port allows you to store programs on
cassette tape.
The lid of the MicroLab |contains two audio cables that
terminate in audio plugs. Connect one cable to the OUT jack
on the MicroLab |, and the other cable to the IN jack.
26
The free end of the OUT cable goes to the cassette record-
er's earphone jack. The free end of the IN cable connects to
the recorder’s AUX input jack.
NOTE
If there is no AUX jack on your recorder, the
microphone input jack may be used; however, a
minor equipment modification is required. Refer
to Connecting aCassette Recorderin Section 4
of this manual, for information.
Storing Files
If you're storing files on anew tape,besure to position the
tape so that recording doesn’t start on the leader. If the file
is to be stored on atape that already has some files on it, be
sure to position the tape after the lastfile. It is possible to
store anew file over an old file.
When you have the tape recorder connected to the
MicroLab| and are ready to store afile, perform the
following procedure.
1. Press (SHIFT) TAPE SAVE. The MicroLab |will then
display “FILE”. “FILE” is arequestfor the file name.
2. Enter the two hexadecimal digits that represent the
name of the program you want to store. Each digit will
be shown onthe display. When the lastdigit is entered,
the display will blank, then show “SA”.
3. "SA" stands for starting address. Enter the beginning
hexadecimal addressof the routine to be saved. When
the last digit is entered, the display will blank again,
then show "EA".
4. When "EA” is displayed, the MicroLab |is asking for
the ending address of the program you want to store.
Enter the fouredigit address.
5. At this point, you must turn on the tape recorder. The
next thing you enter will be the “GA” (go address). The
go address is the location to which the current address
pointer (CAP) will be set following the tape load
routine. The go address should represent the
beginning of executable code. As soon as this address
is entered, the MicroLab will begin feeding the
program to the recorder.
6. Enter the four digit "GA” address. As soon asthelast
digit is entered there will be about athree second
pause, and then the MicroLab |will begin sending the
file to the recorder. As each addressis sent to the
recorder, the MicroLab |will show the address and its
contents on the display.
7. When thedisplay stops incrementing, the program has
been stored and you can stop the recorder.
REV APR 1984

Loading Files
Files are loaded from tape in much the same manner as
they are stored, except that you don’t need to specify the
beginning and ending address. All you specify is afile
name. If atape is positioned at its beginning, MicroLab |
will search through all the files on the tape until it finds the
correctfile. As soon as thefile is found,it is loaded.
To speed up the loading procedure, position the tape at the
beginning ofthe file before using the load command. You
can do this by either noting thefile’s position with the tape
counter found on some recorders, or you can note the time
it takes to fast forward the recorder to the file.
Following is the procedure to load
a
tape file into the
MicroLab |.
Press (SHIFT) LOAD TAPE. The MicroLab |displaywill
show “FILE”.
2. Enter the two-digit file name.
3. As soon as you enter the file name, the MicroLab |
display will read “SEArCH”. This indicates that the
MicroLab |is searching forthe file.
4. Press the play button on the recorder. The MicroLab |
will read the file name header on each file until it finds
the correct file. As soon as the file is found, the
information will be read from the tape recorder. Each
address will be displayed on the MicroLab |readout as
it is loaded.
|Can’t Get The Tape To Load. What Do |Do?
There are anumber of possible reasons why atape file
won'tload.
@Your tape reader heads are dirty.
@The volume onthe tape recorder is set too high or too
low. The volume control should be set at about mid-
range.
@The tape used to record the file is of low quality,
wrinkled, or hasn't been erased. Always use good
quality tape. If you’re using apreviously recorded-on
tape, make sure the tape is completely erased before
storing programs.
As the MicroLab |readsthe file, it will test for checksum
errors, file header errors, and parity errors. If an error is
detected, the MicroLab |will stop loading the tape. If this
occurs, press the SHIFT keyto get out of the tape load mode.
Operator Familiarization—MicroLab |Instruction
Programming F1-F8
Eight of the MicroLabl’s hexadecimal keys are
programmable. When akey is properly programmed,
pressing it will cause the MicroLab |to jump to aroutine
you have written.
Each personality card has auser-definable key vector table
allocated to it in MicroLab |RAM. The table’s exact location
in RAM varies with the personality card. Each vector table
is 16 addresses long, andis divided into eight address pairs.
The address pair locations will contain the address of a
routine to be jumped to.
Let's suppose that apersonality card is assigned addresses
3004 through 3013 for its key vector table. Starting with
address 3004, each pair of addresses (3004-3005, 3006-
3007, etc.) contains the address that the MicroLab
|will
jump to when one of the programmable keys is pressed.
Table 2-1 lists the key vector table for our example
personality card, and the programmable key assigned to
each of those locations.
Table 2-1
The Example Personality Card Key Vector Table
3004-3005 3006-3007 3008-3009 300A-300B
FI F2 F3 Fa
300C-300D 300E-300F 3010-3011 3012-3013
FS F6 F7 FB
Each address pair is programmed with the destination
address that you want the microprocessor to jump to when
that particular key is pressed. For example, if you stored 44
in location 3008 and FO in location 3009, pressing (SHIFT)
F3 would cause the microprocessor to jump to location
44FO and begin execution. The lower address (3008)
contains the low-order byte of the destination address. The
higher address (3009) contains the high-order byte of the
destination address.
F1-F8 are programmed in the following manner:
1. Press the LOAD ADDRESS key.
2. Enter the lower addressof the address pair for the key
you want to program.
3. Press the AUTO key.
4. Enter the four-digit address that you want the
microprocessor to jump to when thekeyis pressed.
5. Press SHIFT to stop entering data.

Operator Familiarization—MicroLab |Instruction
Once you've programmed the user programmable key
vector, it need not be programmed again, except in the
following circumstances:
@if you want to change the key vector;
@if you press the RESET key; or
@if the MicroLab| main power is shut off.
Using PROM to Store The Key Vector Table
Recall that the personality card contains aspare PROM
socket. At reset, the MicroLab |monitor checks the socket
for the presence of aPROM. If aPROM is present, the
monitor loads the first 16 PROM locations into the
personality card’s key vector table automatically. This
means you can program aPROM with the keyvectorsyou'll
most often want. The use of aPROM inthis situation does
not prevent you from programming the key vector table
directly, as outlined before. Those capabilities still exist.
The PROM just speedsthe process.
If you try to use the programmable keys without setting up
the key vector table (either with aPROM ordirectly), the
MicroLab |will ask you to do so by displaying "dEFInE”, and
then “rEAdY”.
Using the MicroLab |With A
Terminal
The input/output capabilities of the MicroLab! can be
increased by using an optional terminal. The MicroLab |
has an RS-232-C terminal port located on the right side of
it's chassis. (It’s the upper connector in Fig. 2-3.) This port
can communicate with your terminal at any standard baud
from 110 to 9600.
2827-5
Fig. 2-3. The MicroLab |RS-232-C Ports.
Although these ports are not supported by the MicroLab! monitor, software can be written to access them.
28 ®